[Link] Qu. 9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes electricity or light. The “ON” signal represents binary 1 and “OFF” signal binary 0. Transmission medium is the physical pathway over which message is transmitted from sender to receiver. Protocol is a set of rules between two communication devices that govern the process of data communication. !n asynchrcnous transmission, time interval between each character is not the same. Each character is transmitted with additional start and stop bits In synchronous transmission, time interval between each character is always the same. It does not require start or stop bits. Guided media uses cabling system thal guides the data signals along a specific path Unguided media signals travel through open space and nothing guides them along any specific path fradio waves are electromagnetic waves that are propagated by antennas Satellite is an object that is placed in an orbit around the earth and revolves around it with speed that is same as the rotational speed of earth for communication Attenuation is signal fall off with distance in guided or unguided media. Distortion refers to signal change in shape or form as it travels through communication lines Cross talk refers to undesired signals that enter the path of the transmitted signal due to electromagnetic radiation A Network Interface Card (NIC) is used to connect computers together to create computer network and make communicalion between computers possible A router is a communication device used to connect computers together in different networks A switch is used for connecting computers together in wired local area network whereas access point connects computers in wireless local area network. SXNERCISE Select the best answer for the following MCQs. In which type of data transmission start/stop bits are used? A Synchronous transmission B. Asynchronous transmission c. Satellite transmission D. Microwave transmission In which of the following transmission, the time interval between the characters is always the same? A Synchronous transmission B. Asynchronous transmission Cc. Satellite transmission D. Microwave transmission Which of the following transmission media uses light waves for transmitting information? A Coaxial cable 8B. Twisted pair cable All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes c Telephone line D. Fibre optic cable iv. Which of the following is used for short distance communication? A. Radio signals B _ Microwave c. infra-red D. Satellite communication v. In which of the following impairment, the strength of signal falls off with distance? A Distortion 8 Attenuation Cc. Cross talk D. Noise vi. Which of the following impairment refers to undesired signals that enter the path of the transmitted signal due to electromagnetic radiation? A Distortion B. Attenuation c Cross talk D. Noise vil. Which of the following device is used for connecting computers together in wireless local area network? A Dial-up modem B. Router c Switch D Access point viii. Which of the following device is used for connecting computers together in wired local area network? A. Dial-up modem B Router Cc. Switch D. Access point ix. Which of the following device forwards information from one network to another by selecting the best pathway available? A Dial-up modem Router C. ‘Switch 5 Access point % What represents the overall data transmission capacity of a computer network? A Data rate c. Signal strength Bandwidth Baud rate Q2. juestions. i. Differentiate between analog and digital signals. Ans: Difference between analog and digital signals: Analog signals: Analog signal is in continuous form. It varies continuously within a range as shown in Fig {a). For example. sound is an analog signal. Analog transmission uses signals that are exactly the same as sound waves. Digital signals: Digital signals are not continuous. They switch between two discrete, low and high voltage levels as shown in Fig (b). In digital computers, low voltage level represents binary 0 and high voltage level represents binary 1. Information represented in digital form can be easily transmitted by series of “ON" and "OFF" signals by pulses of electricity. A pulse “ON" can represent 1 and the absence of pulse “OFF” can represent 0. [Link] AUl Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes ! ! (a) Analog and (b) Digital Signals OR (Second Answer) Difference between analog and digital signals: Analog signal Digital signal Basic An analog signal is a] A digital signal is a discrete continuous wave that | wave that carries information changes over a time period. | in binary form. Representation |An analog signal is|A digital ~—ssignal_—sis represented by a sine wave. | represented by square waves Description An analog signal __is | A digital signal is described described by the amplitude, | by bit rate and bit intervals period or frequency, and phase. Range ‘Analog signal has no fixed | Digital signal has a finite range range i.e between 0 and 1 ‘An analog signal is more | A digital signal is less prone prone to distortion to distortion ‘An analog signal: transmit | A digital signal carries data in data in the form of a wave. _| the binary form i.e. 0 and 1 The human voice is the best | Signals used for example of an analog | transmission in a computer signal. are the digital signal ii. Why digital signals are used in computer systems? Ans; Information represented in digital form can be easily transmitted by series of “ON” and “OFF” signals by pulses of electricity. A pulse “ON” can represent 1 and the absence of pulse “OFF” can represent 0. Multiple bit (0,1) streams are used in a computer network. Digital data can be compressed relatively easily, thereby increasing the efficiency of transmission. That is why digital signals are used in computer systems. iil, Name the properties of a good communication system. Ans: Characteristics of a Good Communication System: Following are the properties of a good communication system. Delivery: Data communication system must deliver the message to the correct destination. Message must be received by only the device or user to whom it is sent. For example, when e-mail is