Intake
Intake
• Whenever the water is withdrawn from a
surface source such as a lake or a river or a
reservoir, then an intake structure must be
constructed at the entrance of the conduit.
Basic functions of Intake
• The basic function of the intake structure is:
To help in safely withdrawing water from the
source over a predetermined range of pool
levels.
To discharge this water into the withdrawal
conduit (normally called intake conduit),
through which it flows up to the water
treatment plant.
An intake structure helps in protecting the
conduit from being damaged or clogged by ice,
trash, debris, etc.
Basic functions of Intake
• It may vary from a simple concrete block
supporting the end of the conduit pipe to huge
concrete towers housing intake gates, screens,
pumps, etc. and even sometimes, living quarters
and shops for operating personnel.
TYPES OF INTAKES
Simple Submerged Intake
• A simple submerged intake consists of a simple
concrete block or a rock filled timber crib supporting
the starting end of the withdrawal pipe.
• The withdrawal pipe is generally taken up to the sump
well at shore, from where, the water is lifted by pumps.
• The intake opening is generally covered by screen so as
to prevent the entry of debris, ice, etc. into the
withdrawal conduit.
• In case of lakes, where silt tends to settle down, the
intake opening is generally kept at about 2 to 2.5 m
above the bottom of the lake and thus to avoid the entry
of large amounts of silt and sediment.
Simple Concrete Block
Rock Filled Timber Crib
INTAKES
Location of an Intake
• The site for locating the intake should be
selected carefully, keeping the following points
in mind:
(i) Site of intake should be near the treatment
plant.
(ii) The intake must be located in the purer zone of
the source so that the best possible quality of water
is withdrawn from the source, thereby reducing the
load on the treatment plant.
Location of an Intake
• (iii) The intake must never be located at the
downstream or in the vicinity of the point of
disposal of wastewater.
• When it becomes necessary to locate the intake
in the close proximity of the disposal of a drain
etc., it is advisable to construct a weir or a
barrage upstream of the disposal point and
install the intake upstream of 'the barrage.
Location of an Intake
• (iv) The intake should never be located near
the navigation channels, as otherwise, there are
chances of intake water getting polluted due to
the discharge of refuse and waste from ships
and boats.
• (v) The site should be such as to permit greater
withdrawal of water, if required at a future
date.
Location of an Intake
• (vi)The intake must be located at a place from
where it can draw water even during the driest
period of the year.
• Thus, the intake must be located in deep
waters, sufficiently away from the shore line.
• As otherwise during dry periods, when the
water level goes down the intake may be left
dry without any water to be drawn from it.
Location of an Intake
• (Vii)The intake site should remain easily
accessible during floods and should not get
flooded.
• The flood waters should not be concentrated in
the vicinity of the intake.
Location of an Intake
• (viii) In meandering rivers, the intakes should not
be located on curves or at least on sharp curves. If
they have to be located on curves, it will be better
to locate them on concave banks rather than
locating them on convex banks.
• Although scouring tendencies will be more on the
concave side ; yet at least, the water will remain
available on this side.
• whereas, on a convex bank, water may not remain
available due to silting and consequent blockage.
Meandering Rivers
THANKS
Intake Design
In Canal
• In case of canals, the intake well is generally
located in the bank of the canal, and water
enters the chamber through coarse screen.
• The water coming out of the chamber through
the outlet conduit covered with fine screen.
• The water may be taken to the sump well or
city, as desired.
Canal Intake Well
Screen’s level
• The entry of water in the intake well takes
through a coarse screen, the top of which is
generally provided at minimum water level in
the canal, and bottom is about 1.5 m above the
canal bed.
• An additional fine screen is provided at the
inlet end of the withdrawal conduit. This inlet
end is of bell mouth shape with perforations of
fine screen on its surface.
Flow Velocity
• The flow velocity through the outlet conduit is
generally kept as about 1.5 m/sec, and this helps
in determining the area of screen and dia of the
withdrawal conduit.
• The area of coarse screen is designed by limiting
the flow velocity as low as 15 cm/sec or so.
• The flow velocity through the bell mouth inlet is
limited to about 30 cm/sec or so.
• The head loss in the intake conduit up to
treatment works, can be determined by using
Hazen William formula.
Example
Design a bell mouth canal intake for a city of 75,000
persons, drawing water from a canal which runs
only for 10 hours a day with a depth of 1.5m.
Also calculate the head loss in the intake conduit if
the treatment works are 0.25 km away.
Draw a neat sketch of the canal intake.
Given average consumption per person = 150 l/d.
Assume the velocity through the coarse screens and
bell mouth to be less than 16 cm/s and 32 cm/s
respectively.
Sketch of Canal Intake
THANKS
Coefficient of different pipe material
Coefficient of hydraulic capacity
• The carrying capacities of pipes decrease with
time, because with the passage of time their
surfaces go on becoming more and more
rough.
• Hence, it is customary to select lower values of
CH (Coefficient of hydraulic capacity) for old
pipes than are generally taken for new pipes.
Thanks