ELE745: Assignment 2 Solution

1 (a) Find PSDs for polar, on-off, and bipolar signalling, where p(t) is a full-width
rectangular pulse, that is, p(t) = rect(t/Tb )?

(b) Sketch roughly these PSDs and find their bandwidths. For each case, com-
pare the bandwidth of the case where p(t) is a half-width rectangular pulse.

Solution:
( )
t
(a) For full width rect pulse, p(t) = rect Tb
, its Fourier Transform is

P (f ) = Tb · sinc (πf Tb ) .

For polar signalling,

|P (f )|2
Sy (f ) = = Tb · sinc2 (πf Tb )
Tb

For on-off case,

[ ∞ ( ) ]
|P (f )|2 1 ∑ n
Sy (f ) = 1+ δ f−
4Tb Tb n=−∞ Tb
[ ∞ ( ) ]
Tb 1 ∑ n
= sinc2 (πf Tb ) 1 + δ f−
4 Tb n=−∞ Tb

Since sinc2 (πf Tb ) = 0 for f = n

Tb
for all n ̸= 0, and = 1 for n = 0. Hence,

Tb 1
Sy (f ) = sinc2 (πf Tb ) + δ(f )
4 4

For bipolar case,

|P (f )|2
Sy (f ) = sin2 (πf Tb ) = Tb · sinc2 (πf Tb ) · sin2 (πf Tb )
Tb

The PSD of the three cases are shown below. From these spectra, we find the
bandwidths for all three cases to be Rb Hz. The bandwidths for the three cases,
when half-width pulses are used, are 2Rb for Polar and on-off, Rb for bipolar
respectively.

1
 Sy (f )

Figure 1: PSD for Q1.

Clearly, for Polar and on-off cases the bandwidth is halved when full-width pulses
are used. However, for the bipolar case, the bandwidth remains unchanged. The
pulse shape has only a minor influence in the bipolar case because the term
sin2 (πf Tb ) in Sy (f ) determines its bandwidth.

2 (a) A random binary data sequence 100110... is transmitted using a Manchester

(split-phase) line code. Sketch the waveform y(t).

(b) Derive Sy (f ), the PSD of a Manchester (split-phase) signal in part (a) as-
suming 1 and 0 equally likely. Roughly sketch this PSD and find its band-
width.

Solution:

The waveform p(t) can be expressed as:

( ) ( )
t+ Tb
t− Tb
p(t) = rect Tb
4
− rect Tb
4

2 2

The spectrum is
( ) ( )
Tb πf Tb Tb πf Tb
P (f ) = sinc · ejπf Tb /2 − sinc · e−jπf Tb /2
2 2 2 2
( )
Tb πf Tb [ ]
= sinc ejπf Tb /2 − e−jπf Tb /2
2 2
( ) ( )
πf Tb πf Tb
= jTb · sinc · sin
2 2

2
 Therefore,
( ) ( )
|P (f )|2 πf Tb πf Tb
Sy (f ) = R0 = Tb sinc2 · sin 2
Tb 2 2

From figure below, it is clear that the bandwidth is 2Rb Hz.

Sy (f)

f
2 1
Tb Tb

3 Derive the PSD for a binary signal using differential code with half-width rect-
angular pulses. Determine the PSD Sy (f ).

Solution: For differential code,

[ ]
1 N 2 N
R0 = lim (1) + (−1)2 = 1
N →∞ N 2 2

To compute R1 , we observe that there are four possible 2-bit sequences 11, 00,
01, and 10, which are equally likely. The produce ak ak+1 for the first two combi-
nations is 1 and is -1 for the last two combinations. Hence,
[ ]
1 N N
R1 = lim (1) + (−1) = 0
N →∞ N 2 2

Similarly, we can show that Rn = 0, for n > 1. Hence,

( )
P (f )|2 Tb πf Tb
Sy (f ) = = sinc2
Tb 4 2

3
4 Lathi, 7.3-2
In a certain telemetry system, there are eight analog measurements, each of band-
width 2 kHz. Samples of these signals are time-division multiplexed, quantized,
and binary coded. The error in sample amplitudes cannot be greater than 1% of
the peak amplitude.

(a) Determine L, the number of quantization levels.

(b) Find the transmission bandwidth BT if Nyquist criterion pulses with roll-off
factor α = 0.2 are used. The sampling rate must be at least 25% above the
Nyquist rate.

Solution: Quantization error

q mp
= ≤ 0.01mp ⇒ L ≥ 100
2 L

(a) Because L is a power of 2, we select L = 128 = 27 .

(b) This requires 7 bit code per sample. Nyquist rate = 2 × 2000 = 4 kHz for
each signal. The sampling rate

fs = 1.25 × 4000 = 5kHz

Eight signals require 8×5000 = 40, 000 samples/sec. Bit rate = 40, 000×7 = 280
kbits/s. Then

(1 + α)Rb 1.2 × 280 × 103

BT = = = 168kHz.
2 2

5 Lathi, 7.3-4
The Fourier transform P (f ) of the basic pulse p(t) used in a certain binary
communication system is shown below:

(a) From the shape of P (f ), explain if this pulse satisfies the Nyquist criterion.