sent to a person, it is received only by the person to whom it is addressed. This is managed by the protocol used in the data communication system. Distortion [Link] AUl Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes Accuracy: System must deliver the message accurately without any change. If incorrect data is transmitted by the system, it may not be usable by the receiver. For example, when data is transmitted over a long distance, it may get corrupted due to transmission errors. The data that is not correctly received at the destination is retransmitted from the source. This is ensured by the protocol used in the data communication system. Timeliness: The system must deliver the data without significant delay in a timely manner. It is very important in real time transmission such as video conferencing that video and audio are delivered as soon as they are produced. Data delivered late may be useless. Some real time systems require immediate transmission of data within limited time. For example, a computerized real time system is used to monitor the temperature in an oil refinery. if the temperature is getting too high, it must be transmitted immediately otherwise there can be an explosion. iv. Give any three reasons why guided communication medium is more reliable than unguided medium. Ans: The purpose of Guided media is to reduce cross talk and electromagnetic interference and make the transmission more reliable. It provides high quality transmission at extremely fast speed. It can transmit trillions of bits per second. Guided media is not affected by electromagnetic fields and can transmit both analog and digital signals Guided media is used for data transmission over long distance. Unguided Media has multipath interference, due to reflections from land, water, natural and human-made objects, That is why guided communication medium is more reliable than unguided medium. v. What is meant by transmission impairment? Ans: Transmission Impairments: The errors that occur during data communication from one point to another are called transmission impairments. When a signal is transmitted over a communication medium, it may have different types of impairments. Impairments occur due to imperfect characteristics. of communication medium. As a consequence, the received and the transmitted signals are not always the same. Types of impairments: The types of impairments in communication media are: i. Attenuation fi, Amplification ili. Distortion iv. Cross tatk vi, Differentiate between attenuation and distortion. Ans: Attenuation: Attenuation is the fall of signal strength with the distance as signal travels through the communication media. if the attenuation is too much, the receiver may not be able to detect'the signal at all. [Link] AUl Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes Pomt! Transmission medium Point 2 Attenuation in data communication —_ Distortion: Distortion refers to change in shape or frequency of digital signal when it is transmitted over a communication line. Fig (a), snows the transmitted signal and Fig (0), shows the distorted received signal Communication line delays the signal frequency by different amounts because different frequency components travel at different speed. Therefore, various frequency components of a signal are received at different delays. This causes distortion in digital signais. Distortion in digital signal vii. What is cross talk? Ans: Cross Talk: Cross talk ccours in guided media, As signal is transmitted through a wire, undesired signals enter the path of the transmitted signal due to slectromagnetic radiation. It is caused because of putiing several wires together in a single cable. Sometimes, user can hear another conversion in the background when talking on the phone. This happens by the coupling between two wires that are close to each other. i. What is Dial-up modem? Why is it used? Ans: Dial-up Modem: Dial-up modem. provides Internet connection through telephone line. Maximum speed of Dial-up modem is 56 Kilobits per second which is very slow. It is being replaced by faster DSL connection for Internet. A Dial-up medem ts shown in Fig. [Link] Dial ~ up modem AUl Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes Uses of Dial-up Modem: . A telephone line is used for voice transmission which is analog signal. A modem converts digital computer signal to analog form for transmission over telephone line as shown in Fig. This process is called modulation. telephone line i digital signal | analog signal | digital signal Transmission of data using modem Another, modem al the receiving end, converts the analog signa! back to igital form which is calied demodulation. Modem is abbreviation of Modulator-Demodulator. ix. Define data rate and baud rate. Ans: Data Rate: Data rate is the speed with which dala can be transmitted from one device to ancther. it is generally measured in Kilobits (thousand bits) or Megabits (million bits) per second. ” Note: The abbreviation kbps, is used for kilobits per second and mbps for million bits per second >) Baud rate: 4 Baud is the rate of change of electrical signals per second during data = communications. An electrical signal can have two cr more than two states to [Link] A represent binary digits 0 and 1 If an electrical signal has two states to represent binary digits then one state = represents binary 0 and the other binary 1. In this case the baud rate and the number of bits transferred per second (data rate) are the same. if an electrical signal has four states then each state can represent two binary digits For example, the analog signals generated by modem can have four voltage levels such as 1, 2, 3 and 4 Volts, There are four states of analog signal one for each voltage level. These four voltage levels can be used to represent 00, 01, 10 and 11. These will double the bit transfer rate. x. Define bandwidth. Ans: Bandwidth: Bandwidth describes the overall data transmission capacity of a mediurh or channel. It represents the amount of data that passes through a network connection per unit of time. AUl Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF[Link] 9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes Bandwiath is also measured in bits per second like data rate. Q3. Write long answers of the following questions. i. Describe the components of communication system with the help of diagram. Ans: Components of a Communication System: Communication system consists of the following five basic components as shown in Fig, (4 @) Message M4 2 (4) Transmission Medium oa (1) Sender Q) Receiver | (3) Protocol | Components of a communication system e Sender e Receiver Message ° Transmission Medium . Protocol Sender: It is the device which sends the message. In other words, it is the source of message that can be a computer, telephone handset, etc. Receiver: It is the device which receives the message. In other words it is the destination of message that can be a computer, radio, telephone handset, etc. Message: It is the data to be transmitted. It can be text, graphics, image, sound or video Transmission Medium: It is the physical pathway (also known as channel) over which the message is sent from sender to receiver. Some examples of transmission media are coaxial cable, Fibre optic cable, microwaves, etc Protocol: It is the set of rules between the two communicating devices that governs the process of data communication. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but they cannot communicate with each other. ii, Explain asynchronous and synchronous transmission modes with examples. Ans: Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission modes: Asynchronous and synchronous transmissions are the methods by which characters are transferred between components within the computer or between the computer and an external network. AUl Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF[Link] 9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes Asynchronous Transmission: The transmission mode in which time interval between each character is not the same is known as asynchronous transmission This is shown in Fig hee tept]} fb Tae —————> Time between characters is variable Asynchronous transmission In asynchronous transmission, each character is transmitted with additional cuntrol information. Control information consists of additional start and stop bits. Start bit indicates that transmission is about to start and stop bit indicates that it is abuut to stop. Start bit 1s yenerally 0 and stop bit is 1 Between the start and stop bits, the bits representing a character are transmitted at uniform time intervals Asynchronous transmission is slow because of the additional bits transmitted with each character. it is suitable for low speed connection between system unit and keyboard or mouse. Synchronous Transmission: The transmission mode, in which time interval between the characters is always the same, is known as synchronous transmission. This is shown in Fig. Ans: Web pel rteHotal Time ————> Time between characters is constant Synchronous transmission In synchronous transmission, there is no control information added with the characters. Data consisting of Os and 1s is transmitted as one long stream of bits. The receiver counts the bits as they arrive and recognizes the characters. Synchronous transmission is faster than asynchronous transmission because it dues not require extra start and stop bits. Therefore, it is used for fast data communication between computers in computer networks. Describe the following guided media. a) Twisted pair cable b) Coaxial cable c) Fiber optic cable a) Twisted pair cable: Twisted pair cable is the most commonly used cable for data communication. tt consists of pairs of copper wires twisted around one another as shown in Fig AUl Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF 89th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes Twisted pair cable Purpose of twisting the cables: The purpose of twisting the cables is to reduce cross talk and electromagnetic interference and make the transmission more reliable. Telephone cable consists of two twisted insulated wires. Computer network cable consists of 4 pairs of twisted cables. Transmission speed of twisted pair cable: Transmission speed of twisted pair cable ranges from 2 million bits per second to 10 billion bits per second. b) Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable is used for local area networks and cable television systems. It consists of copper wire surrounded by insulating layer. The insulating layer itself is surrounded by conductive layer as shown in Fig Center core Coaxial cable Purpose of Insulation: insulation reduces interference and distortion Transmission speed Coaxial Cable: Transmission speed ranges from 200 million bits per second to more than 500 million bits per second, c) Fiber optic cable: Fibre optic cable consists of smooth hair-thin strands of transparent material. In Fibre optic communication, the transmitter has a converter that converts electrical signals into light waves. These fight waves are transmitted over the Fibre optic cable. Another converter is placed at the receiving end that converts the light waves back to electrical signals. Capacity of single Fibre optic cable: A single Fibre optic cable can carry up to 50,000 communication lines. It provides high quality transmission at extremely fast speed. It can transmit trillions of bits per second [Link] All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF 99th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes It is not affected by electromagnetic fields and can transmit both analog and digital signals Note: Fiber optic cable is more expensive than twisted pair and coaxial cables. It is used for data transmission over lang distance. Fibre optic cable is shown in Fig , Fibre optic cable ¢ 7 iv. Describe any three types of unguided media. Ans: Unguided Media: Unguided media signals travel through open space and nothing guides them along any specific path. They du not use cables for data transmission. Types of unguided media: Unguided media can be classified into radio waves, microwave, infra-red and satellite communication. Radio Waves: Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that are propagated by antennas. Radio transmission consists of a transmitter