1. WriteasimpleWindowsFormsMessageBoxstatement.

2. [Link]("Hello,WindowsForms")

3. Canyouwriteaclasswithoutspecifyingnamespace?Which namespacedoesitbelongtobydefault?? Yes,youcan,thentheclassbelongstoglobalnamespacewhichhasno [Link],naturally,youwouldntwantglobal namespace. 4. YouaredesigningaGUIapplicationwithawindowandseveral [Link] lotofgreyspace,[Link] problem?[Link] defaultpropertyofawidgetonaformistopleft,soitstaysatthesame locationwhenresized. 5. HowcanyousavethedesiredpropertiesofWindowsForms application?.[Link] [Link] XMLfiles,sortoflikewhat.inifileswerebeforeforWin32apps. 6. [Link] [Link]?Initializeaninstanceof [Link] AppSettingsReaderclass,passinginthenameofthepropertyandthe [Link]. 7. Canyouautomatethisprocess?InVisualStudioyes,useDynamic [Link],storageandretrieval. 8. Myprogressbarfreezesupanddialogwindowshowsblank, [Link],you shouldvemultithreadedyourGUI,withtaskbarandmainformbeing onethread,andthebackgroundprocessbeingtheother. 9. WhatsthesafestwaytodeployaWindowsFormsapp?Web deployment:theuseralwaysdownloadsthelatestversionofthecode theprogramrunswithinsecuritysandbox,properlywrittenappwillnot requireadditionalsecurityprivileges. 10. Whyisitnotagoodideatoinsertcodeinto InitializeComponentmethodwhenworkingwithVisualStudio? Thedesignerwilllikelythrowitawaymostofthecodeinside InitializeComponentisautogenerated. 11. WhatsthedifferencebetweenWindowsDefaultLocation andWindowsDefaultBounds?WindowsDefaultLocationtellstheform tostartupatalocationselectedbyOS,butwithinternallyspecifiedsize. WindowsDefaultBoundsdelegatesbothsizeandstartingpositionchoices totheOS.

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12. WhatsthedifferencebetweenMoveandLocationChanged? ResizeandSizeChanged?Bothmethodsdothesame,Moveand ResizearethenamesadoptedfromVBtoeasemigrationtoC#. 13. Howwouldyoucreateanonrectangularwindow,letssay anellipse?Createarectangularform,settheTransparencyKey propertytothesamevalueasBackColor,whichwilleffectivelymakethe [Link] [Link],whichwillremovethecontourandcontentsof theform. 14. HowdoyoucreateaseparatorintheMenuDesigner?A [Link],anampersand&\wouldunderlinethenext letter. 15. Howsanchoringdifferentfromdocking?Anchoringtreatsthe componentashavingtheabsolutesizeandadjustsitslocationrelative [Link] [Link] thebottomnomatterwhat,[Link] topright,butchangeitspositionwiththeformbeingresized,use anchoring.

InterviewQuestions C#
1. Whatstheimplicitnameoftheparameterthatgetspassedinto theclasssetmethod?Value,anditsdatatypedependsonwhatever variablewerechanging. 2. HowdoyouinheritfromaclassinC#?Placeacolonandthenthe [Link]++. 3. DoesC#supportmultipleinheritance?No,useinterfacesinstead. 4. Whenyouinheritaprotectedclasslevelvariable,whoisit availableto?Classesinthesamenamespace. 5. Areprivateclasslevelvariablesinherited?Yes,buttheyarenot accessible,solookingatityoucanhonestlysaythattheyarenot [Link]. 6. [Link] toderivedclassesandclasseswithinthesameAssembly(andnaturally fromthebaseclassitsdeclaredin). 7. C#[Link] thattakesastringasaparameter,butwanttokeeptheno [Link]?[Link] youwriteatleastoneconstructor,C#cancelsthefreebieconstructor, andnowyouhavetowriteoneyourself,eveniftheresno implementationinit. 8. [Link]? [Link]. 9. Howsmethodoverridingdifferentfromoverloading?When overriding,youchangethemethodbehaviorforaderivedclass. Overloadingsimplyinvolveshavingamethodwiththesamenamewithin theclass.
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10. Whatdoesthekeywordvirtualmeaninthemethod definition?Themethodcanbeoverridden. 11. Canyoudeclaretheoverridemethodstaticwhilethe originalmethodisnonstatic?No,youcant,thesignatureofthe virtualmethodmustremainthesame,onlythekeywordvirtualis changedtokeywordoverride. 12. Canyouoverrideprivatevirtualmethods?No,moreover,you cannotaccessprivatemethodsininheritedclasses,havetobeprotected inthebaseclasstoallowanysortofaccess. 13. Canyoupreventyourclassfrombeinginheritedand becomingabaseclassforsomeotherclasses?Yes,thatswhat [Link] derivefromyourclasswillgetamessage:cannotinheritfromSealed [Link] Java. 14. Canyouallowclasstobeinherited,butpreventthemethod frombeingoverridden?Yes,justleavetheclasspublicandmakethe methodsealed. 15. Whatsanabstractclass?Aclassthatcannotbeinstantiated.A conceptinC++[Link] [Link],itsablueprint foraclasswithoutanyimplementation. 16. Whendoyouabsolutelyhavetodeclareaclassasabstract (asopposedtofreewillededucatedchoiceordecisionbasedon UMLdiagram)?Whenatleastoneofthemethodsintheclassis [Link],butnot allbaseabstractmethodshavebeenoverridden. 17. Whatsaninterfaceclass?Itsanabstractclasswithpublic abstractmethodsallofwhichmustbeimplementedintheinherited classes. 18. Whycantyouspecifytheaccessibilitymodifierformethods insidetheinterface?[Link],toprevent youfromgettingthefalseimpressionthatyouhaveanyfreedomof choice,youarenotallowedtospecifyanyaccessibility,itspublicby default. 19. Canyouinheritmultipleinterfaces? Yes,whynot. 20. Andiftheyhaveconflictingmethodnames?Itsuptoyouto implementthemethodinsideyourownclass,soimplementationisleft [Link] similarlynamedmethodsfromdifferentinterfacesexpectdifferentdata, butasfarascompilercaresyoureokay. 21. Whatsthedifferencebetweenaninterfaceandabstract class?Intheinterfaceallmethodsmustbeabstractintheabstract [Link] modifiersareallowed,whichisokinabstractclasses.

