SIMPLE SPAN R.C.

DECK GIRDER BRIDGE

PART- I : SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN
Consultant: Transport Construction Design Share Company.
Project: EDAGARBI-NEBELET ROAD PROJECT
Name of Bridge: Mismea River Bridge
Date: JANUARY

1. DESIGN DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS

Subject Information:
Superstructure type:- Simple span [Link] Girder
Clear span : 20.00 m
Clear Roadway 7.32 m
Sidewalk 0.80 m
Material properties:
Concrete :- Grade C-30 concrete ( section 9.3)
fc'= = 24.00 MPa
fc=0.4*fc' = 10 MPa
Ec=4800sqrt(fc') = 23,515 MPa
Reinforcement steel:
Grade 420 steel: For rebars diam. 20mm and above
fy = 420.00 MPa
fs = 165.00 MPa
Es = 200000.00 MPa
Grade 300 steel: For rebars less than diam. 20
fy = 300.00 MPa
fs = 140.00 MPa
Es = 200000.00 MPa
Modular ratio n = Es / Ec = 8.51 Use n =
Live Loading: (1) Design Truck : HL-93
(2) Design Tandem
DESIGN TRUCK HL93
P/4 P P
14ft 14 - 30ft
(4.267m) (4.267- 9.144m)
 P = wheel load = (145KN/2)= 72.50 KN
LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT
DESIGN TANDEM
P P P
1.20m

P = wheel load = 1/2*110KN = 55 KN

LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT
Design method: Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Reference: ERA's Bridge Design Manual 2002
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 1998
2. Bridge Cross Section

Given Data Clear Rdwy width, W1= 7.32 m

Clear Rdwy width, W2= 0 m
Sidewalk width, SW= 0.80 m
Total bridge width, WT= 8.92 m
 No. of lane= 2
3. PRELIMINARY DIMENSIONS
No. of girders= 4.00
width of support= 0.50 m
expansion length left at both sides= 0.05 m
c/c of support= 20.500 m
Clear span plus depth of member = 21.45 m
Design span length, S= 20.50 m
Top slab thickness, T = 0.20 m
Multiple presence factor= 1.20 1.00
Recommended min. girder depth=0.07*S= 1.44 m
Use Girder depth D= 1.45 m
c/c girder spacing, a= 2.14 m
End of slab to center of exterior girder, c= 1.25 m
Web width recommended, bw= 0.40 m
Use web width, bw= 0.41 m
Clear span b/n girders= 1.73 m
Overhang slab thickness near ext. girder= 0.30 m
fillet= 0.10 m
Exterior diaphragm depth= 1.00 m
Interior diaphragm depth= 1.15 m
Width of diaphragm= 0.25 m
Number of exterior diaphragm= 2.00
Total number of interior diaphragm= 2.00
Total number of diaphragm= 4.00
c/c spacing of diaphragms= 6.88 m
depth of post= 0.20 m
width of post= 0.30 m
Average spacing between posts= 2.45 m
Height of post 0.80 m
depth of rail= 0.15 m
Width of rail= 0.30 m
Face of rail from end of curb= 0.30 m
Edge of post from exterior edge of curb= 0.05 m
curb height (interior)= 0.25 m
curb height (exterior)= 0.40 m
 unit weight of concrete= 24.00 KN/m3
unit weight of Asphalt= 22.50 KN/m3
Assumed wearing surface thickness= 0.10 m
f for moment= 0.90
f for shear= 0.90

Crown and Wearing surface

Use 2.0% crown in transverse direction and assume 10cm asphalt wearing surface
Posts and Railings
Use 0.85m high concrete post and railing
As provided = 2,547 mm2

4. DESIGN OF OVER HANG

4.1 LOADS
4.1.1 DEAD LOADS

Dead loads Moment arm about the face

(KN/m) of exterior girder (m)
W1= (rail) 1.08 0.82
W2=(post) 0.53 0.895
W3=(curb) 4.80 0.645
W4=(slab) 3.76 0.523
W5=(slab) 1.88 0.348
Sum WDL = 12.05 MDL =

b) LIVE LOADS
i ) Design Truck Load
The application of live load for the design of deck overhang is done according to AASHTO SSHB 98, Art. 3.24.2
AASHTO Art. [Link]. In designing sidewalks, slabs and supporting members, wheel load located on the sidewalk shall be
1feet from the face of the rail. 0.3048 m

Distribution width for wheel loads (Art. [Link].1)

E=0.80x+3.75, where x=the distance in feet from load to point of support
E= 4.91 ft = 1.50 m
Live load moment per linear meter width of slab
MLL= (P/E)*x= 21.35 KNm/m
Dynamic Allowance Factor
IM = 33%
Live Load plus impact:
MLL+IM = 28.39 KNm/m
ii ) Design Tandem
The design tandem wheel load, P = 55KN, is smaller than the design truck load, P=72.5KN, and hence not considered for
for overhang design

iii ) Pedestrian Live Load

Pedestrian live load = 85 lb/ft2 = 4.00 KN/m2
Moment due to pedestrian load = 1.11 KNm/m

Total Design Moment

MTOT = 1.25*MDL + 1.75*MLL+IM = 60.47 KNm/m

4.2 Reinforcement
4.2.1 Reinformcement for Mtot
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) )
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b )

Assume a = 13.95 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) = 949 mm2/m
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 13.95 mm
OK !!
Required As= 949 mm2/m
Required spacing (S)= 162 mm

4.2.2 Minimum Reinforcement (Art. 8.17.1)

fr = 0.63 * SQRT(fc') = 3.09 N/mm2
Icr = bh3/12 = 2.250E+09 mm4
Mcr = fr * Icr / (yt) = 46.30 KNm/m
Mmin=1.2 * Mcr = 55.55 KNm/m
Reinforcement for Mmin

Assume a = 12.79 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) = 870 mm2/m
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 12.79 mm
OK !!
Required Minimum As = 870 mm2/m
Required spacing for As minimum (Smin)= 177 mm
 S Provided= 162 mm
Use diameter 14 mm bars c/c 160 mm
As provided = 962 mm2

5. DESIGN OF DECK SLAB

5.1 Interior span slab

5.1.1 Loadings
a) Dead Loads
Dead loads computation
Slab= 4.80 KN/m2
Asphalt = 2.25 KN/m2
wDL = 7.05 KN/m2

MDL= (WDL*S2 *0.80)/8 where 0.80 is a cotinuity factor due 20% reduction of moment due to continutiy
Span length S = Clear span = 1.73 m
MDL = 1/8( wDL*S2*0.80) = 2.11 KNm/m

b) Live Loads
Live Load moment for continuous slab ( Art. [Link])
MLL = 1/32(S+2)P20*.80 where S= span length in feet (Art. [Link]),
MLL = = 3127.81 lb-ft/ft =
MLL = = 13.91 KNm/m
Impact Factor (Art. [Link])
IM = 33%
Live load plus impact
MLL+IM = = 18.50 KNm/m
c) Factored Design moment
Total Design moment
MTOTAL = 1.25*MDL + 1.75*MLL+IM = 35.02 KNm/m

5.1.2 Reinforcement

Assume a = 14.03 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) = 954 mm2/m
 a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 14.03 mm
OK !!

