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Internet Addiction and Associated Factors among Undergraduates

Article  in  Journal of Nepal Health Research Council · June 2022

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 Original Article
J Nepal Health Res Counc 2022 Jan-Mar; 20 (54): 131-7

Internet Addiction and Associated Factors among

Undergraduates
Kishor Adhikari,1 Sandhya Dahal,1 Amrita Ghimire,2 Gayatri Khanal,1 Subash Koirala,1 Chet Kant Bhusal,3
Rakesh Singh4

ABSTRACT

Background: With the surge of internet-based smart gadgets worldwide in 21st century the problem of internet
addiction is emerging as a major behavioural addiction pandemic of the contemporary era. Excessive Internet use
has become significant mental health concerns especially among students. Internet use has many advantages if used
in right fashion, it has an enormous amount of negative consequences as well such as depression, attention deficit
and so forth.
Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was done among 356 undergraduate students of Bharatpur Metropolitan
City of Nepal. Multistaged random sampling was applied to select undergraduate students and semi structured self-
administered questionnaire along with structured standard Young’s tool for Internet Addiction Test was used for
collecting information during June 2019 to August 2019.
Result: Alarmingly High proportions of participants (73%) were found addicted to Internet, where, 48%, 20.5%
and4.5% had mild, moderate and severe Internet addiction respectively. Higher prevalence of Internet addiction
was observed among those whose father’s occupation was ‘foreign employment’ as compared to agriculture.
(AOR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.02-5.33, p = 0.04), Failed in the recent exam as compared to Pass in the recent exam.
(AOR = 2.81 CI 1.40 – 3.561, and among non-science stream as compared to science stream (AOR = 3.10, 95%CI
1.81-5.32), p=<0.001)
Conclusions: The finding suggests that prevalence of Internet addiction was tremendously high among undergraduate
students. There is critical need of awareness programmes targeted to the students as well as parents regarding the
negative impacts of unwise Internet use.
Keywords: Bharatpur metropolitan; internet addiction; undergraduate students.

INTRODUCTION Undergraduates are accessing the Internet more than

any other age groups even in Nepal.10 Effects of these
The Internet has become an indispensable part of our problems could have serious implications for academic
life today. The prevalence of Internet users and using performance as well such as difficulty in performing daily
hours has grown extraordinarily.1 In Nepal, Internet routine, problems with selfcare, anxiety, depression,
penetration rate alone has reached up to 63% in 2019 pain and discomfort etc .11-14 The aim of present study
from 0.2% in the year 2000.2 is to assess the magnitude of Internet addiction and its
associated factors.
Though there are lots of advantages of Internet use
if used in right fashion, it has enormous amount of
METHODS
negative consequences as well.3,4 Internet addiction is
an emerging psychological problem across the globe.5,6 Institution-based cross-sectional descriptive study
Internet addiction is recently classified as one of the design was used to assess the magnitude of Internet
mental disorders.7 Prevalence rate of Internet addiction addiction among undergraduates of Bharatpur
is high among undergraduate students worldwide.8,9 Municipality, Chitwan, Nepal.

Correspondence: Dr Kishor Adhikari, Author Affiliations

School of Public Health and Department 1
School of Public Health and Department of Community Medicine, Chitwan
of Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical Medical College, Nepal, 2School of Nursing, Department of psychiatric,
College, Nepal. Email: [Link]@ Chitwan Medical College, Nepal, 3Department of Community Medicine,
[Link], kishoo2006@[Link]. Universal College of Medical Science and Teaching Hospital, Rupandehi,
Nepal, 4School of Public Health, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal.
JNHRC Vol. 20 No. 1Issue 54 Jan-Mar 2022 131
 Internet Addiction and Associated Factors among Undergraduates