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22. Howcanyouoverloadamethod?Differentparameterdata types,differentnumberofparameters,differentorderofparameters. 23. Ifabaseclasshasabunchofoverloadedconstructors,and aninheritedclasshasanotherbunchofoverloadedconstructors, canyouenforceacallfromaninheritedconstructortoan arbitrarybaseconstructor?Yes,justplaceacolon,andthenkeyword base(parameterlisttoinvoketheappropriateconstructor)inthe overloadedconstructordefinitioninsidetheinheritedclass. 24. [Link] [Link]?[Link] [Link] mutablestringwhereavarietyofoperationscanbeperformed. 25. [Link] [Link]?StringBuilderismoreefficientinthecases,where [Link],soeach timeitsbeingoperatedon,anewinstanceiscreated. 26. [Link]?No. 27. [Link]() [Link]()?Thefirstoneperformsadeepcopyofthe array,thesecondoneisshallow. 28. Howcanyousorttheelementsofthearrayindescending order?BycallingSort()andthenReverse()methods. 29. [Link] byauniquekey?HashTable. 30. WhatsclassSortedListunderneath?AsortedHashTable. 31. Willfinallyblockgetexecutediftheexceptionhadnot occurred?Yes. 32. WhatstheC#equivalentofC++catch(),whichwasa catchallstatementforanypossibleexception?Acatchblockthat [Link] parameterdatatypeinthiscaseandjustwritecatch{}. 33. Canmultiplecatchblocksbeexecuted?No,oncetheproper catchcodefiresoff,thecontrolistransferredtothefinallyblock(ifthere areany),andthenwhateverfollowsthefinallyblock. 34. Whyisitabadideatothrowyourownexceptions?Well,ifat thatpointyouknowthatanerrorhasoccurred,thenwhynotwritethe propercodetohandlethaterrorinsteadofpassinganewException objecttothecatchblock?Throwingyourownexceptionssignifiessome designflawsintheproject. 35. Whatsadelegate?Adelegateobjectencapsulatesareference [Link]++theywerereferredtoasfunctionpointers. 36. Whatsamulticastdelegate?Itsadelegatethatpointstoand eventuallyfiresoffseveralmethods. 37. [Link]?Assembly versioningallowstheapplicationtospecifynotonlythelibraryitneeds torun(whichwasavailableunderWin32),butalsotheversionofthe assembly. 38. Whatarethewaystodeployanassembly?AnMSIinstaller,a CABarchive,andXCOPYcommand.
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39. Whatsasatelliteassembly?Whenyouwriteamultilingualor [Link],andwanttodistributethecore applicationseparatelyfromthelocalizedmodules,thelocalized assembliesthatmodifythecoreapplicationarecalledsatellite assemblies. 40. Whatnamespacesarenecessarytocreatealocalized application?[Link],[Link]. 41. Whatsthedifferencebetween//comments,/**/ commentsand///comments?Singleline,multilineandXML documentationcomments. 42. HowdoyougeneratedocumentationfromtheC#file commentedproperlywithacommandlinecompiler?Compileit witha/docswitch. 43. Whatsthedifferencebetween<c>and<code>XML documentationtag?Singlelinecodeexampleandmultiplelinecode example. 44. IsXMLcasesensitive?Yes,so<Student>and<student>are differentelements. 45. [Link]?CorDBG commandlinedebugger,[Link] .[Link],youmustcompiletheoriginalC# fileusingthe/debugswitch. 46. WhatdoestheThiswindowshowinthedebugger?Itpoints [Link] shown. 47. Whatdoesassert()do?Indebugcompilation,asserttakesina Booleanconditionasaparameter,andshowstheerrordialogifthe [Link] conditionistrue. 48. WhatsthedifferencebetweentheDebugclassandTrace class?[Link] builds,useTraceclassforbothdebugandreleasebuilds. 49. Whyaretherefivetracinglevelsin [Link]?Thetracingdumpscanbequite verboseandforsomeapplicationsthatareconstantlyrunningyourun [Link] rangefromNonetoVerbose,allowingtofinetunethetracingactivities. 50. WhereistheoutputofTextWriterTraceListenerredirected? TotheConsoleoratextfiledependingontheparameterpassedtothe constructor. 51. [Link]?Attachthe aspnet_wp.exeprocesstotheDbgClrdebugger. 52. Whatarethreetestcasesyoushouldgothroughinunit testing?Positivetestcases(correctdata,correctoutput),negativetest cases(brokenormissingdata,properhandling),exceptiontestcases (exceptionsarethrownandcaughtproperly). 53. Canyouchangethevalueofavariablewhiledebugginga C#application?Yes,[Link],just gotoImmediatewindow.
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54. Explainthethreeservicesmodel(threetierapplication). Presentation(UI),business(logicandunderlyingcode)anddata(from storageorothersources). 55. WhatareadvantagesanddisadvantagesofMicrosoft [Link]?[Link] providerishighspeedandrobust,butrequiresSQLServerlicense [Link] sources,likeOracle,DB2,MicrosoftAccessandInformix,[Link] layerontopofOLElayer,sonotthefastestthingintheworld. [Link] ODBCengines. 56. [Link] connections?Itreturnsareadonlydatasetfromthedatasourcewhen thecommandisexecuted. 57. WhatisthewildcardcharacterinSQL?Letssayyouwant toquerydatabasewithLIKEforallemployeeswhosenamestarts [Link]%,theproperquerywithLIKEwould involveLa%. 58. [Link] beAtomic(itisoneunitofworkanddoesnotdependentonprevious andfollowingtransactions),Consistent(dataiseithercommittedorroll back,noinbetweencasewheresomethinghasbeenupdatedand somethinghasnt),Isolated(notransactionseestheintermediateresults ofthecurrenttransaction),Durable(thevaluespersistifthedatahad beencommittedevenifthesystemcrashesrightafter). 59. WhatconnectionsdoesMicrosoftSQLServersupport? WindowsAuthentication(viaActiveDirectory)andSQLServer authentication(viaMicrosoftSQLServerusernameandpasswords). 60. Whichoneistrustedandwhichoneisuntrusted?Windows Authenticationistrustedbecausetheusernameandpasswordare checkedwiththeActiveDirectory,theSQLServerauthenticationis untrusted,sinceSQLServeristheonlyverifierparticipatinginthe transaction. 61. Whywouldyouuseuntrustedverificaion?WebServices mightuseit,aswellasnonWindowsapplications. 62. WhatdoestheparameterInitialCatalogdefineinside ConnectionString?Thedatabasenametoconnectto. 63. WhatsthedataprovidernametoconnecttoAccess database?[Link]. 64. WhatdoesDisposemethoddowiththeconnectionobject? Deletesitfromthememory. 65. Whatisaprerequisiteforconnectionpooling?Multiple processesmustagreethattheywillsharethesameconnection,where everyparameteristhesame,includingthesecuritysettings.