Required As = 954 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 161 mm
Use diameter 14 mm bars c/c 160 mm ( top and bottom reinf.-transvers
As provided = 962 mm2

Distribution Reinforcements (Art. [Link])

For main reinforcement perpendicular to traffic, the distribution reinf. is given as percentage of the main slab reinf. as given be
As(distr.) % = 220/sqrt(S) <= 67% S in feet
Therefore, % As dist. = 92 % ( S is in feet) where
% As (distr.) = 67%
As dist. = 0.67 * As provided = 645 mm2/m
spacing = 239 mm
Use diam. 14 mm bars c/c 230 mm (bottom - longitudinally.)
As provided = 669 mm2

Temperature and shrinkage reinforcements (Art. 8.20)

As (temp and shrink.) is not less than 1/8 square inch per feet.
As (temp and shrink.)= 264.58 mm2/m
spacing = 427 mm
Use diam. 12 c/c 360 mm (top. reinf. )

6. DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL GIRDERS

6.1. Loads
6.1.1 Dead Loads
a) Exterior Girder
Uniform dead loads per linear meter span (KN/m)
W1= 1.08
W2= 0.53
W3= 4.80
W4= 3.76
W5= 1.88
slab= 6.12
girder = 14.27
sum 32.44

b) Interior Girder
Uniform dead loads per linear meter span (KN/m)
slab = 10.27
girder = bw*(D-ts)*24 = 12.30
Wearing surface = 4.815
sum WDL = 27.39

6.1.2 Dead Loads of diaphragms

a)Due to exterior diaphrams
**On exterior girder= 4.15
**On interior girder= 8.30
b)Due to interior diaphrams
**On exterior girder= 4.93
**On interior girder= 9.86

summary of dead load

LOADS ON EXTERIOR GIRDER ON INTERIOR GIRDER
P1(KN)= 4.15 8.30
P2(KN)= 4.93 9.86
WDL(KN/M)= 32.44 27.39
 Shear Forces and Bending Moments due to Dead Loads on Girder
VDL(x)= P1+P2+ wL/2 - (P1+ W*X) = P2+W*L/2-W*X
MDL(x)= (P1+P2+W*L/2)*X - P1*X - W*X2/2 = (P2+WL/2)*X - WX2/2

VDL(x)= P1+P2+ wL/2 - (P1+ W*X)-P2 = W*(L/2-X)

MDL(x)= (P1+P2+W*L/2)*X - P1*X - W*X2/2-P2*X =WX/2(L - X)

A)EXTERIOR

x VDL MDL
(m) (KN) (KNm)
0.00 337.41 0.00
1.025 304.17 328.81
2.050 270.92 623.54
3.075 237.67 884.19
4.100 204.42 1110.76
5.125 171.17 1303.25
6.150 137.92 1461.66
7.175 99.75 1550.62
8.200 66.50 1635.82
9.225 33.25 1686.94
10.250 0.00 1703.98

b) Interior Girder
x VDL MDL
(m) (KN) (KNm)
0.000 290.58 0.00
1.025 262.51 283.46
2.050 234.43 538.14
3.075 206.36 764.05
 4.100 178.29 961.18
5.125 150.22 1129.54
6.150 122.15 1269.13
7.175 84.22 1309.19
8.200 56.14 1381.13
9.225 28.07 1424.29
10.250 0.00 1438.67

6.1.2 Live Loads

a) Design Truck Load : HL-93

P/4 P P
14ft 14 - 30ft
(4.267m) (4.267- 9.144m)

P = wheel load = (145/2KN)= 72.50 KN

LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT
b) Design Tandem
P P P
1.20m

P = wheel load = 1/2*110KN = 55 KN

LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT

b) Lane load (due to traffic jam)=

6.634 KN/M For interior girder width=
4.712 KN/M For exterior girder width=
[Link] Dynamic Load Allowance
Section 3.13, the vehicular dynamic load allowance IM
IM = 33%
The live loads shall be factored by 1+IM/100 = 1.33

[Link] Transverse Load Distribution

In designing sidewalks, slabs and supporting members, a wheel load located on the sidewalk shall be 1 foot from the face of th
Distribution Factor for Shear (Sec. 13.4: Table 13-7 & 13-8)
Exterior Girder:
Case-1: One Design lane loaded
The lever rule is applied assuming that the slab is simply supported over the longitudinal beams (Table 13-8)

P P
1.8

RE RI
d1 a - d2 d2

The distribution coefficient to the exterior girder for shear

REX1 (shear) = 1/a*P*(a+d1+d2) = 1.553 P
Case-2: Two or more design lanes loaded
The distribution of live load per lane for shear in exterior girder is determined according to the formulas given in Table 13-8.
REX2 (shear) = (0.60+de/3000) = 0.682 per lane
This factor is for one lane load which is equivalent to two lines of wheels, and thus multiplied by 2
REX2 (shear) = (0.60+de/3000) = 1.36 P
There fore, REX (shear) in exterior girder is maximum of the above two values, REX1 or REX2
 REX (shear) = 1.55 P
Interior Girder:
Case-1: One Design lane loaded
The distribution of live load per lane for shear in interior girder is determined according to the formulas given in Table 13-7.
RINT 1 (shear) = 0.36 + S/7600 = 0.642
For two lines of wheels the distribution factor for shear in interior girder is:
RINT 1 (shear) =(2P)(0.36+ S/7600) = 1.283 P

Case-2: Two or more design lanes are loaded

The distribution of live load per lane for shear in interior girder
RINT 2 (shear) = 0.20+(S/3600)-(S/10700)2 = 0.754
For two lines of wheels
RINT 2 (shear) = 1.509 P