The study was conducted in Bharatpur Metropolitan City shaken every time a paper was taken out. In the
lies in the central-southern part of Nepal. The City is second stage, the list of undergraduate students from
the District headquarter of the Chitwan District and is the selected colleges were obtained from the college
the fifth largest city of Nepal with the population of administrations one week prior to data collection and
199,867. Bharatpur is one of the fast-growing cities of listed in Microsoft excel sheet in alphabetical order.
Nepal. It lies on the left bank of Narayani River and serves After assigning the serial numbers to make sample
as a commercial centre of Chitwan district and central frame with total of 1430 eligible students, 356 were
region of Nepal. There is a total of 27 colleges including randomly selected by systematic sampling technique.
2 Medical colleges.15 Literacy rate for female and male The first undergraduate student was selected by using
in Chitwan are 82.25 % and 90.75% respectively.16 the lottery method and then using an interval ratio of
4.01, i.e. One in every four undergraduate students was
The data collection period was from June 2019 to August selected. Those students who were not available during
2019. visits and/or did not give informed consent were not
included in the study, and subsequent students were
Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Review selected from the list using random selection method.
Committee of Chitwan Medical College and Teaching
Hospital (Ref: CMC/IRC 075/76-130). Permission obtained Data was collected using self-administered
from each selected college before data collection. questionnaire. There were two sections in the data
Informed consent was explained to the respondents and collection tool in the study. Self-constructed pretested
obtained just before the data collection. Respondents semi-structured questionnaire was used to measure
were assured that the information provided by them independent variables and structured standard Young’s
would be anonymous and confidential to avoid response Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was used to measure the
bias. Study participants were informed about their right prevalence of Internet addiction.18 Pretesting of the
to decide whether to participate in the study. questionnaire was carried out in similar population
at non-study area. The questionnaire was checked,
Those Undergraduate students including health science and modification of the tools was done as per the
students who were willing to give written consent and requirement after pretesting. Adequate literature was
currently studying undergraduate level at Bharatpur reviewed and simple and understanding language was
metropolitan city were included in the study. Those used as far as possible to get proper responses from
undergraduate students who were not willing to give the respondent. Internet Addiction Test used in this
valid consent and those who were absent for two study is a validated tool, used for detection of internet
consecutive visits during data collection were excluded addiction, where, reliability coefficient Cronbach alpha
in the study. was calculated as 0.90 and Spearman Brown value was
calculated as 0.86.19
Sample size for the study was 356 which was estimated
using Cochran’s formula  N = Z2pq/L2 [29] with 95% The Internet addiction was assessed through the tool,
level of confidence interval, critical value Z = 1.96, and which was developed by Dr Kimberly S Young in 1998.
6% margin of error, and pooled prevalence of internet The tool includes 20 questions with a scoring of zero
addiction among medical students is 30.1% from meta- to five for each question. Each answer was scored on
analysis.17 The initial sample size of the study was a Likert scale as 0 = Never, 1 = rarely, 2 = occasionally,
225. Since multistage random sampling was used as a 3 = frequently, 4 = often, and 5 = always. The final score
sampling technique, the initial sample size of the study was obtained by summing up the scores of all questions,
225 was multiplied by design effect of 1.5. By adding hence, a total minimum and maximum scores of the
non-response rate of 5.5%, the final sample size of the Young’s tool was 20 and 100 respectively. The greater
study was 356. score represents a higher level of addiction. According
to this scoring, study unit was classified into normal
Multistage random sampling method was applied to users <20, mild 20-49, moderate 50-79) and severe >79
select the participants. In the first stage, three out of 27 Internet addiction groups.
undergraduate colleges of Bharatpur Metropolitan were
randomly selected by using lottery method. For the For calculating binary logistic, the output variable was
lottery method, names of all 27 undergraduate colleges categorized into two variables i.e. Normal Internet use
were written in a separate, uniform-sized paper which (less than 20 score) and Internet addicted (21 and above
was folded and put into a bowl. The papers were score)
thoroughly mixed in the bowl. One by one, three papers
were taken out. The bowl with papers was thoroughly Data entry was done in Epi data 3.1 and exported to

132 JNHRC Vol. 20 No. 1Issue 54 Jan-Mar 2022

 Internet Addiction and Associated Factors among Undergraduates

IBM SPSS 20 v. Descriptive as well as inferential analysis relationship of Internet addiction with Stream of
were done through this software. Under the descriptive education (x2 19.009, p=<0.001), academic achievement
analysis: frequency, percentage, mean, median were in recent exam (x2 4.347, 0.024) and access to Internet
calculated. For the purpose of inferential analysis, those (x2 4.347, 0.001) but there was no significant association
variables, which had statistically significant association of Internet addiction with study year and college shift.
(p<0.05) in bivariate analysis (Pearson chi square) were (Table 3)
further analyzed in multivariate logistic regression to
analyze factors which were associated with Internet In multivariate analysis the significant factors associated
addiction. with Internet addiction were observed among those
whose fathers’ occupation was ‘foreign employment’
as compared to agriculture (AOR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.02-
RESULTS 5.33,  p = 0.04). This suggest that the students whose
The study found that only 27 % of undergraduate students fathers’ occupation was foreign employment has
were normal internet user, i.e. not having internet nearly two-and-half times more tendencies of being
addiction. Nearly half of the students were having internet addicted as compared to those whose father’s
mild internet addiction. A total of 4.5% of students was occupations was agriculture. Similarly, those who failed
suffering from severe internet addiction (Table 1). in recent exam has tendency of nearly 3 times high
chances of being internet addicted as compared to
The age of participant ranges from 16 to 25 with those students who passed in recent exam (AOR = 2.81
the Median (IQR) 19.00(8) years. Around 75% of the CI 1.40 – 3.561). Students from non-science stream had
respondents were between 16-20. A total of 58.7 % and more than three times high chances of getting internet
41.3 % of respondents were male and female respectively. addiction as compared to those from science stream
It showed a statistically significant relationship of (AOR = 3.10, 95%CI 1.81-5.32), p=<0.001). Similarly,
Internet addiction with fathers’ occupation (x2 3.3, those who have access to Internet at their home had
p=0.016) and mothers’ educational status (x2 7.847, more than three times Internet addiction as compared
p=0.049) but there was no significant association of to those who were not having Internet access at home.
Internet addiction with age, sex, mothers’ occupation (AOR 3.10 CI 1.81-5.32) (Table 4).
and religion (Table 2). There was statistically significant

