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Implicit Differentiation Lesson Overview

1. The document introduces implicit differentiation, which is used to find derivatives of functions defined implicitly through equations, rather than explicitly as y=f(x). 2. It provides an example of a function defined implicitly by the equation x^2 + y^2 = 4 and explains how to implicitly differentiate this to obtain the two possible functions y=f1(x) and y=f2(x). 3. The formal definition of implicit differentiation is given, and an example problem demonstrates taking the derivative of an implicitly defined function through implicit differentiation.

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61 views3 pages

Implicit Differentiation Lesson Overview

1. The document introduces implicit differentiation, which is used to find derivatives of functions defined implicitly through equations, rather than explicitly as y=f(x). 2. It provides an example of a function defined implicitly by the equation x^2 + y^2 = 4 and explains how to implicitly differentiate this to obtain the two possible functions y=f1(x) and y=f2(x). 3. The formal definition of implicit differentiation is given, and an example problem demonstrates taking the derivative of an implicitly defined function through implicit differentiation.

Uploaded by

Lewis Pharmaceuticals
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Implicit Differentiation

Lesson 8: Implicit Differentiation

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, learners will be able to:

1. Determine the derivative of a function using implicit differentiation


2. Obtain the second derivatives of functions using the implicit differentiation.

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
2
Suppose that a function, say f, is defined by the equation y=2 x −1 . We can see that
the given equation is expressed as y in terms of x. In this case, the function is being defined
explicitly as a function of x. However, not all relations can be defined in such a manner. For

example, the equation


2 2
x + y =4 defines two functions of x, namely
y=f 1 ( x )=√ 4−x 2 and
y=f 2 ( x )=− √ 4−x 2 such that f and f satisfy x 2 + y 2 =4 . In this case, we say that function
1 2
2 2
f1 (or function f2) is defined implicitly by the equation x + y =4 .

The given example above introduces the formal definition of implicit differentiation.

DEFINITION: Implicit differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a function


that is defined implicitly.

We shall now illustrate how this process is applied.

Suppose that y is differentiable function of the variable x. Find D x y or y' .


3 2
5 x y−7 xy =3+7 y
Solution:

Step 1: Differentiate both members/sides of the equation. Thus,

D x ( 5 x 3 y −7 xy 2 )=D x ( 3+7 y )

D x ( 5 x 3 y ) − D x ( 7 xy 2 ) =Dx ( 3 ) + D x (7 y )

5 Dx ( x 3 y ) − 7 D x ( xy 2 ) = 0 + 7 D x y

5 ( x 3 y' + y⋅3 x 2 ) − 7 [ x ( 2 yy' ) + y 2 ( 1 ) ] = 0 + 7 y'


3 2 2
5 x y' + 15 x y − 14 xyy' − 7 y = 7 y '
Step 2: Simplify the resulting equation and express it as y’ in terms of x and y.
( 5 x 3 − 14 xy + 7 ) y ' = 7 y 2 − 15 x 2 y
2 2
7 y − 15 x y
y' = 3
5x − 14 xy + 7
Dx y y'
EXAMPLE A: Suppose that y is differentiable function of the variable x. Find or by
implicit differentiation.
x +2 y
x 2=
1.
x−2 y
2.
√ x+ √ y=4

( 2x + 3 ) 4 = 3 y 4 cos ( x + y )= y sin x
3. 4.

4 3 4
x + x y+ y =3
5.

2
d y 2x
3 3 =− 5
x + y =1 dx 2
y
EXAMPLE B: Given , show that .

Common questions

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Higher derivatives, like the second derivative, provide information on the concavity and inflection points of the curve. For curves defined implicitly, the second derivative can indicate whether the curve is concave up or down at a given point, informing about the curvature and potential local maxima or minima. This deeper understanding aids in sketching the graph and analyzing the geometric properties of the curve more comprehensively .

Differentiate both sides of √x + √y = 4 with respect to x: (1/2√x) + (1/2√y)y' = 0. Solving for y' gives y' = -√y/√x. This derivative indicates how y changes concerning x along the curve defined by this equation, and provides the slope of the tangent at any point, vital for understanding the curve's geometry .

Implicit differentiation is used when functions are defined implicitly rather than explicitly. In explicit differentiation, y is directly expressed as a function of x, making it straightforward to compute derivatives. However, in cases like x^2 + y^2 = 4, the relationship is implicit, meaning y is not isolated. Implicit differentiation allows for finding dy/dx by differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x and solving for dy/dx. This method is necessary for equations where y cannot be neatly separated, as in the example, where the equation represents a circle, and y relates to x in a non-explicit manner .

Differentiate both sides with respect to x: 4(2x + 3)^3(2) = 12y^3y'. Solving for y', we get y' = [8(2x + 3)^3]/(12y^3). Therefore, dy/dx = 2(2x + 3)^3/y^3 .

Implicit differentiation is useful in scenarios where it's difficult or impossible to solve for y as an explicit function of x, such as in equations of circles, ellipses, or other non-linear relations. The advantage of implicit differentiation is that it allows for the calculation of derivatives without needing to explicitly solve for one variable in terms of the other, simplifying the process for complex relationships .

First, implicitly differentiate x^3 + y^3 = 1 to find dy/dx = -x^2/y^2. For the second derivative, differentiate dy/dx implicitly: d^2y/dx^2 = d/dx(-x^2/y^2) = (-2xy^3 - x^4)/y^5. Simplifying, we find d^2y/dx^2 = -2x/y^5. The second derivative helps determine concavity and points of inflection, providing insight into the behavior and shape of the curve .

To find dy/dx using implicit differentiation for cos(x + y) = y sin(x), differentiate both sides with respect to x: -sin(x + y)(1 + y') = (sin(x) + y cos(x)y'). Solving for y', we get: y' = (ysinx - sin(x+y))/(ycosx + sin(x+y)).

Start by finding dy/dx using implicit differentiation: differentiate x^3 + y^3 = 1 to yield dy/dx = -x^2/y^2. Then differentiate (-x^2/y^2) implicitly with respect to x. Applying the quotient rule: d^2y/dx^2 = (-2xy^3 - x^4)/y^5 simplifies to d^2y/dx^2 = -2x/y^5, showcasing the necessary steps .

Implicitly differentiate the equation: 4x^3 + 3x^2y + x^3y' + 4y^3y' = 0. Solving for y' gives: y' = -(4x^3 + 3x^2y)/(x^3 + 4y^3). The slope of the tangent line at any point (x, y) is given by this expression for y', which represents dy/dx at that point .

Understanding both differentiation techniques is essential because they provide complementary methods for dealing with derivatives of different forms of equations. Explicit differentiation is straightforward when y is a direct function of x, while implicit differentiation is suited for equations where y and x are intertwined in complex ways. Together, they enable the solving of a wider range of differentiation problems and make calculus a more flexible tool for analyzing mathematical and real-world problems involving rates of change and slope behavior .

Lesson 8: Implicit Differentiation Learning Objectives: At the end of the lesson, learners will be able to: 1. Determine the
(5 x3 −14 xy + 7) y ' = 7 y2 −15 x2 y y' = 7 y 2 −15 x 2 y 5x3 −14 xy + 7 EXAMPLE A: Suppose that y is differentiable functio

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