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InterviewQuestions .NETRemoting
1. WhatsaWindowsprocess?Itsanapplicationthatsrunningandhad beenallocatedmemory. 2. WhatstypicalaboutaWindowsprocessinregardstomemory allocation?EachprocessisallocateditsownblockofavailableRAM space,[Link] processcrashes,itdiesalonewithouttakingtheentireOSorabunchof otherapplicationsdown. 3. Whydoyoucallitaprocess?Whatsdifferentbetweenprocess [Link],notcommoncomputerusage, terminology?[Link] [Link] numerousprocesseslaunchedofthesameapplication(5copiesofWord running),but1processcanrunjust1application. 4. [Link]? DistributedComputingEnvironment/RemoteProcedureCalls(DEC/RPC), MicrosoftDistributedComponentObjectModel(DCOM),CommonObject RequestBrokerArchitecture(CORBA),andJavaRemoteMethod Invocation(RMI). 5. Whatarepossibleimplementationsofdistributedapplicationsin .NET?.[Link] FrameworkClassLibrary,noteworthyclassesarein [Link]. 6. [Link]?Use remotingformoreefficientexchangeofinformationwhenyoucontrol [Link] informationexchangewhenyouarejustaclientoraserverwiththe otherendbelongingtosomeoneelse. 7. [Link]?Itsafake copyoftheserverobjectthatresidesontheclientsideandbehavesasif [Link] [Link]. 8. [Link]?Remotableobjects aretheobjectsthatcanbemarshaledacrosstheapplicationdomains. Youcanmarshalbyvalue,whereadeepcopyoftheobjectiscreated [Link], wherejustareferencetoanexistingobjectispassed. 9. [Link]?Channelsrepresentthe objectsthattransfertheotherserializedobjectsfromoneapplication domaintoanotherandfromonecomputertoanother,aswellasone [Link] objectcanbetransferred. 10. [Link] [Link]?[Link] [Link] appliedatapplicationorserverlevel.
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11. Whatisaformatter?Aformatterisanobjectthatisresponsible forencodingandserializingdataintomessagesononeend,and deserializinganddecodingmessagesintodataontheotherend. 12. ChoosingbetweenHTTPandTCPforprotocolsandBinary andSOAPforformatters,whatarethetradeoffs?BinaryoverTCP isthemosteffiecient,SOAPoverHTTPisthemostinteroperable. 13. WhatsSingleCallactivationmodeusedfor?Iftheserver objectisinstantiatedforrespondingtojustonesinglerequest,the requestshouldbemadeinSingleCallmode. 14. WhatsSingletonactivationmode?Asingleobjectis [Link] thisobjectisdeterminedbylifetimelease. 15. Howdoyoudefinetheleaseoftheobject?Byimplementing ILeaseinterfacewhenwritingtheclasscode. 16. [Link]?Yes, [Link]([Link] [Link]).ApplicationlevelXMLsettingstakeprecedenceover [Link]. 17. Howcanyouautomaticallygenerateinterfaceforthe [Link]?UsetheSoapsuds tool.

InterviewQuestions [Link]
1. [Link],aspnet_isapi.dll andaspnet_wp.[Link] theMicrosoftIISserverrunning,[Link] [Link](usuallyafilewith .aspxextension),theISAPIfilteraspnet_isapi.dlltakescareofitby passingtherequesttotheactualworkerprocessaspnet_wp.exe. 2. [Link]() [Link]()?Thelatteroneallowsyoutowrite formattedoutput. 3. Whatmethodsarefiredduringthepageload?Init()whenthe pageisinstantiated,Load()whenthepageisloadedintoserver memory,PreRender()thebriefmomentbeforethepageisdisplayed totheuserasHTML,Unload()whenpagefinishesloading. 4. [Link] hierarchy?[Link] 5. Wheredoyoustoretheinformationabouttheuserslocale? [Link] 6. WhatsthedifferencebetweenCodebehind="[Link]" andSrc="[Link]"?CodeBehindisrelevanttoVisual [Link].