There fore, RINT (shear), in interior girder is maximum of the above two values, RINT 1 or RINT 2
RINT (shear) = 1.509 P
Distribution Factor for moment (Sec.13.4: Table 13-3 and 13-4)
Exterior Girder
Case-1: One Design lane loaded
The lever rule is applied assuming that the slab is simply supported between the longitudinal beams (Table 13-4)
REXT1 (moment) = 1.553 P
Case-2: Two or more design lanes loaded
The Lever Rule is applied, and the distribution factor for wheel load is
REXT 2 (moment) = 1.553 P
Interior Girder
Case-1: One Design lane loaded
RINT1(moment) =0.06+[S/4300]0.4[S/L]0.3[Kg/L*ts3]0.10 where 1100 <= S<= 4900
The longitudinal stiffeness parameter, Kg.
Kg = n*(I + A.eg2) where n = EB /EC=
I = 1/12*(bw*h3) = 0.0667 m4 D=
A = bw(D-ts)+a*ts = 0.9405 m2 bw=
eg=1/2*(D-ts) + ts/2 = 0.7250 m ts=
a=
Kg = n(I+A.eg2 ) = 0.56108 m4
The distribution factor of live load per lane for moment in interior girder:
RINT1(moment) = 0.06+[S/4300]0.4[S/L]0.3[Kg/L*ts3]0.10 = 0.494 L=
 S=
Case-2: Two or more design lanes loaded
RINT2(moment) =0.075+[S/4300]0.6[S/L]0.2[Kg/L*ts3]0.10 = 0.548
The distribution factor for wheel load (i.e. two lines of wheels) is 2 times the maximum of the above two values
RINT (moment) = 1.10 P
[Link] Shear Forces and Bending Moments due to Live Loads
a) Influence Lines for Shear Forces and Bending Moments
a-1) Design Truck: HS20-44 + 25% increment
Influence Lines for Shear Force at "x" distance from end support

Influence Lines for Bending Moment at "x" distance from end support
a-2) Design Tandem
Influence Lines for Shear Force at 'x' distance from end support

Influence Lines for Bending Moments at 'X' distance from end support
b) Shear forces due to Live load plus impact
b-1) Exterior Girder
Design Truck: VLL + IM = (1.00+IM )*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptruck)* (A+B+C/4)
Design Tandem: VLL + IM = (1.00+IM )*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptandem)*(A+B)
Lane load: V(lane)= ([Link])*0.5*(lane load)*(A*(L-X)-X(1-A))

Live Load 1:
Design Truck
x
(m) Coefficients V(lane)+VLL+IM
A B C (KN)
0 1.000 0.792 0.584 365.30
1.025 0.950 0.742 0.534 340.95
2.05 0.900 0.692 0.484 316.59
3.075 0.850 0.642 0.434 292.24
4.1 0.800 0.592 0.384 267.88
5.125 0.750 0.542 0.334 243.53
6.15 0.700 0.492 0.284 219.17
7.175 0.650 0.442 0.234 194.82
8.2 0.600 0.392 0.184 170.46
 9.225 0.550 0.342 0.134 146.11
10.25 0.500 0.292 0.084 121.75

b-2) Interior Girder

Design Truck: VLL + IM = (1.00+IM )*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptruck)* (A+B+C/4)
Design Tandem: VLL + IM = (1.00+IM )*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptandem)*(A+B)
Lane load: V(lane)= ([Link])*0.5*(lane load)*(A*(L-X)-X(1-A))

Live Load 1:
Design Truck
x
(m) Coefficients V(lane)+VLL+IM
A B C (KN)
0 1.000 0.792 0.584 384.54
1.025 0.950 0.742 0.534 357.91
2.05 0.900 0.692 0.484 331.28
3.075 0.850 0.642 0.434 304.65
4.1 0.800 0.592 0.384 278.03
5.125 0.750 0.542 0.334 251.40
6.15 0.700 0.492 0.284 224.77
7.175 0.650 0.442 0.234 198.14
8.2 0.600 0.392 0.184 171.51
9.225 0.550 0.342 0.134 144.88
10.25 0.500 0.292 0.084 118.26

c) Bending Moments due to Live load plus impact

c-1) Exterior Girder
Design Truck: MLL + IM = (1.00+IM )*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptruck)* Max(Sum Coeff's)
Design Tandem: MLL + IM = (1.00+IM )*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptandem)*(A+B)
Lane load: M(lane)= ([Link])*(lane load)*(0.5*A*L)

When the live load is Design Truck

Loading 1
x Coef. ( Loading 1 ) sum Coef.
(m) A B C A+B+C4/4
 0 - - - 0.000
1.025 0.97 0.76 0.14 1.871
2.05 1.85 1.42 0.25 3.511
3.075 2.61 1.97 0.33 4.921
4.1 3.28 2.43 0.39 6.100
5.125 3.84 2.78 0.43 7.048
6.15 4.31 3.02 0.44 7.766
7.175 4.66 3.17 0.42 8.253
8.2 4.92 3.21 0.38 8.510
9.225 5.07 3.15 0.31 8.536
10.25 5.13 2.99 0.21 8.331

When the live load is Design Tandem

Sum
Coefficients
x coef. M(lane)+MLL+IM
(m) A B (A+B) (KNm/m)
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
1.025 0.974 0.914 1.888 317.35
2.05 1.845 1.725 3.570 600.59
3.075 2.614 2.434 5.048 849.69
4.1 3.280 3.040 6.320 1064.68
5.125 3.844 3.544 7.388 1245.54
6.15 4.305 3.945 8.250 1392.28
7.175 4.664 4.244 8.908 1504.89
8.2 4.920 4.440 9.360 1583.38
9.225 5.074 4.534 9.608 1627.75
10.25 5.125 4.525 9.650 1637.99

c-2) Interior Girder

Design Truck: MLL + IM = (1.00+IM )*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptruck)* Max(Sum Coeff's)
Design Tandem: MLL + IM = (1.00+IM )*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptandem)*(A+B)
Lane load: M(lane)= ([Link])*(lane load)*(0.5*A*L)

When the live load is Design Truck

 Loading 1
x Coef. ( Loading 1 ) sum Coef.
(m) A B C A+B+C4/4
0 - - - 0.000
1.025 0.97 0.76 0.14 1.871
2.05 1.85 1.42 0.25 3.511
3.075 2.61 1.97 0.33 4.921
4.1 3.28 2.43 0.39 6.100
5.125 3.84 2.78 0.43 7.048
6.15 4.31 3.02 0.44 7.766
7.175 4.66 3.17 0.42 8.253
8.2 4.92 3.21 0.38 8.510
9.225 5.07 3.15 0.31 8.536
10.25 5.13 2.99 0.21 8.331