(b) Find p(t) and verify that this pulse does (or does not) satisfy the Nyquist
criterion.

4
 P (f )

−10−6 106 f

(c) If the pulse does satisfy the Nyquist criterion, what is the transmission rate
(in bits per second) and what is the roll-off factor?

Solution: (a) P (f ) satisfies Nyquist criterion with Rb = 106 and α = 1. The

excess bandwidth BT = 0.5 × 106 .

(b) From FT pair:

p(t) = sinc2 (π × 106 t)

From part (a), we have Rb = 106 . Hence Tb = 10−6 . Observe that

p(nTb ) = 1 n=0 and p(nTb ) = 0 n ̸= 0

Hence p(t) satisfies ISI free pulse criterion.

1
(c) The pulse transmission rate is Tb
= Rb = 106 bits/s.

6 Lathi, 7.3-5
A pulse p(t) whose spectrum P (f ) is shown below satisfies the Nyquist criterion.
If f1 = 0.8M Hz and f2 = 1.2M Hz, determine the maximum rate at which
binary data can be transmitted by this pulse using the Nyquist criterion. What
is the roll-off factor?
Rb
Solution: In this case, 2
= 1 MHz. Hence, we can transmit data at a rate
Rb = 2 MHz. Also, BT = 1.2 MHz. Hence,

1+α
1.2 × 106 = (2 × 106 )
2

Therefore, α = 0.2.

5
 P (f )

7 Lathi, 7.3-6
Binary data at a rate of 1 Mbits/s is to be transmitted using Nyquist criterion
pulses with P (f ) shown as above. The frequencies f1 and f2 (in hertz) of this
spectrum are adjustable. The channel available for the transmission of this data
has a bandwidth of 700 kHz. Determine f1 and f2 and the roll-off factor.

Solution: f2 = 700 kHz. Also, Rb

2
= 500 kHz and fx = 700 − 500 = 200 kHz.

Hence, α = fx
Rb /2
= 0.4 and f1 = Rb
2
− fx = 500 − 200 = 300 kHz.

8 Sklar, 3.8

(a) What is the theoretical minimum system bandwidth needed for a 10-Mbits/s
signal using 16-level PAM without ISI?

(b) How large can the filter roll-off factor be if the allowable system bandwidth
is 1.375 MHz?

Solution:

(a) Since using 16 level PAM signal and 2k = 16, therefore, k = 4 bits/symbol.
The symbol rate is

R 10 Mbits/s
Rs = = = 2.5 M symbol/s
log2 L 4 bits/symbol

Theoretically, the minimum required bandwidth is

Rs
B= = 1.25 Mhz.
2

6
 (b) Since W = 12 (1 + α)Rs , we have

1.375 MHz = (1 + α) · 1.25 MHz

therefore, α = 0.1.

9 Sklar, 3.10
Binary data at 9600 bits/s are transmitted using 8-ary PAM modulation with
a system using a raised cosine roll-off filter characteristic. The system has a
frequency response out to 2.4 kHz.

(a) What is the symbol rate?

(b) What is the roll-off factor of the filter characteristic?

Solution:

(a) For 8-ary PAM each symbol represents log2 8 = 3 information bits. The
symbol rate for 9600 bits/s data flow is:
9600 bits/s
Rs = = 3200 symbols/s
3 bits/symbol

(b) Since W = 2400 Hz, Rs = 3200 and W = 21 (1 + α)Rs ,

1
2400 = (1 + α) · 3200
2
therefore, α = 0.5.

10 Sklar, 3.11
A voice signal in the range 300 to 3300 Hz is sampled at 8000 samples/s. We
may transmit these samples directly as PAM pulses or we may first convert each
sample to a PCM format and use binary (PCM) waveforms for transmission.

(a) What is the minimum system bandwidth required for the detection of PAM
with no ISI and with a filter roll-off characteristic of r = 1?

(b) Using the same filter roll-off characteristic, what is the minimum bandwidth
required for the detection of binary (PCM) waveforms if the samples are
quantized to eight levels?

7
 (c) Repeat part (b) using 128 quantization levels.

Solution: Voice signal ranges 300 − 3300 Hz, fs = 8000 samples/s.

(a) For PAM transmission

1 1
W = (1 + α)Rs = (1 + 1) · 8000 = 8000
2 2

where Rs = 8000 pulses/s.

(b) PCM transmission, using 8-level quantization, the bit rate is

Rb = 8000 · log2 8 = 24 kbits/s

The required bandwidth for ISI free transmission is

1 1
W = (1 + α)Rb = (1 + 1) · 24k = 24 kHz
2 2

(c) PCM transmission, using128-level quantization, the bit rate is

Rb = 8000 · log2 128 = 56 kbits/s

The required bandwidth for ISI free transmission is

1 1
W = (1 + α)Rb = (1 + 1) · 56k = 56 kHz
2 2