Table 1. Prevalence of internet addiction among undergraduate students in Bharatpur Metropolitan City.

Addiction status (Score) Frequency (n=356) Percentage (%)

Not addicted (0-19) 96 27

Mild (20-49) 171 48
Moderate (50-79) 73 20.5
Severe (80- 100) 16 4.5

Table 2. Association of Socio-demographic Variables with Internet addiction (n=356).

Variables Number (%) Internet addiction X2 Value P-value
Age Addicted (%) Non-addicted (%)
16-20 267 (75.0) 190 (71.2) 77 (28.8) 1.902 0.168
21-25 89 (25.0) 70 (78.7) 19 (21.3)
Sex
Male 209 (58.7) 155 (74.2.1) 54 (25.8) 0.328 0.567
Female 147(41.3) 105 (71.4) 42(28.6)
Father’s educational status
Illiterate 47 (13.2) 30 (63.8) 17(36.2) 4.969 0.174
Primary education 70 (19.7) 50 (71.4) 20 (28.6)
Secondary education 134 (37.6) 106 (79.1) 28 (20.9)
Higher Secondary and above 105 (29.5) 74 (70.5) 31(29.5)

JNHRC Vol. 20 No. 1Issue 54 Jan-Mar 2022 133

 Internet Addiction and Associated Factors among Undergraduates

Table 2. Association of Socio-demographic Variables with Internet addiction (n=356).

Father’s occupation
Agriculture 110 (30.9) 69 (62.7) 41 (37.3) 10.265 0.016*
Business 122 (34.3) 91 (74.6) 31 (25.4)
Service 63 (17.7) 49 (77.8) 14 (22.2)
Foreign employment 61 (17.1) 51 (83.6) 10 (16.4)
Mother’s educational status
Illiterate 62 (17.4) 48 (77.4) 14 (22.6) 7.847 0.049*
Primary education 107 (30.1) 68 (63.6) 39 (36.4)
Secondary education 141 (39.6) 111 (78.7) 30 (21.3)
Higher Secondary and above 46 (12.9 33 (71.7) 13 (28.3)

*Significant at p=<0.05

Table 3. Association of academic variables with Internet addiction (n=356).

Variables Number (%) Internet addiction X2 Value P-value
Non-addicted
Study year Addicted (%)
(%)
1st year 194 (54.5) 141 (72.7) 53 (27.3) 2.695 0.26
2nd year 140 (39.3) 106 (75.7) 34 (24.3)
3rd year 22 (6.2) 13 (59.1) 9 (40.9)
Stream of education
Science 138 (38.8) 83 (60.1) 55 (39.9)
19.009 0.000*
Non-science 218 (61.2) 177 (81.2) 41 (18.8)
Academic achievement in recent exam
Pass 273 (76.4) 192 (70.3) 81 (29.7)
4.347 0.024*
Fail 134 (37.6) 68 (81.9) 15 (18.1)
College shift
Morning 222 (62,4) 166(74.8) 56 (25.2)
0.908 0.341
Day 134 (37.6) 94 (70.1) 96 (29.9)
Internet access at current residence
(for study)
Yes 258 (72.5) 201 (77.9) 57 (22.1)
11.302 0.001*
No 98 (27.5) 59 (60.2) 39 (39.8)

*Significant at p=<0.05

Table 4. Multivariate Analysis of Internet Addiction with Explanatory Variables.

Variables a
UOR (95% CI) b
AOR (95% CI) p-value
Mothers’ Education
Illiterate 1 1
Primary Schooling 0.50 (0.24-1.03) 0.49 (0.23-1.06) 0.07
Secondary Schooling 1.07(0.52-2.21) 0.80 (0.37-1.73) 0.58
Higher Education 0.74(0.30-1.77) 0.59 (0.35-1.48) 0.26
Fathers’ Occupation
Agriculture 1 1
Business 1.74 (0.99-3.05) 1.41 (0.77-2.60) 0.26
Service 2.08 (1.02-4.22) 1.36 (0.63-2.92) 0.42
Foreign Employment 3.03 (1.38-6.61) 2.34 (1.02-5.33) 0.04*
Academic Achievement

134 JNHRC Vol. 20 No. 1Issue 54 Jan-Mar 2022

 Internet Addiction and Associated Factors among Undergraduates

Table 4. Multivariate Analysis of Internet Addiction with Explanatory Variables.

Variables a
UOR (95% CI) b
AOR (95% CI) p-value
Passed in recent exam 1 1
Failed in recent exam 1.91 (1.03-3.54) 2.81 (1.40-3.5.61) 0.03*
Access of Internet in home
Presence 1 1
Absence 2.33 (1.41-3.84) 1.75 (0.99-3.07) 0.05*
Stream of Education
Science 1 1
Other than Science 2.86 (1.76-4.62) 3.10 (1.81-5.32) 0.00*

*Significant at p=<0.05, 1=reference category, acrude odds ratio, badjusted odds ratio, Hosmer and Lemeshow p value
= 0.185, 2 log likelihood = 369.830, Cox and Snell R square = 0.173

DISCUSSION reported science as their stream of education. In the

multivariate analysis, it was observed that students who
The central aim of current study was to assess the
reported ‘failed’ in their recent exam were nearly three
magnitude of Internet addiction among undergraduate
times more addicted to Internet than those who reported
students of Bharatpur Metropolitan City. The age
‘passed’ in recent exam. The statement that Internet
range of the student was 16 to 25 with the median
addiction affects in students’ academic performance
age 19.62±1.4 years. Nearly three-fourth i.e. 73% of
has been evident from studies in Sri Lanka,29 Iran,30
students were having internet addiction as per the
Pakistan31 and Turkey.32
criteria suggested by Young’s Internet Addiction Test
(IAT) tool. A total of 48%, 20.5% and 4.5% of respondents
were suffering from mild, moderate and severe form CONCLUSIONS
of Internet addiction respectively. The finding of mild
Nearly three-fourth of the undergraduate students were
and moderate addiction is closer to the findings of
found addicted to the Internet. There was statistically
study in Nepal where, 50.8% were mildly addicted,
significant relationship of Internet addiction with
40.7% were moderated addicted.12 A study conducted
fathers’ occupation, mothers’ educational status,
in Malaysia has reported slightly higher prevalence
stream of education, academic achievement in the
of severe Internet addiction as compared to present
recent exam and access to Internet. Significant factors
study.20 The prevalence of Internet addiction in present
associated with Internet addiction were observed
study was higher than that reported from the Saudi
among those whose fathers’ occupation was ‘foreign
Arabia21, Egypt22, USA23, and Asia.24 This variation may
employment’ as compared to agriculture. Similarly,
be due to differences in study tools used in these studies
those who failed in the recent exam have the tendency
and differences in study sites where dissimilar internet
of nearly three times high chances of being the internet
penetration rate may exist as compared to ours. There
addicted as compared to those students who passed in
was no statistical difference in age and sex for Internet
recent exam and students other than science stream had
addiction in this study. Similar finding was evident in
more than three times high chances of getting internet
the study from Tanzania.25 But the study from Malaysia
addiction as compared to those from science stream.
revealed significant sex differences.26
Hence, students should be properly monitored, engaged
and guided in the household along with college settings
Undergraduate students who reported their fathers’
for reducing Internet addiction. Students of non-science
occupation as ‘foreign employment’ were more likely
discipline also be extensively monitored and engaged in
to be addicted to the Internet compared to those whose
academic activities for avoiding their excess Internet
fathers’ occupations was agriculture.  This finding is
use. There is critical need of awareness programme
identical to the study conducted in Iran.27 Similarly,
targeted to the students as well as parents regarding
students who reported having access to home internet
the negative impacts of unwise Internet use.
were nearly two times more addicted than those who
were not having internet connection at home. Similar
finding was evident from the study conducted in India.28 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Present study revealed that students from non-science
We want to acknowledge the college management and
stream were far more addicted than the students who
participants of the study for their active participants.

JNHRC Vol. 20 No. 1Issue 54 Jan-Mar 2022 135

 Internet Addiction and Associated Factors among Undergraduates

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Anxiety and depression in Nepal: prevalence, comorbidity
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