When the live load is Design Tandem

Sum
Coefficients
x coef. M(lane)+MLL+IM
(m) A B (A+B) (KNm/m)
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
1.025 0.974 0.914 1.888 224.10
2.05 1.845 1.725 3.570 424.10
3.075 2.614 2.434 5.048 600.01
4.1 3.280 3.040 6.320 751.82
5.125 3.844 3.544 7.388 879.53
6.15 4.305 3.945 8.250 983.15
7.175 4.664 4.244 8.908 1062.67
8.2 4.920 4.440 9.360 1118.10
9.225 5.074 4.534 9.608 1149.43
10.25 5.125 4.525 9.650 1156.66

6.1.3 Seismic Force Effects

Earthquake zones: EBCS Zone -4
Site Coefficient: Type I = 1
Acceleration coefficient(A): = 0.1
The horizontal seismic force is the product of the site coefficient, the acceleration coefficient and the permanent loads

Computation of permanent loads:

Railing and posts = 65.86
Sidewalks = 351.04
Slab = 720.29
Asphalt = 336.13
Sum Wp = 1473.33

Horizontal earhquake force FH = site coeff.*A* Wp = 147.33

This force is transferred to the substructure through the bearings located at ends of the bridge
Earthquake force transferred to one support = 1/2*FH = 73.67
This force is applied horizontally to the bearings
Total Dead Load reaction at one support = 736.66
Assume [Link] friction between bearing and concrete seat at abut, µ= 0.50
The frictional resistance force developed between the interface = µ*Dead load Rxn
= 368.33
So Earhquake effects are negligible!!

6.1.4 FACTORED LOADS

Load Factors and Load Combinations
STRENGTH I
U=0.95*(1.25*DL+1.75*[(LL+IM)+Lane]

Factored Shear Forces

Exterior Girder Interior Girder

0.95*(1.25VDL+
1.75[V(lane)+
x VDL V(lane)+VLL+I (VLL+IM)]) VDL
(m) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN)
0.00 337.41 365.30 1061.05 290.58
1.025 304.17 340.95 976.86 262.51
2.05 270.92 316.59 892.68 234.43
3.075 237.67 292.24 808.50 206.36
4.1 204.42 267.88 724.32 178.29
5.13 171.17 243.53 640.14 150.22
 6.15 137.92 219.17 555.95 122.15
7.175 99.75 194.82 465.61 84.22
8.2 66.50 170.46 381.43 56.14
9.225 33.25 146.11 297.25 28.07
10.25 0.00 121.75 213.06 0.00

Factored Bending Moments

Exterior Girder Interior Girder

0.95*(1.25MDL+
1.75[M(lane)+
x MDL M(lane)+MLL+IM (MLL+IM)]) MDL
(m) (KNm) (KNm) (KNm) (KNm)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.025 328.81 353.32 1029.31 283.46
2.05 623.54 664.39 1942.11 538.14
3.075 884.19 933.24 2738.40 764.05
4.1 1110.76 1159.84 3418.17 961.18
5.125 1303.25 1344.21 3981.43 1129.54
6.15 1461.66 1486.34 4428.17 1269.13
7.175 1550.62 1594.22 4728.16 1309.19
8.2 1635.82 1675.84 4977.50 1381.13
9.225 1686.94 1715.23 5110.32 1424.29
10.25 1703.98 1712.38 5126.63 1438.67

6.2. DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

a) Design Loads
The factored loads in the above tables are the design loads and the structure shall be designed to carry the expected design l
above.
b) Effective Compression Flange Width, beff, ( AASHTO Art. [Link])
Exterior Girder
The total width of slab effective as T-girder flange shall not exceed one-fourth of the span length of the girder. The efffective fla
width overhanging on either side shall not exceed six times the thickness of the slab or one half the clear distance to the next
Therefore, the effective compression flange width, beff, is the minimum of the following:
 a. 1/4 span = 5.13
b. 2*6hf+bw = 2.81
c. bw+2*1/2(clear spacing b/n webs ) = 2.14
bw+(Ext. cantilever + 1/2*clear spacing b/n girders) = 2.32
Effective compression flange width, beff = 2.14

Interior Girder
The effective compression flange width, beff, is the minimum of the following:
a. 1/4 span = 5.13
b. 2*6hf+bw = 2.81
c. bw+2*1/2(clear spacing b/n webs ) = 2.14
Effective compression flange width, beff = 2.14
Use compression flange width, beff = 2.14

c) Spacing Limits for Reinforcements ( Art. 8.21.1 & 8.21.3)

horizontal
The clear distance between parallel bars in a layer shall not be less than 1.5 bar diameter , maximum size of aggregate or 1.1
1.5*diam. = 48
max. size of aggrergate = 1 inch = 25
1.1/2 inch = 38
Hence the minimum clear distance between parallel bars in
a layer with no lapping is = 48
Assuming vertical lapping of bars, one over the other,
The minimum clear distance between parallel bars in a layer is = 48
Therefore, the minimum center to center spacing of bars in a layer is = 80
Use center to center spacing of bars in a layer = 80
The minimum center to center spacing of bars in a layer with horizontal overlap is = 112
Use center to center spacing of bars in a layer with horizontal overlap = 112
Vertical
Minimum clear distance between two layers of bars is 1 inch or dia of bar = 32
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is lap = 64
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is lap in one of the layers 80
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is lap in both layers= 96
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers = 70
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers when there is lap in one of the 90
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers when there is lap in both laye 100
d) Section Capacity and Reinforcement
The maximum design moment is:
Mmax = 5,126.63 KNm

Try No of bars f of bars ai

1st row = 4 32 3217
2nd row = 2 32 1608
2 32 1608
3rd row = 2 32 1608
2 32 1608
4th row = 2 32 1608
2 32 1608
5th row = 0 0 0
0 0 0
16 12868
D = 1.45 m
d' = sum ai*di = 0.23 m
sum ai
d = D - d' = 1.22 m
b = 2.14 m

For rectangular beam analysis (a < hf), use the following formulas:
r= As/bd
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b)
ØMn =Ø*As*fy*(d-a/2)
For T-beam analysis (a > hf ), use the following formulas:
r= As/bd
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b)
The steel area, Asf, required to balance the longitudinal compression force in the overhang
Asf = 0.85*fc'*(b-bw)*hf/fy
The resisting moment provided by the force Asf*fy
M1 =Asf*fy*(d - hf/2)
The remaining steel area (As-Asf), at a stress fy, is balanced by the compression in the rectangular portion of the beam.
The depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block in the zone is found from the horizontal equilibruim
a = (As - Asf)*fy/(0.85*fc'*bw)
An additional resisting moment, M2, is thus provided by the force (As - Asf)*fy and 0.85*fc'a*bw at lever arm of (d-a/2)
M2 =(As - Asf)*fy*(d-a/2)
The total resisting moment, Mu, is the sum of M1 amd M2
Mu = M1 + M1
ØMu = Ø ( M1 + M2 )
Assume rectangular beam analysis

r= As/bd = 0.00
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b) 123.80 mm
It is rectangular beam as assumed
ØMn =Ø*As*fy*(d-a/2) 5645.27 KNm

The following computations for T-beam analysis do not apply

Asf = 0.85*fc'*(b-bw)*hf/fy = - mm2
M1=Asf*fy*(d-hf/2) = - KNm
a = (As - Asf)*fy/(0.85*fc'*bw) = - mm2
M2 =(As - Asf)*fy*(d-a/2) = - KNm
Mu = M1 + M1 = - KNm
ØMu = Ø ( M1 + M2 ) = - KNm

There fore, the section capacity is

ØMn = 5645.26688885714 KNm >>
OK!!
e) Checking maximum steel area
rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy)
= 0.0182
rprovided = As/bd = 0.00491866426203 << rmax
OK !!

f) Check for minimum reinforcement (Section 9.4.5)

ØMn > = 1.2Mcr.
Mcr = fr * Ig / yt
fr = 0.63 * SQRT( fc' ) = 3.086 N/mm2
Centroid of cross section
y1=Sum(Ai*yi)/(sumAi) =
Sum Ai*yi = 0.898 m3
Sum Ai = 0.941 m2
Yt=Sum(Ai*yi)/(sumAi) = 0.955 m
Gross moment of inertia, Ig, about centroid
I1=1/12*btop*hf3 + A1*d12 = 0.0682 m4
I2=1/12*bw*(D - hf )3 + A2*d22 = 0.1225 m4
Sum Ig = 0.1907 m4
The crackimg moment, Mcr,
Mcr = fr * Ig / yt = 616.50 KNm
1.2Mcr = 739.803429696318 KNm
Mmax = 5126.63370462581 KNm >>
OK!
g) Serviceability Requirements
Fatigue stress limits ( Section 9.6.2 )
Fatigue stress limits will be checked for the service load conditions. The permissible stress range is given by Eq. 9.19.
ff = 145 - 0.33 fmin + 55 (r/h)

k = [pn+0.5(ts/d)2] / (pn+(ts/d) = 0.28

kd = 0.34 m
T-beam
If it is rectangular beam
j = 1 - k/3 = -

If it is T-beam
j = 6 - 6(hf/d)+2(hf/d)2 - (hf/d)3/(2pn) = 0.930
6 - 3 (hf/d)
The minimum stress, fmin, is :
fmin = MDL/(As*j*d) = 116.52 N/mm2
The maximim stress, fmax, is caused by the total load ( MDL+LL+IM )
fmax = (MDL+LL+IM) /(As*j*d) = 233.81 N/mm2
The actual stress range, delta ff, is:
Delta ff = fmax - fmin = 117.29 N/mm2
The fatigue stress limit, ff, is
ff = 145 - 0.33* fmin + 55 (r/h) = 123.047921078909 N/mm2 >>
OK !!
Control of Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement (Sec. 9.4.5)
To control flexural cracking of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within maximum flexural zones.
Components shall be so proportioned that the tensile stress in the steel reinforcement at service limit state, fs, does not excee
fs = Z / (dc*A)1/3 < = 0.6*fy
A = Effective tension area/ No. of bars=bw*(2y')/N = 0.01 m2
dc = distance measured from extreme tension fiber to center
of the closest bar = 0.07 m
Z = crack width parameter, assumed = 30.00 KN/mm
There fore, for crack control the maximum allowable stress is
fsa = Z / (dc*A)1/3 = 321.02 N/mm2
The maximim stress, fmax, at service load is
fmax = (MDL+MLL+IM) /(As*j*d) = 233.812328869132 N/mm2 <<
OK

h) Bar Cutting
Development of Reinforcement (Sec. 9.4.3)
Positive moment reinforcement: Atleast one-third of the positive moment reinforcement in simple span members sha
the same face of the member beyond the centerline of the support.

The basic development length, ldb, in mm is

For bars diam. 35 and smaller, ldb = 0.02Ab*fy/sqrt(fc') >=0.06db*fy
ldb = 0.02Ab*fy/sqrt(fc') = 1379.00 mm

The tension development length,ld, is

ld = ldb * modification factor = 1379.00 mm

Lap splices of Reinforcement in Tension

The length of lap for tension lap splices shall not be less than either 300mm or the 1.3 times the development length
Lap splices for diam. 32 bar = 1792.70 mm

x Mx
(m) (KNm)
0.00 0.000
1.03 1029.315
2.05 1942.115
3.08 2738.400 2.56 X
4.10 3418.171 2395.8 MTOT
5.13 3981.427 3.18 X
 6.15 4428.168 3135.0 MTOT
7.18 4728.156
8.20 4977.496
9.23 5110.322
10.25 5126.634

Bar Cutting and Resisting moment

D = 1.45 m
b = 2.14 m
fy = 420 Mpa
fc' = 24 MPa
bw = 0.41 m
hf = 0.20 m
Ø = 0.90

a=
As d' d =D-d'
p=As/bd Asfy/(0.85fc'b)
(mm2) (m) (m)
(mm)

3217 0.080 1.370 0.00110 31

4825 0.113 1.337 0.00169 46
6434 0.130 1.320 0.00228 62
8042 0.160 1.290 0.00291 77
9651 0.180 1.270 0.00355 93
11259 0.207 1.243 0.00423 108
12868 0.228 1.223 0.00492 124
12868 0.228 1.223 0.00492 124
12868 0.228 1.223 0.00492 124

T-beam
As
(mm2)
 As
(mm2) M2
Asf=0.85fc' a=(As-Asf)fy
M1=[Link](d-hf/2) =(As-Asf)fy
(b-bw)hf/fy (d-hf/2)
(KNm) (d-a/2)
(mm2) (mm)
(mm)