and a receiver. A transmitter transmits a radio signal to a receiver which receives it. Radio waves are used to transmit music, conversation, pictures and data. Data can be transmitted over long distance using radio waves. These waves are invisible and undetectable to human beings. The following are some applications of radio waves. e Radio and television broadcast as shown in Fig. Satellite [Link] Television broadcast e Cell phones communication as shown in Fig. All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes Calter a a ! - \Sp gs wt ‘Base Statiou 1 = Hid ‘enter Base Station 2 Cell phone communication ° Radio-controlied toys as shown in Fig y | | . i Radio controlled car oJ Satellite communication e Wireless networks and wireless Internet Microwave: Microwave signals travel through open space like radio waves. Microwaves provide much faster transmission rete than telephone lines or coaxial cables. Microwave antennas are installed on high buildings or high towers as shown in Fig. The transmitting and the receiving sites must be within sight of one another. Microwaves are used fcr saicilite communicalion and other long cistance wireless communications, ‘Transmission foe Transmission Line VK = 7 mE au Astenaa Antenna Microwave Transmission [Link] Infra-red: Infra-red waves are light energy that we cannot see. It travels through space at the speed of light. It is used for short distance communication Infra-red waves are usually used in remote controls for television, DVD Players and other similar devices. Infra-red wireless signals are disrupted by persons or objects in between the transmitter and receiver but it does not get interference of other radio signals. it is also used in industrial, scientific and medical appliances and night-vision devices. Infra-red communication between television and remote control is shown in Fig. AUl Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes Infra — red communication Bluetooth: . Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology that uses radio waves to connect portable electronic devices over short distance. It eliminates the need for cable connection and provides fast and reliable transmission. It supports networking of wide range of portable devices that work on low battery. These devices include mobile phone, mouse, keyboard, wireless speaker, wireless headset, tablet, laptop computer and personal computer. Laptop computer has built-in Bluetooth but personal computer can use Bluetooth adapter to communicate'with Bluetooth devices. The most common use of Bluetooth is connecting a mobile phone to a wireless headset or to a laptop computer to transfer voice data. Bluetooth technology can transmit text, image, voice and video. Satellite: A satellite is an object that is placed in an orbit around the earth and revolves around it with speed that is slightly faster than Earth's average orbital speed for communication. It is a wireless Receiver and Transmitter used for transmitting data over long distance at high speed, Ground stations beam signals through antennas to Satellites. Satellites amplify and retransmit the signals to another ground station which can be located many thousands of miles away as shown in Fig Satellite Signal Transmitted to Satelite - fom Ear (Uplink) 4 Ne Satelite bs ‘Transmitting Earth Station Receiving Earth Station Satellite Communication [Link] AUl Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes Drawback of satellite communication: The main drawback of satellite communication is the high cost of placing the satellite into its orbit. Satellites are launched by rockets or space shuttles and precisely positioned in the space with an orbit speed that exactly matches with the rotation speed of the earth. v. Describe the functions of the following communication devices. a) —- Router b) Network Interface Card (NIC) c) Switch/ Access point Ans: a) Router: Router is a communication device that is used when two networks have to be connected for communication. They send information from one network to another by selecting the best pathway available Types of routers: There are two types of routers i.e. wired’ and wireless. A wireless router is shown in Fig. This router is used to connect wireless devices such as laptop computer and mobile phone to Internet. Wireless router [Link] b) —_ Network Interface Card (NIC): A Network interface Card (NIC) or simply network card is used to connect computers together to create computer network. It makes communication between computers possibie. It is a card that is installed on the motherboard. In modern computers, it is =) integrated on the motherboard. Types of network cards: There are two types of network cards, wired network card and wireless network card. Wired and wireless network cards are shown in Fig. — (a) Wired Network Card (b) Wireless Network Card Network cards c) Switch/Access Point: A switch/access point is used for connecting computers together in local area network (LAN). Switch is used in wired networks whereas access point is used in wireless networks AUl Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF a9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes A switch/access point receives information from a computer in the network, inspects it and then transmits it appropriately to the destination computer. A switch and an access point are shown in Fig. (©) Access point Switch and access point Lab Activities Activity 1: Students should be shown twisted pair, coaxial and fibre optic cables and their usage in data communication. Activity 2: Students should be shown communication devices such as network card, router, switch, etc. [Link] All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF9th Computer Science Ch 04 - Notes All Classes Chapter Wise Notes Punjab Boards | Sindh Boards | KPK Boards| Balochistan Boards AJK Boards | Federal Boards CLS oe tS Lon prageutig BAIL WF LIISA SIL Bat LAM ANF Feb Bid EA Boe tI Beds Ge OES Oth Class OCs ICSE R on [Link] [Link] 11th Class fim 12th Class Notes | Past Papers iim Notes | Past Papers LI Mae GOEL LES I IMACS SOE [Link] LSI a tA IE [Link] AUl Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF