2022
PISTON ENGINE PROJECT
INSTITUTE OF AVIATION STUDIES
6/26/2022
1 CONTENTS
2 Engine Indicating Instruments.............................................................................................................2
3 Types of engine(s) indicating instruments...........................................................................................2
4 Pressure Measuring..............................................................................................................................3
4.1 Manifold Pressure Indicator:........................................................................................................3
4.2 Fuel Pressure Indicator:...............................................................................................................3
4.3 Oil Pressure Indicator:.................................................................................................................3
5 Temperature Measuring Instruments...................................................................................................4
5.1 Carburetor Air Temperature (CAT):............................................................................................4
5.2 Cylinder Head Temperature:........................................................................................................4
5.3 Exhaust Gas Temperature:...........................................................................................................5
5.4 Oil Temperature Indicator:..........................................................................................................5
6 Quantity Measuring.............................................................................................................................6
6.1 Fuel Flow Indicator:....................................................................................................................6
6.2 Fuel Quantity Indicator:...............................................................................................................6
7 Speed Measuring.................................................................................................................................7
7.1 RPM Indicator:............................................................................................................................7
GROUP MEMBERS
NAME ID
MUHAMMAD FAIZAN QURESHI F2019206009
MARYAM MEHBOOB F2019206003
MUHAMMAD USMAN F2019206017
MUHAMMAD TALHA F2019206007
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2 ENGINE INDICATING INSTRUMENTS
To monitor the performance and health of engine, all aircrafts are equipped with engine
indicating systems. These types of instruments are different across various types of aircrafts
according to their size, and no. of engines.
3 TYPES OF ENGINE(S) INDICATING INSTRUMENTS
Engine indicating instruments are categorized as four different types, these are given as under;
Engine
Indicating
Instruments
Pressure Temperature Quantity Speed
Measuring Measuring Measuring Measuring
Manifold Carbeurator
Fuel Flow RPM
Pressure Air Temp
Indicator Indicator
Indicator Indicator
Cylinder
Fuel
Fuel Pressure Head
Quantity
Indicator Temperature
Indicator
Indicator
Exhasut Gas
Oil Pressure
Temp
Indicator
Indicator
Oil Temp
Indicator
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4 PRESSURE MEASURING
4.1 MANIFOLD PRESSURE INDICATOR:
This instrument is installed on intake manifold of the aircraft, the function of this instrument is to
measure the pressure while taking absolute pressure as a reference. The pressure is measured in
inches of Mercury (inHg). The instrument is so constructed that an aneroid bellow expands and
contracts with respect to the pressure changes. The instrument contains marking with red and
green arcs which shows the extreme and normal operating ranges.
4.2 FUEL PRESSURE INDICATOR:
Fuel pressure varies with the type of carburetor installed on aircraft. The fuel flow measurement
is taken on the carburetor inlet, while some aircraft measures fuel pressure after fuel has been
sprayed from the discharge nozzle.
4.3 OIL PRESSURE INDICATOR:
Usually there is only one oil pressure gauges installed after the oil pump and between the oil
filter. The oil pressure indicates the pressure oil which is providing lubricating to the whole
engine including its moving parts. If the gauges fail to display the oil pressure, engine should be
shutdown immediately, another condition of gauge failure occurs when there is air stuck inside
the oil lines, the gauge shows excessive oscillations.
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5 TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
5.1 CARBURETOR AIR TEMPERATURE (CAT):
The measurement is taken at the intake of carburetor. It is one of the most important indicating
instruments installed on the aircraft, as it tends to indicate the ice formation in carburetor, along
with that the temperature indication can be used to measure the fuel density and vaporization of
fuel. It is also used to check the condition of induction system. The CAT should be checked
before starting and after shutdown. The purpose of this is to identify the vaporization of fuel in
the fuel lines to avoid vapor lock. The high temperature indication shows that pressure in the fuel
lines is very high, in this case fuel lines should be kept open in order to relief the pressure. The
temperature is measured on centigrade scale.
5.2 CYLINDER HEAD TEMPERATURE:
Cylinder head temperature indicator are used in aircrafts to measure the cylinder head
temperature. It can be installed at every cylinder or on the one cylinder which has probability of
being hottest among other cylinders. Thermocouple device is installed at the rear or top of
cylinder head, it can also be installed on spark plug gasket. The temperature reference is used
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which creates a signal in thermocouple. The thermocouple device sends it to the computer-
controlled system, which further shows the temperature of cylinder head.
5.3 EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE:
The exhaust gas temperature measurement gives a good indication of engine performance, as
more exhaust gas temperature shows more effective burning of air/fuel mixture, thus change in
air/fuel mixture tends to change in exhaust gas temperature. Optimum temperature range only
retains when maximum power is obtained, therefore operating conditions need to be maintained
carefully. EGT is calibrated in Celsius degrees, however some instruments can also be found in
Fahrenheit degree.
5.4 OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR:
The oil temperature measurement line is connected to the oil inlet of aircraft, which measures the
temperature of oil. The green and red arc shows the extreme and optimum operating ranges of
aircraft.
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6 QUANTITY MEASURING
6.1 FUEL FLOW INDICATOR:
Fuel flowmeter is used to measure the delivered amount of fuel to the carburetor. This instrument
is coupled with computerized system and it consists of a transmitter, it measures the fuel flow
between the engine driven pump and carburetor. The computerized system measures the flow
rate of fuel and also measures the amount of fuel in fuel tanks and is connected with navigation
equipment which calculates the fuel required for the destination.
6.2 FUEL QUANTITY INDICATOR:
Fuel quantity indicator measures the amount of fuel in the fuel tanks, capacitance method in
which the fuel acts as a dielectric between two electrodes, thus it generates a voltage signal
accordingly with the amount of fuel in the fuel tanks.
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7 SPEED MEASURING
7.1 RPM INDICATOR:
RPM indicator also known as tachometer is used to measure the revolutions of engine
crankshaft. The markings are with increments of hundreds of rpm. The green shows normal
operating range while red shows extreme operating range.
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