3217 - - - -
4825 - - - -
6434 - - - -
8042 - - - -
9651 - - - -

Standard hook= 0.63 m

8.20 4977.49649
8.83 5059.18100
9.23 5110.32245
length= 1.42
length Total length
Bar- G0 = 4* Diam. 32 bars 1647.133 10.250 21.76
Bar- G1 = 2* diam. 32 bars 2395.785 8.53 19.82
Bar- G2 = 2* diam. 32 bars 3135.029 7.62 18.00
Bar- G3 = 2*diam.32 bars 3804.062 6.58 15.92
Bar- G4 = 2*diam.32 bars 4463.687 5.45 13.66
Bar- G5 = 2*diam.32 bars 5059.181 3.98 10.72
Bar- G6
G7 = 2*diam.32 bars 5645.267 1.42 5.60

i ) Skin Reinforcement
If the depth of side face of a member exceeds 3ft (0.9144m), longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed
along both side faces of the member for a distance d/2 nearest the flexural tension reinforcement.
Area of skin reinforcement, Ask > = 0.012*(d - 30) in2 / ft (on each side face)
Depth of side face = D - hf = 1250 mm >> 3ft =
Skin Reinf. shall be provided!
Ask > = 0.012*(d - 30) in2 / ft = 0.218 in2/ft
= 460.500 mm2/m
Spacing = as/As * 1000 = 436.617 mm
Maximum spacing, Smax, lesser of d/6 or 12" = 203.750 mm

Use diam. 16.000 mm bars c/c 200.000 mm

6.3 DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Shear strength
Design of cross sections subject to shear shall be based on
Vu < = ØVn = Ø (Vc + Vs )
where Vu = factored shear forces at the section
Vn = the nominal shear strength, determined as the lesser of Vn = Vc + Vs or Vn=0.25*fc'*bv*dv
Vc = the nominal shear strength provided by the concrete, determined by:
Vc = 0.083*b*SQRT(fc')*bv*dv, where b= 2.00
Vs = the nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
Vs = Av*fv*d / s
Shear strength provided by concrete
Shear stress provided by concrete
vc = 0.083*b*sqrt(fc') = 0.813
The shear strength carried by concrete,Vc=vc*bw*d= 0.813 bw*d

Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement

Where the factored shear force, Vu, exceeds shear strength ØVc, shear reinforcement shall be provided to satisfy
the equation, Vu < = ØVn = Ø ( Vc + Vs )
When shear reinforcement perpendicular to the axis of the member is used
Vs = Vu/Ø - Vc = Av*fy*d / s
There fore, spacing of shear reinforcement, s, is :
S = Av*fy*d / Vs = Av*fy*d/(Vu/Ø-Vc)=Av*fy*d/(Vu/Ø - 0.813*bw*d )
Minimum shear reinforcement ( Eq.12.34 )
Av = 0.083*sqrt(fc')*bw*S / fy
Smax = Av*fy / ( 0.083*sqrt(fc')*bw )
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
If Vu < 0.10*fc' * bw * d, S <= 0.8d <= 600mm
If Vu >= 0.10*fc' * bw * d, S <= 0.4d <= 300mm
Sections located less than a distance d from support may be designed for the same shear as that computed at a distance d

x Vx
(m) (KN)
0.00 1061.05
1.03 976.86
1.22 960.64 ( Vu at distance d )
2.05 892.68
3.08 808.50
4.10 724.32
5.13 640.14
6.15 555.95
7.18 465.61
8.20 381.43
9.23 297.25
10.25 213.06

Vc =
x Vu d Vs=Vu/Ø - Vc
0.813bw.d*10-3
(m) (KN) (m) (KN)
(KN)

0.00 1061.05 1.370 456.66 722.28

1.03 976.86 1.337 445.66 639.74
1.22 960.64 1.337 445.66 621.72
2.05 892.68 1.320 440.00 551.87
3.08 808.50 1.290 430.00 468.34
4.10 724.32 1.270 423.33 381.47
5.13 640.14 1.243 414.33 296.93
6.15 555.95 1.243 414.33 203.40
7.18 465.61 1.243 414.33 103.02
8.20 381.43 1.223 407.66 16.15
 9.23 297.25 1.223 407.66 -
10.25 213.06 1.223 407.66 -

6.4 DEFLECTION
1) Immediate (instantaneous) deflection: may be computed taking the moment of inertia as either
or the gross moment of inertia,Ig
If the actual maximum moment (Nmm)>the cracking moment,Mcr use effective m
If the actual maximum moment (Nmm)<the cracking moment,Mcr use gross mo

a) Computation of Gross Moment of Inertia

Centroid of cross section
For simplicity of calculations, the slab surface is assumed level, i.e., without crossfall. The center of gravity is calculated from b
Area, Ai Centroid, yi Ai*yi
Part (m2) (m) (m3) Centroid of area
Slab 1.46 1.35 1.976 y1=sum Ai*yi/(sum Ai)=
Girder 2.05 0.63 1.281
Sum 3.51 3.26

Gross moment of Inertia

Area, Ai yi ycg = yi-y1 Ig
Part (m2) (m) (m) (m4)
Slab 1.46 1.35 0.42 0.004880
Girder 2.05 0.63 0.30 0.266927

fr = 0.63*sqrt(fc') = 3.09 N/mm2

CRACKING MOMENT Mcr = fr*Ig / yt = 2399.47 KNm

Weight of superstructure
W W
Part (KN) (KN/m)
Slab 737.86 35.14
Girder 1033.20 49.20
Sum W (KN/m) 84.34
ACTUAL MAXIMUM MOMENT Ma = W*L2/8 = 4,649 KNm

USE Ie in deflection formula

b) Computation of Effective Moment of Inertia
Ie = [ Mcr/Ma ]3*Ig + [ 1 - (Mcr/Ma)3] Icr
Transformed section

kd = 0.339 m (previous calculation)

beff= 8.56 m (for 4 girders)
bw= 1.64 m (for 4 girders)
n= 9
As= 51,472 mm2 (for 4 girders)
d= 1.223 m
d'= 0.228 m
D= 1.450 m
hf= 0.200 m
j= m
Centroid of cross section ( y1 measured from bottom)
Area, Ai yi Ai*yi
Part (m2) (m) (m3)
Slab 1.46 1.35 1.98 y1=sum Ai*yi/(sum Ai)=
Girder 0.23 1.18 0.269
Transformed
steel, nAs 0.46 0.23 0.105
Sum 2.16 2.35
Computation of Moment of Inertia of Cracked section, Icr
Area, Ai ycg = yi-y1 Icg Ai*(ycg)2
Part (m2) (m) (m4) (m3)
Slab 1.46 0.2592 0.004880 0.0984
Girder 0.23 0.0897 0.000367 0.0018
Transformed
steel, nAs 0.46 0.863 - 0.3453
Sum =
Effective moment of Inertia, Ie
Ie = [ Mcr / Ma]3 * Ig + [ 1 - (Mcr/Ma)3] Icr = 0.488 m4

Computation of Dead Load Deflection

The maximum deflection is calculated by using the formula;

Deflection, max. = 5*W*L4/(384*E*I) = 16.91 mm

2)long term deflection

The instantaneous deflection is multiplied by a creep factor to get a long term deflection

creep factor=3.0-1.2*(As'/As)>=1.6 3.000

camber=[Link]+Ltde=(1+creep factor)*instantaneous ddeflection
camber= 67.63

use camber =7cm

( fc' cylinder )

P P
6ft
(1.80m)
TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT

P
1.80m

TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT
Assume 4 diam. 32 bars in one row
AASHTO Article [Link]

MDL
(KNm/m)
0.886
0.471
3.096
 1.966
0.655
7.074

SHB 98, Art. 3.24.2

cated on the sidewalk shall be

x = 0.440 m
P = 72.5 KN
and hence not considered for

Art 3.12

art 3.12

Mu = 60.47 KNm/m
Ø= 0.90
b= 1000 mm
fy = 300 N/mm2
fc' = 24 N/mm2
D= 300 mm
diam = 14 mm
cover = 50 mm
d= 243 mm

yt = h/2

Mu = 55.55 KNm/m
Ø= 0.90
b= 1000 mm
fy = 300 N/mm2
fc' = 24 N/mm2
D= 300 mm
diam = 14 mm
 cover = 50 mm
d= 243 mm

oment due to continutiy

(Art. [Link])

S= 1.730 m
P= 72.50 KN

Mu = 35.02 KNm/m
Ø= 0.90
 b= 1000 mm
fy = 300 N/mm2
fc' = 24 N/mm2
D= 200 mm
diam = 14 mm
cover = 50 mm
d= 143 mm
top and bottom reinf.-transverse)

of the main slab reinf. as given below:

is in feet) where S= 1.73 m

diam. of bar= 14 mm
bottom - longitudinally.) ?

diam. of bar = 12 mm
KN/m

KN
KN

KN
KN

L= 20.50
L1= 6.83
Loads on Girder
if x<=L1
if x<=L1

if x>L1
if x>L1
 P P
6ft
(1.80m)

TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT

P
1.80m

TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT

erior girder width= 2.14

terior girder width= 1.52

There fore IM 33%

k shall be 1 foot from the face of the curb

ms (Table 13-8)

a= 2.14 m
d1= 0.145 m
d2= 0.485 m

e formulas given in Table 13-8.

de= 0.245 m
formulas given in Table 13-7.
where 1100<=S<=4900
6000<=L<=73000
S= 2.14 m

where 1100<=S<=4900
6000<=L<=73000
Nb >= 4
S= 2.14 m

beams (Table 13-4)

1100 <= S<= 4900

1
1.45 m
0.41 m
0.20 m
2.14 m

20.50 m
 2.14 m

above two values

 IM = 33%
L= 20.50 m
Dist. Factor = 1.55
P truck= 72.50 KN
P tandem= 55.00 KN
Live Load 2:
Design Tandem V(lane)+VLL+I
(MAX)
Coefficients V(lane)+VLL+IM
A B (KN) (KN)
1.000 0.941 295.66 365.30
0.950 0.891 276.79 340.95
0.900 0.841 257.92 316.59
0.850 0.791 239.05 292.24
0.800 0.741 220.19 267.88
0.750 0.691 201.32 243.53
0.700 0.641 182.45 219.17
0.650 0.591 163.59 194.82
0.600 0.541 144.72 170.46
 0.550 0.491 125.85 146.11
0.500 0.441 106.99 121.75

IM = 33%
L= 20.50 m
Dist. Factor = 1.509
P truck= 72.50 KN
P tandem= 55.00 KN
Live Load 2:
Design Tandem V(lane)+VLL+I
(MAX)
Coefficients V(lane)+VLL+IM
A B (KN) (KN)
1.000 0.941 316.89 384.54
0.950 0.891 295.59 357.91
0.900 0.841 274.30 331.28
0.850 0.791 253.00 304.65
0.800 0.741 231.70 278.03
0.750 0.691 210.40 251.40
0.700 0.641 189.11 224.77
0.650 0.591 167.81 198.14
0.600 0.541 146.51 171.51
0.550 0.491 125.21 144.88
0.500 0.441 103.91 118.26

IM = 33%
L= 20.50 m
Dist. Factor = 1.55
P truck= 72.50 KN
P tandem= 55.00 KN

Loading 2 M(lane)+Maximum
Coeff. ( Loading 2 ) sum Coef. MLL+IM
A/4 B C A/4+B+C (KNm/m)
 - - - - 0.00
- 0.97 0.760 1.734 353.32
- 1.85 1.418 3.263 664.39
- 2.61 1.974 4.587 933.24
- 3.28 2.427 5.707 1159.84
0.16 3.84 2.777 6.782 1344.21
0.33 4.31 3.025 7.659 1486.34
0.47 4.66 3.170 8.307 1594.22
0.59 4.92 3.213 8.723 1675.84
0.68 5.07 3.154 8.909 1715.23
0.75 5.13 2.992 8.864 1712.38

IM = 33%
L= 20.50 m
Dist. Factor = 1.097
P truck= 72.50 KN
P tandem= 55.00 KN
 Loading 2 M(lane)+Maximum
Coeff. ( Loading 2 ) sum Coef. MLL+IM
A/4 B C A/4+B+C (KNm/m)
- - - - 0.00
- 0.97 0.760 1.734 270.54
- 1.85 1.418 3.263 509.03
- 2.61 1.974 4.587 715.49
- 3.28 2.427 5.707 889.90
0.16 3.84 2.777 6.782 1032.27
0.33 4.31 3.025 7.659 1142.61
0.47 4.66 3.170 8.307 1226.54
0.59 4.92 3.213 8.723 1289.72
0.68 5.07 3.154 8.909 1320.85
0.75 5.13 2.992 8.864 1319.95
and the permanent loads

KN
KN
KN
KN
KN

KN

KN

KN
rhquake effects are negligible!!

Interior Girder Design S.F.

(1.25VDL+
V(lane)+VLL+I 1.75[V(lane)+(VLL+IM)]) Vmax
(KN) (KN) (KN)
384.5 1036.17 1061.05
357.9 954.48 976.86
331.3 872.79 892.68
304.7 791.10 808.50
278.0 709.41 724.32
251.4 627.72 640.14
 224.8 546.03 555.95
198.1 452.01 465.61
171.5 370.33 381.43
144.9 288.64 297.25
118.3 206.95 213.06

Interior Girder Design B.M.

0.95*(1.25MDL+
1.75[M(lane)+
M(lane)+MLL+IM (MLL+IM)]) Mmax
(KNm) (KNm) (KNm)
0.0 0.00 0.00
270.5 827.76 1029.31
509.0 1563.48 1942.11
715.5 2207.16 2738.40
889.9 2758.80 3418.17
1032.3 3218.41 3981.43
1142.6 3585.98 4428.17
1226.5 3782.94 4728.16
1289.7 3983.41 4977.50
1320.9 4091.85 5110.32
1319.9 4108.25 5126.63

ed to carry the expected design loads as calculated

ngth of the girder. The efffective flange

half the clear distance to the next web.
 m L= 20.50 m
m hf = 0.20 m (average)
m bw = 0.41 m
m Overhang L = 1.045 m
m Clear S b/n gir.= 1.730 m

m L= 20.50 m
m hf = 0.20 m
m bw = 0.41 m
m Clear S b/n gir.= 1.730 m
m

maximum size of aggregate or 1.1/2 inches.

mm Assume d= 32 mm
mm
mm

mm = 0.048 m

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
 Cover(mm)= 50

di(m) ai*di
0.080 257
0.180 290
0.180 290
0.280 450
0.280 450
0.370 595
0.370 595
0.000 0
0.000 0
2927

ngular portion of the beam.

bw at lever arm of (d-a/2)

As= 12,868 mm2

b= 2.140 m
d= 1.223 m
fy = 420.000 MPa
fc' = 24.000 Mpa
bw = 0.410 m
hf = 0.200 m
Ø= 0.90

Mmax= 5126.63 KNm

b1= 0.85
fc' = 24 N/mm2
fy = 420 N/mm2

btop= 2.14 m
hf= 0.20 m
 bw= 0.41 m
D= 1.45 m

1.2Mcr.

ange is given by Eq. 9.19.

r/h= 0.30
MDL= 1703.98 KNm
MLL+IM= 1715.23 KNm
r=As/bd= 0.0049
b= 2.140 m
d= 1.223 m
hf= 0.20 m
n= 9.0
As= 12,868 mm2

117.290878 N/mm2

thin maximum flexural zones.

vice limit state, fs, does not exceed

y' = d' = 0.228 m

bw= 0.41 m
No. of bars= 16

fsa = 321.018566543903 N/mm2

nt in simple span members shall extend along

db= 32.00 mm
fy= 420.00 Mpa
fc'= 24.00 Mpa
0.06db*fy= 806.40 mm
mod. Factor = 1.000

the development length

 This reinforcment is used
Rect. Beam
Rect. or ØMn
T-beam =Ø*Asfy(d-a/2)
(KNm) from to

Rect. 1647.1 0 1.83

Rect. 2395.8 1.830 2.900
Rect. 3135.0 2.900 4.380
Rect. 3804.1 4.380 7.750
Rect. 4463.7 4.380 7.750
Rect. 5059.2
Rect. 5645.3
Rect. 5645.3
Rect. 5645.3
 ØMn
=Ø ( M1 + M2 )

-
-
-
-
-

bar diameter f 32

the bar starts at x= d=

m 0.000 1.370
m 0.34 m 1.337
m 1.25 m 1.320
m 2.29 m 1.290
m 3.42 m 1.270
m 4.89 m 1.243
m 7.45 m 1.223
shall be uniformly distributed

914.40 mm

d= 1.223 m
diam. = 16.000 mm

Ø= 0.900

(MPa )
(N)

be provided to satisfy

fc' = 24 MPa
fy = 300 MPa
 f= 12 mm
Av = 226 mm2
0.10*fc' * bw= 984 Mpa

s that computed at a distance d

Smax-2=
Spacing by analysis
Smax-1 Av*fy/ Spacing
0.10*fc'*bw*d S=Av*fy*d/
(mm) (0.083*sqrt(fc') provided
(KN) (Vu/Ø-Vc)
*bw) (mm)
(mm)
(mm)

1348.1 600 407 129 129

1315.6 600 407 142 142
1315.6 600 407 146 146
1298.9 600 407 162 162
1269.4 600 407 187 187
1249.7 600 407 226 226
1223.1 600 407 284 284
1223.1 600 407 415 407
1223.1 600 407 819 407
1203.4 600 407 5140 407
 1203.4 600 407 - 407
1203.4 600 407 - 407

the effective moment of inertia,Ie

moment,Mcr use effective moment of inertia,Ie

moment,Mcr use gross moment of inertia,Ig

nter of gravity is calculated from bottom of girder

=sum Ai*yi/(sum Ai)= 0.93 m

Ai*(ycg)2 Ig+Ai*(ycg)2
(m3) (m4)
0.262 0.2668
0.187 0.4540
Sum Ig = 0.7207
revious calculation)

for 4 girders)

=sum Ai*yi/(sum Ai)= 1.09 m

 Ig+Ai*(ycg)2
(m4)
0.1032
0.0022

0.3453
0.4507 m4

0.721 m4

I= 0.488
E = Ec= 23,515 Mpa
W= 84.34 KN/m
L= 20.50 m

long term deflection

As'= 0.00

mm
84.53
post and railing spacing?
scour depth ? 1.5?

if no curb provide distance from the face of the rail to end of curb

table 9-1
factored torsional moment

doesn’t match with the table

what is fs

doesn’t match with the table

HL-93 72.5Kn
72.5kn? Why 89Kn
minimum depth =175mm AASHTO 9.7.1
(Section 3.8.1) Table 3-5
( Tab. 8.9.2 - Art. 8.9.2) S= span length as defined in Art. 8.8 in feet.
1.061 0.245 middle
0.5841121495
the cantiliver should not exceed 40% of the spacing of the girders or 2.8m (section 5.11)

how to assume the starting depth?

how to assume ?
how to assume ?
how to assume ?
how to assume ?

how to assume ?
assuming 5cm expansion depth (50-25-5)
depth is taken on the direction of bending

From where post and rail dimensions

depth is taken on the direction of bending

the live load should have been considered simultanously (Pedestrian and wheel live load)?

cover?
cover?
cover?
face of curb or rail?
if from rail calculations are not
correct

is de the cantiliver portion on the forumula

de is the distance in mm from the face of
rail to exterior face of exterior girder. It is positive
if the exterior web is inboard and vise versa. not correct
 -300 <= de <= 1700

eg-distance between the centers

of gravity of the basic beam and
deck
according to the code using live loads
 reinforcemen
t used for a
distance of

7.75
5.92
4.85
3.37
3.37
1.03
11.25
11.25

unhide for more area of bars

with what dia of bar this minimum spacing

0 1.83
1.83 2.9
2.9 4.38
4.38 7.75
4.38 7.75

0 0
deflection requiremnet article [Link].2
span/800 25.625 mm
LONG TERM OR SHORT TERM?