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COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Students

This document reviews literature related to vaccine hesitancy for COVID-19. It discusses how vaccine hesitancy poses a significant challenge to ending the COVID-19 pandemic through vaccination efforts. Two models for understanding the determinants of vaccine hesitancy are described: the 3Cs model and the Matrix model. Local literature on a study examining factors associated with vaccine hesitancy in Manila, Philippines is also reviewed. Two local studies on building public trust in COVID-19 vaccines in the Philippines and a study examining COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the Philippines through an online survey are summarized.

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Chester Arenas
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27 views3 pages

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Students

This document reviews literature related to vaccine hesitancy for COVID-19. It discusses how vaccine hesitancy poses a significant challenge to ending the COVID-19 pandemic through vaccination efforts. Two models for understanding the determinants of vaccine hesitancy are described: the 3Cs model and the Matrix model. Local literature on a study examining factors associated with vaccine hesitancy in Manila, Philippines is also reviewed. Two local studies on building public trust in COVID-19 vaccines in the Philippines and a study examining COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the Philippines through an online survey are summarized.

Uploaded by

Chester Arenas
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease 2019

(COVID-19) pandemic on March 11, 2020, the outbreak in Wuhan, China, has spread globally.

COVID-19 vaccination is a critical preventive strategy that has the potential to end this

pandemic. Vaccine hesitancy is a significant impediment to COVID-19 vaccine adoption in

several nations. The purpose of this study is to describe the relation of COVID-19 hesitancy and

its causes in social media's vaccination portrayal among Senior High School students of

JJDVSTVSS.

It is well established that more than half of the world's population will undergo long-term

restrictions in order to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Due to the global spread of the COVID-

19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to create effective vaccinations as the most effective way to

halt the pandemic. Scientists are putting their lives on the line to develop a proven therapy for

COVID-19. This is because developing vaccines against COVID-19 and ensuring their

worldwide availability is a priority for mitigating the pandemic. However, the effectiveness of

this strategy is contingent upon individuals' desire to get vaccinated. Experts are concerned about

questions such as "what will happen if the people do not agree to the injection." As a result,

multiple experts have warned against a global response to the decade-long decline in community

trust in vaccination and the growth in vaccine hesitancy.


LOCAL LITERATURE

A. LOCAL LITERATURE

Vaccine hesitancy is defined as a “delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite

availability of vaccination services.” While the reasons for delays or refusals to accept vaccines

are complex, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) technical working group has

accepted two working models regarding the determinants of vaccine hesitancy. The 3Cs model,

composed of complacency, convenience and confidence, is a simpler intuitive model. The

Working Group Matrix (“Matrix”) is more comprehensive and aims to categorize the

determinants of vaccine hesitancy into three major groups: contextual influences (influences

arising due to historic, sociocultural, environmental, health system/institutional, economic or

political factors); individual and group influences (influences arising from personal perception of

the vaccine or influences of the social/peer environment); and vaccine/vaccination-specific issues

(issues directly related to vaccines or vaccination). as stated in Report of the SAGE working

group on vaccine hesitancy, Geneva, W.H.O. (2014). 

Cited in Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review (Sevdalis, et. al., 2013), It is clear that

vaccine hesitancy is a problem, and addressing its determinants using either model is key at the

policy level to prevent vaccine hesitancy and the emergence of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable

diseases in groups with low vaccination rates.

Evidence about factors associated with vaccine hesitancy in the Philippines is lacking. The

objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with vaccine hesitancy in urban

communities in Manila, Philippines. Identifying and understanding these factors are crucial to

inform interventions that can address the issues and lead to increased vaccination rates.
B. LOCAL STUDIES

According to Vergara, Sarmiento & Lagman (2021), the quest to suppress and end the

Novel Corona Virus has brought about an unprecedented speedy surfacing of vaccines that are

born out of the prodigious research of experts and authorities. Yet, despite of the alleged

scientific warrant and immediate solution to the global health crisis, several people still show

some doubts against the vaccine.

With the advent of vaccine against COVID-19, there is a high hope of ending the

pandemic that has distorted the lives of people. WHO has encouraged all people to promote the

vaccination process. Promotion and encouragement, however, are founded on public trust.

Nonetheless, this study suggests two important essential actions from public health authorities

for public trust: localizing information through education and modelling system that pre-figures

sincerity. The said actions can somehow augment authorities’ strategic communication efforts in

building public trust that is essential in promoting vaccination against COVID-19.

Caple, [Link]. (2021) states that, to mitigate the unprecedented health, social, and economic

damage of COVID-19, the Philippines is undertaking a nationwide vaccination program to

mitigate the effects of the global pandemic. In this study, we interrogated COVID-19 vaccine

hesitancy in the country by deploying a nationwide open-access online survey, two months

before the rollout of the national vaccination program.

Common questions

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Individual and group perceptions influence vaccine hesitancy through personal beliefs about vaccine safety and efficacy, as well as social pressures from peer groups. Negative perceptions or misinformation can increase hesitancy, necessitating targeted informational interventions to reshape these views .

The '3Cs model' simplifies understanding of vaccine hesitancy by focusing on three main factors: complacency, where people consider vaccination unnecessary; convenience, relating to availability and accessibility of vaccines; and confidence, which involves trust in the effectiveness and safety of vaccines .

The study proposes using localized educational efforts to address vaccine hesitancy. By providing targeted education that resonates with specific community contexts, it is expected to enhance understanding and acceptance of vaccines, thereby reducing hesitancy .

Public health authorities can strategically communicate to improve vaccine acceptance by employing transparent, sincere communication and ensuring information is tailored to local contexts. Efforts should focus on addressing misconceptions and providing clear, evidence-based information that builds confidence in vaccines .

The recommended strategic actions to build public trust include localizing information through education and using a modeling system that demonstrates sincerity. These approaches aim to enhance strategic communication efforts, thereby promoting vaccination against COVID-19 .

Concerns about community trust in vaccination include the decade-long decline in trust and rising vaccine hesitancy, which poses a challenge to global vaccination strategies. If not addressed, these concerns can undermine efforts to achieve herd immunity and control the spread of diseases globally .

Public trust plays a fundamental role in the promotion of the COVID-19 vaccination process because successful public health initiatives, especially vaccination campaigns, depend heavily on the populace's willingness to get vaccinated. Without trust, vaccine uptake is severely hindered .

The primary factors influencing vaccine hesitancy in urban communities in Manila include contextual influences such as historic, sociocultural, environmental, health system/institutional, economic, or political factors; individual and group influences stemming from personal perceptions of the vaccine and peer influence; and vaccine/vaccination-specific issues directly related to the vaccines themselves .

A high focus on addressing vaccine hesitancy in relation to COVID-19 is necessary because vaccinations are deemed the most effective strategy to end the pandemic. With high levels of vaccine hesitancy, this strategy might fail, thus prolonging the public health crisis and its associated social and economic impacts .

Addressing vaccine hesitancy at a policy level is crucial because it prevents outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases in communities with low vaccination rates. The determinants of vaccine hesitancy need to be targeted with appropriate interventions to ensure higher vaccination uptake and to avoid the emergence of public health crises .

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