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7. Whatsabubbledevent?Whenyouhaveacomplexcontrol,like DataGrid,writinganeventprocessingroutineforeachobject(cell, button,row,etc.)[Link] eventhandlers,allowingthemainDataGrideventhandlertotakecare ofitsconstituents. 8. [Link] [Link] handler? ItstheAttributesproperty,theAddfunctioninsidethatproperty. [Link]("onMouseOver","someClientCode()") 9. WhatdatatypedoestheRangeValidatorcontrolsupport? Integer,StringandDate. 10. ExplainthedifferencesbetweenServersideandClientside code? [Link] clientsbrowser. 11. Whattypeofcode(serverorclient)isfoundinaCode Behindclass? Serversidecode. 12. Shouldvalidation(didtheuserenterarealdate)occur serversideorclientside?Why?[Link] additionalrequesttotheservertovalidatetheusersinput. 13. Whatdoesthe"EnableViewState"propertydo?Whywould Iwantitonoroff? [Link] theusersinputonaform. 14. [Link] [Link]?WhywouldIchooseoneovertheother? [Link]. [Link]. 15. [Link] DatasetandanADORecordset?
ADataSetcanrepresentanentirerelationaldatabaseinmemory,complete withtables,relations,andviews. ADataSetisdesignedtoworkwithoutanycontinuingconnectiontothe originaldatasource. DatainaDataSetisbulkloaded,ratherthanbeingloadedondemand. There'snoconceptofcursortypesinaDataSet. DataSetshavenocurrentrecordpointerYoucanuseForEachloopstomove throughthedata. YoucanstoremanyeditsinaDataSet,andwritethemtotheoriginaldata sourceinasingleoperation. ThoughtheDataSetisuniversal,[Link] versionsfordifferentdatasources.

16. Canyougiveanexampleofwhatmightbebestsuitedto placeintheApplication_StartandSession_Startsubroutines? ThisiswhereyoucansetthespecificvariablesfortheApplicationand Sessionobjects.

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17. IfImdevelopinganapplicationthatmustaccommodate [Link] webapplicationisspannedacrossthreewebservers(using roundrobinloadbalancing)whatwouldbethebestapproach tomaintainlogininstatefortheusers?Maintaintheloginstate securitythroughadatabase. 18. Canyouexplainwhatinheritanceisandanexampleof whenyoumightuseit?Whenyouwanttoinherit(usethe functionalityof)[Link] couldbederivedfromtheEmployeebaseclass. 19. Whatsanassembly? Assembliesarethebuildingblocksofthe .[Link] 20. Describethedifferencebetweeninlineandcodebehind. [Link] [Link]. 21. Explainwhatadiffgramis,andagooduseforone?The DiffGramisoneofthetwoXMLformatsthatyoucanusetorender [Link] filetobesenttoaWebService. 22. WhatsMSIL,andwhyshouldmydevelopersneedan appreciationofitifatall?MSIListheMicrosoftIntermediate [Link]. 23. WhichmethoddoyouinvokeontheDataAdaptercontrolto loadyourgenerateddatasetwithdata?[Link]()method 24. CanyoueditdataintheRepeatercontrol? No,itjustreads theinformationfromitsdatasource 25. Whichtemplatemustyouprovide,inordertodisplaydata inaRepeatercontrol?ItemTemplate 26. Howcanyouprovideanalternatingcolorschemeina Repeatercontrol?UsetheAlternatingItemTemplate 27. Whatpropertymustyouset,andwhatmethodmustyou callinyourcode,inordertobindthedatafromsomedata sourcetotheRepeatercontrol?YoumustsettheDataSource propertyandcalltheDataBindmethod. 28. WhatbaseclassdoallWebFormsinheritfrom? ThePage class. 29. Nametwopropertiescommonineveryvalidationcontrol? ControlToValidatepropertyandTextproperty. 30. Whattagsdoyouneedtoaddwithintheasp:datagridtags tobindcolumnsmanually?SetAutoGenerateColumnsPropertytofalseon
thedatagridtag

31. Whattagdoyouusetoaddahyperlinkcolumntothe DataGrid?<asp:HyperLinkColumn> 32. WhatisthetransportprotocolyouusetocallaWeb service?SOAPisthepreferredprotocol. 33. TrueorFalse:[Link]? False 34. WhatdoesWSDLstandfor?(WebServicesDescription Language)

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35. WhereontheInternetwouldyoulookforWebservices? ([Link] 36. WhichpropertyonaComboBoxdoyousetwithacolumn name,priortosettingtheDataSource,todisplaydatainthe combobox?DataTextFieldproperty 37. Whichcontrolwouldyouuseifyouneededtomakesure thevaluesintwodifferentcontrolsmatched? CompareValidator Control 38. TrueorFalse:TotestaWebserviceyoumustcreatea windowsapplicationorWebapplicationtoconsumethis service?False,thewebservicecomeswithatestpageanditprovidesHTTPGET
methodtotest.
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39.

C#,.NET,XML,IISInterviewQuestions
Framework OOPS C#Languagefeatures Accessspecifiers Constructor [Link] [Link] WebService&Remoting COM XML IIS Controls Programming

1. [Link]? [Link]:thecommonlanguageruntimeand [Link]. Youcanthinkoftheruntimeasanagentthatmanagescodeatexecutiontime, providingcoreservicessuchasmemorymanagement,threadmanagement,and remoting,whilealsoenforcingstricttypesafetyandotherformsofcodeaccuracythat ensuresecurityandrobustness. Theclasslibrary,isacomprehensive,objectorientedcollectionofreusabletypesthat youcanusetodevelopapplicationsrangingfromtraditionalcommandlineorgraphical userinterface(GUI)applicationstoapplicationsbasedonthelatestinnovations [Link],suchasWebFormsandXMLWebservices. 2. WhatisCLR,CTS,CLS? [Link] RuntimeorCLR(similartotheJavaVirtualMachineorJVMinJava),whichhandlesthe executionofcodeandprovidesusefulservicesfortheimplementationoftheprogram. CLRtakescareofcodemanagementatprogramexecutionandprovidesvarious beneficialservicessuchasmemorymanagement,threadmanagement,security management,codeverification,compilation,[Link] codethattargetsCLRbenefitsfromusefulfeaturessuchascrosslanguageintegration, crosslanguageexceptionhandling,versioning,enhancedsecurity,deploymentsupport, anddebugging. CommonTypeSystem(CTS)describeshowtypesaredeclared,usedandmanagedin theruntimeandfacilitatescrosslanguageintegration,typesafety,andhigh performancecodeexecution.
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TheCLSissimplyaspecificationthatdefinestherulestosupportlanguageintegration insuchawaythatprogramswritteninanylanguage,yetcaninteroperatewithone another,takingfulladvantageofinheritance,polymorphism,exceptions,andother [Link] standarddocument,"PartitionIArchitecture",[Link] 3. WhatarethenewfeaturesofFramework1.1? 1. NativeSupportforDevelopingMobileWebApplications 2. EnableExecutionofWindowsFormsAssembliesOriginatingfromtheInternet AssembliesoriginatingfromtheInternetzoneforexample,Microsoft WindowsFormscontrolsembeddedinanInternetbasedWebpageor WindowsFormsassemblieshostedonanInternetWebserverandloadedeither throughtheWebbrowserorprogrammaticallyusingthe [Link]()methodnowreceivesufficient [Link] beenchangedsothatassembliesassignedbythecommonlanguageruntime (CLR)totheInternetzonecodegroupnowreceivetheconstrainedpermissions [Link].NETFramework1.0Service Pack1andServicePack2,suchapplicationsreceivedthepermissions associatedwiththeNothingpermissionsetandcouldnotexecute. 3. [Link] Systemsadministratorscannowusecodeaccesssecuritytofurtherlockdown [Link]. Althoughtheoperatingsystemaccountunderwhichanapplicationrunsimposes securityrestrictionsontheapplication,thecodeaccesssecuritysystemofthe CLRcanenforceadditionalrestrictionsonselectedapplicationresourcesbased [Link] sharedserverenvironment(suchasanInternetserviceprovider(ISP)hosting multipleWebapplicationsononeserver)toisolateseparateapplicationsfrom oneanother,aswellaswithstandaloneserverswhereyouwantapplicationsto runwiththeminimumnecessaryprivileges. 4. NativeSupportforCommunicatingwithODBCandOracleDatabases 5. UnifiedProgrammingModelforSmartClientApplicationDevelopment [Link],WindowsForms controls,[Link] [Link] libraryoptimizedforsmalldevices. 6. SupportforIPv6 The.NETFramework1.1supportstheemergingupdatetotheInternetProtocol, commonlyreferredtoasIPversion6,[Link] tosignificantlyincreasetheaddressspaceusedtoidentifycommunication endpointsintheInternettoaccommodateitsongoinggrowth. [Link] 4. [Link]? Ans:It'[Link] [Link] [Link]:[Link] [Link],theSDKalsoincludes commandlinecompilersforC#,C++,JScript,[Link] [Link] sothisisadevelopmentplatform. 5. WhatisMSIL,IL? Whencompilingtomanagedcode,thecompilertranslatesyoursourcecodeinto Microsoftintermediatelanguage(MSIL),whichisaCPUindependentsetofinstructions [Link], storing,initializing,andcallingmethodsonobjects,aswellasinstructionsfor arithmeticandlogicaloperations,controlflow,directmemoryaccess,exception handling,[Link](MSIL)isalanguage
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6.

7.

8.

9.

usedastheoutputofanumberofcompilersandastheinputtoajustintime(JIT) [Link] nativecode. CanIwriteILprogramsdirectly? [Link]: .assemblyMyAssembly{} .classMyApp{ .methodstaticvoidMain(){ .entrypoint ldstr "Hello,IL!" call [Link]::WriteLine([Link]) ret } } [Link],[Link] begenerated. CanIdothingsinILthatIcan'tdoinC#? [Link] [Link],andyoucanhavenonzerobasedarrays. WhatisJIT(justintime)?howitworks? BeforeMicrosoftintermediatelanguage(MSIL)canbeexecuted,itmustbeconverted [Link](JIT)compilertonativecode,whichisCPUspecific codethatrunsonthesamecomputerarchitectureastheJITcompiler. RatherthanusingtimeandmemorytoconvertalltheMSILinaportableexecutable (PE)filetonativecode,itconvertstheMSILasitisneededduringexecutionandstores theresultingnativecodesothatitisaccessibleforsubsequentcalls. Theruntimesuppliesanothermodeofcompilationcalledinstalltimecodegeneration. TheinstalltimecodegenerationmodeconvertsMSILtonativecodejustastheregular JITcompilerdoes,butitconvertslargerunitsofcodeatatime,storingtheresulting nativecodeforusewhentheassemblyissubsequentlyloadedandexecuted. AspartofcompilingMSILtonativecode,codemustpassaverificationprocessunless anadministratorhasestablishedasecuritypolicythatallowscodetobypass [Link] bedeterminedtobetypesafe,whichmeansthatitisknowntoaccessonlythe memorylocationsitisauthorizedtoaccess. Whatisstrongname? Anamethatconsistsofanassembly'sidentityitssimpletextname,versionnumber, andcultureinformation(ifprovided)strengthenedbyapublickeyandadigital signaturegeneratedovertheassembly. Whatisportableexecutable(PE)? Thefileformatdefiningthestructurethatallexecutablefiles(EXE)andDynamicLink Libraries(DLL)[Link] derivedfromtheMicrosoftCommonObjectFileFormat(COFF).TheEXEandDLLfiles [Link]/COFFformatsandalsoaddadditional [Link] forthePE/COFFfileformatsisavailableat [Link]
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10.

11. 12. {

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. }

publicstaticvoidMain() { TakesADelegate(newMyDelegate(DelegateFunction)) } publicstaticvoidTakesADelegate(MyDelegateSomeFunction) { SomeFunction(21) } publicstaticvoidDelegateFunction(inti) { [Link]("Calledbydelegatewithnumber:{0}.",i) }

25. WhatisCodeAccessSecurity(CAS)? [Link] codeisallowedtorun,[Link], [Link]. HowdoesCASwork? TheCASsecuritypolicyrevolvesaroundtwokeyconceptscodegroupsand [Link],andeach codegroupisgrantedthepermissionsspecifiedinanamedpermissionset. Forexample,usingthedefaultsecuritypolicy,acontroldownloadedfromawebsite belongstothe'ZoneInternet'codegroup,whichadherestothepermissionsdefined bythe'Internet'namedpermissionset.(Naturallythe'Internet'namedpermissionset representsaveryrestrictiverangeofpermissions.) WhodefinestheCAScodegroups? Microsoftdefinessomedefaultones,butyoucanmodifytheseandevencreateyour [Link],run'caspollg'fromthe [Link]: 26. Level=Machine 27. CodeGroups: 28. 29. [Link]:Nothing 30. [Link]:FullTrust 31. [Link]:SkipVerification 32. [Link]:LocalIntranet 33. [Link]:Internet 34. [Link]:Nothing 35. [Link]:Internet [Link] Notethehierarchyofcodegroupsthetopofthehierarchyisthemostgeneral('All code'),whichisthensubdividedintoseveralgroups,eachofwhichinturncanbesub [Link](somewhatcounterintuitively)asubgroupcanbeassociated withamorepermissivepermissionsetthanitsparent. HowdoIdefinemyowncodegroup? [Link],[Link] wantithavefullaccesstoyoursystem,butyouwanttokeepthedefaultrestrictions [Link],youwouldaddanewcodegroupasasub groupofthe'ZoneInternet'group,likethis: [Link] Nowifyouruncaspollgyouwillseethatthenewgrouphasbeenaddedasgroup 1.3.1: 1.3. ZoneInternet:Internet 1.3.1. [Link]:FullTrust ... Notethatthenumericlabel(1.3.1)isjustacaspolinventiontomakethecodegroups [Link].
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HowdoIchangethepermissionsetforacodegroup? [Link],youcanoperateatthe'machine' levelwhichmeansnotonlythatthechangesyoumakebecomethedefaultforthe machine,[Link] youareanormal(nonadmin)useryoucanstillmodifythepermissions,butonlyto [Link],toallowintranetcodetodowhatitlikesyou mightdothis: caspolcg1.2FullTrust Notethatbecausethisismorepermissivethanthedefaultpolicy(onastandard system),youshouldonlydothisatthemachineleveldoingitattheuserlevelwill havenoeffect.

CanIcreatemyownpermissionset? [Link],specifyinganXMLfilecontainingthepermissionsinthepermission [Link],hereisasamplefilecorrespondingtothe'Everything' [Link],addit totherangeofavailablepermissionsetslikethis: [Link] Then,toapplythepermissionsettoacodegroup,dosomethinglikethis: caspolcg1.3SamplePermSet(Bydefault,1.3isthe'Internet'codegroup) I'[Link]? [Link],youcanaskcaspoltotellyou whatcodegroupanassemblybelongsto,[Link],youcanask whatpermissionsarebeingappliedtoaparticularassemblyusingcaspolrsp. Ican'[Link]? Yes,[Link]: caspolsoff [Link] 36. [Link]? Ans:[Link] 37. Whatareobjectpoolingandconnectionpoolinganddifference?Wheredowe settheMinandMaxPoolsizeforconnectionpooling? ObjectpoolingisaCOM+servicethatenablesyoutoreducetheoverheadofcreating [Link],[Link] theobjectisdeactivated,[Link] canconfigureobjectpoolingbyapplyingtheObjectPoolingAttributeattributetoaclass [Link]. Objectpoolingletsyoucontrolthenumberofconnectionsyouuse,asopposedto connectionpooling,whereyoucontrolthemaximumnumberreached. Followingareimportantdifferencesbetweenobjectpoolingandconnectionpooling: [Link],creationisonthesamethread,soif thereisnothinginthepool,[Link] pooling,[Link],ifyouhave alreadyreachedyourmaximum,itinsteadgivesyouthenextavailableobject. Thisiscrucialbehaviorwhenittakesalongtimetocreateanobject,butyoudo notuseitforverylong. [Link] [Link] [Link] justafewobjects.(TPC/Cbenchmarksrelyonthis.) COM+[Link] [Link],creationisonadifferentthreadandminimums andmaximumsareenforced.

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1. WhatisApplicationDomain? TheprimarypurposeoftheAppDomainistoisolateanapplicationfromother applications.Win32processesprovideisolationbyhavingdistinctmemoryaddress [Link],butitisexpensiveanddoesn'[Link] enforcesAppDomainisolationbykeepingcontrolovertheuseofmemoryallmemory [Link],sotheruntimecanensurethat AppDomainsdonotaccesseachother'smemory. Objectsindifferentapplicationdomainscommunicateeitherbytransportingcopiesof objectsacrossapplicationdomainboundaries,orbyusingaproxytoexchange messages. MarshalByRefObjectisthebaseclassforobjectsthatcommunicateacross [Link] [Link] applicationreferencesamarshalbyvalueobject,acopyoftheobjectispassedacross applicationdomainboundaries. HowdoesanAppDomaingetcreated? [Link], [Link],thehostis [Link]. [Link]#sample whichcreatesanAppDomain,createsaninstanceofanobjectinsideit,andthen executesoneoftheobject'[Link] '[Link]'forthiscodetoworkasis. usingSystem [Link] publicclassCAppDomainInfo:MarshalByRefObject { publicstringGetAppDomainInfo() { return"AppDomain="+[Link] } } publicclassApp { publicstaticintMain() { AppDomainad=[Link]("Andy'snewdomain",null,null ) ObjectHandleoh=[Link]("appdomaintest","CAppDomainInfo" ) CAppDomainInfoadInfo=(CAppDomainInfo)([Link]()) stringinfo=[Link]() [Link]("AppDomaininfo:"+info) return0 } } 2. [Link]?Whatarethewaystocontrolserialization? Serializationistheprocessofconvertinganobjectintoastreamofbytes. Deserializationistheoppositeprocessofcreatinganobjectfromastreamofbytes. Serialization/Deserializationismostlyusedtotransportobjects([Link]), ortopersistobjects([Link]).Serializationcanbedefinedasthe [Link],the publicandprivatefieldsoftheobjectandthenameoftheclass,includingtheassembly containingtheclass,areconvertedtoastreamofbytes,whichisthenwrittentoadata [Link],anexactcloneoftheoriginal objectiscreated.
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Binaryserializationpreservestypefidelity,whichisusefulforpreservingthe [Link], youcanshareanobjectbetweendifferentapplicationsbyserializingittothe [Link],disk,memory,overthe network,[Link]"byvalue" fromonecomputerorapplicationdomaintoanother. XMLserializationserializesonlypublicpropertiesandfieldsanddoesnot [Link] [Link] standard,[Link] openstandard,whichmakesitanattractivechoice.

[Link] andSoapFormatter/[Link], andusesSoapFormatter/[Link] yourowncode. WhydoIgeterrorswhenItrytoserializeaHashtable? XmlSerializerwillrefusetoserializeinstancesofanyclassthatimplementsIDictionary, [Link]. 3. Whatisexceptionhandling? Whenanexceptionoccurs,thesystemsearchesforthenearestcatchclausethatcan handletheexception,[Link],the currentmethodissearchedforalexicallyenclosingtrystatement,andtheassociated [Link],themethodthat calledthecurrentmethodissearchedforalexicallyenclosingtrystatementthat [Link] clauseisfoundthatcanhandlethecurrentexception,bynaminganexceptionclass thatisofthesameclass,orabaseclass,oftheruntimetypeoftheexceptionbeing [Link]'tnameanexceptionclasscanhandleanyexception. Onceamatchingcatchclauseisfound,thesystempreparestotransfercontroltothe [Link],the systemfirstexecutes,inorder,anyfinallyclausesthatwereassociatedwithtry statementsmorenestedthatthantheonethatcaughttheexception. [Link] exceptionoccursduringdestructorexecution,andthatexceptionisnotcaught,then theexecutionofthatdestructoristerminatedandthedestructorofthebaseclass(if any)[Link](asinthecaseoftheobjecttype)orifthereis nobaseclassdestructor,thentheexceptionisdiscarded. 4. WhatisAssembly? [Link] fundamentalunitofdeployment,versioncontrol,reuse,activationscoping,and [Link] [Link] commonlanguageruntimewiththeinformationitneedstobeawareoftype [Link],atypedoesnotexistoutsidethecontextofan assembly. [Link] assemblyperformsthefollowingfunctions: [Link] intermediatelanguage(MSIL)codeinaportableexecutable(PE)filewillnotbe [Link] assemblycanhaveonlyoneentrypoint(thatis,DllMain,WinMain,orMain). [Link] requestedandgranted. [Link]'sidentityincludesthenameofthe [Link] assemblyisnotthesameasatypecalledMyTypeloadedinthescopeof anotherassembly.
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[Link]'smanifestcontains assemblymetadatathatisusedforresolvingtypesandsatisfyingresource [Link] [Link]. [Link] thecommonlanguageruntimealltypesandresourcesinthesameassembly [Link]'smanifestdescribestheversion dependenciesyouspecifyforanydependentassemblies. [Link],onlytheassembliesthat [Link],suchas localizationresourcesorassembliescontainingutilityclasses,canberetrieved [Link] downloaded. Itistheunitatwhichsidebysideexecutionissupported.

[Link] types(interfacesandclasses),aswellasresourcesfortheassembly(bitmaps,JPEG files,resourcefiles,andsoon).[Link] [Link],whicharerundirectlyfrom [Link] todiskaftertheyhaveexecuted. [Link],suchas [Link],[Link] [Link] [Link] runtimeAPIs,[Link],tocreatedynamicassemblies. 5. Whatarethecontentsofassembly? Ingeneral,astaticassemblycanconsistoffourelements: Theassemblymanifest,whichcontainsassemblymetadata. Typemetadata. Microsoftintermediatelanguage(MSIL)codethatimplementsthetypes. Asetofresources. 6. Whatarethedifferenttypesofassemblies? Private,Public/Shared,Satellite 7. Whatisthedifferencebetweenaprivateassemblyandasharedassembly? 1. Locationandvisibility:Aprivateassemblyisnormallyusedbyasingle application,andisstoredintheapplication'sdirectory,orasubdirectory [Link], [Link] assembliesareusuallylibrariesofcodewhichmanyapplicationswillfinduseful, [Link]. 2. Versioning:Theruntimeenforcesversioningconstraintsonlyonshared assemblies,notonprivateassemblies. 1. WhatareSatelliteAssemblies?Howyouwillcreatethis?Howwillyougetthe differentlanguagestrings? Satelliteassembliesareoftenusedtodeploylanguagespecificresourcesforan [Link] theapplicationhasaseparateproductIDforeachlanguageandinstallssatellite [Link], theapplicationremovesonlythesatelliteassembliesassociatedwithagivenlanguage [Link] [Link]. (Forexample,EnglishandJapaneseeditionsofthe.NETFrameworkversion1.1share [Link].NETFrameworkversion1.1addssatellite assemblieswithlocalizedresourcesina\[Link] the.NETFrameworkversion1.1,regardlessofitslanguage,alwaysusesthesamecore runtimefiles.)
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2. 3.

4.

5.

6.

7. 8.

[Link] ** Howwilluloaddynamicassembly?Howwillcreateassembliesatruntime? ** WhatisAssemblymanifest?whatalldetailstheassemblymanifestwill contain? Everyassembly,whetherstaticordynamic,containsacollectionofdatathatdescribes [Link] [Link] specifytheassembly'sversionrequirementsandsecurityidentity,andallmetadata neededtodefinethescopeoftheassemblyandresolvereferencestoresourcesand [Link]([Link])with Microsoftintermediatelanguage(MSIL)codeorinastandalonePEfilethatcontains onlyassemblymanifestinformation. ItcontainsAssemblyname,Versionnumber,Culture,Strongnameinformation,Listof allfilesintheassembly,Typereferenceinformation,Informationonreferenced assemblies. Differencebetweenassemblymanifest&metadata? assemblymanifestAnintegralpartofeveryassemblythatrenderstheassembly [Link]'[Link] establishestheassemblyidentity,specifiesthefilesthatmakeuptheassembly implementation,specifiesthetypesandresourcesthatmakeuptheassembly,itemizes thecompiletimedependenciesonotherassemblies,andspecifiesthesetof [Link] timetoresolvereferences,enforceversionbindingpolicy,andvalidatetheintegrityof [Link] impactinstallandXCOPYdeploymentfeasible. metadataInformationthatdescribeseveryelementmanagedbythecommon languageruntime:anassembly,loadablefile,type,method,[Link] includeinformationrequiredfordebuggingandgarbagecollection,aswellassecurity attributes,marshalingdata,extendedclassandmemberdefinitions,versionbinding, andotherinformationrequiredbytheruntime. WhatisGlobalAssemblyCache(GAC)andwhatisthepurposeofit?(Howto makeanassemblytopublic?Steps)Howmorethanoneversionofan assemblycankeepinsameplace? Eachcomputerwherethecommonlanguageruntimeisinstalledhasamachinewide [Link] assembliesspecificallydesignatedtobesharedbyseveralapplicationsonthe computer. Youshouldshareassembliesbyinstallingthemintotheglobalassembly cacheonlywhenyouneedto. Steps [Link] eg:[Link] [Link] eg:[assembly:AssemblyKeyFile("[Link]")] recompileproject,theninstallittoGACbyeither drag&dropittoassemblyfolder(C:\WINDOWS\assemblyORC:\WINNT\assembly) ([Link]) or [Link] IfIhavemorethanoneversionofoneassemblies,thenhow'llIuseold version(how/wheretospecifyversionnumber?)inmyapplication? ** Howtofindmethodsofaassemblyfile(notusingILDASM) Reflection [Link]?Garbagecollectionprocess? Theprocessoftransitivelytracingthroughallpointerstoactivelyusedobjectsinorder tolocateallobjectsthatcanbereferenced,andthenarrangingtoreuseanyheap [Link]

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collectoralsocompactsthememorythatisinusetoreducetheworkingspaceneeded fortheheap. 9. [Link]?Namespace? Howwillyouloadanassemblywhich isnotreferencedbycurrentassembly? [Link] [Link](modulesinturnare packagedtogetherinassemblies),andcanbeaccessedbyamechanismcalled [Link] interrogatethetypesforamodule/assembly. [Link]/ITypeInfoto accesstypelibrarydatainCOM,[Link] datatypesizesformarshalingdataacrosscontext/process/machineboundaries. Reflectioncanalsobeusedtodynamicallyinvokemethods(see [Link]),orevencreatetypesdynamicallyatruntime(see [Link]). 10. WhatisCustomattribute?Howtocreate?IfI'mhavingcustomattributeinan assembly,howtosaythatnameinthecode? A:Theprimarystepstoproperlydesigncustomattributeclassesareasfollows: a. ApplyingtheAttributeUsageAttribute([AttributeUsage([Link], Inherited=false,AllowMultiple=true)]) b. Declaringtheattribute.(classpublicclassMyAttribute:[Link]{//.. .}) c. Declaringconstructors(publicMyAttribute(boolmyvalue){[Link]= myvalue}) d. Declaringproperties publicboolMyProperty { get{[Link]} set{[Link]=value} } Thefollowingexampledemonstratesthebasicwayofusingreflectiontogetaccessto customattributes. classMainClass { publicstaticvoidMain() { [Link]=typeof(MyClass) object[]attributes=[Link]() for(inti=0i<[Link]++) { [Link](attributes[i]) } } } 1. [Link]? [Link] Runtime,whichmanagestheexecutionofcodeandprovidesservicesthatmakethe [Link]'sfunctionalityand [Link] thatyoudevelopwithalanguagecompilerthattargetstheruntimeiscalledmanaged codeitbenefitsfromfeaturessuchascrosslanguageintegration,crosslanguage exceptionhandling,enhancedsecurity,versioninganddeploymentsupport,asimplified modelforcomponentinteraction,anddebuggingandprofilingservices. 2. [Link]?Whatisthenamespaceforthat? ** [Link] 3. SerializeandMarshalByRef?
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4. usingdirectivevsusingstatement YoucreateaninstanceinausingstatementtoensurethatDisposeiscalledonthe [Link] whentheendoftheusingstatementisreachedorif,forexample,anexceptionis thrownandcontrolleavesthestatementblockbeforetheendofthestatement. Theusingdirectivehastwouses: Createanaliasforanamespace(ausingalias). Permittheuseoftypesinanamespace,suchthat,youdonothavetoqualify theuseofatypeinthatnamespace(ausingdirective). 1. DescribetheManagedExecutionProcess? Themanagedexecutionprocessincludesthefollowingsteps: 1. Choosingacompiler. Toobtainthebenefitsprovidedbythecommonlanguageruntime,youmustuse oneormorelanguagecompilersthattargettheruntime. 2. CompilingyourcodetoMicrosoftintermediatelanguage(MSIL). CompilingtranslatesyoursourcecodeintoMSILandgeneratestherequired metadata. 3. CompilingMSILtonativecode. Atexecutiontime,ajustintime(JIT)compilertranslatestheMSILintonative [Link],codemustpassaverificationprocessthat examinestheMSILandmetadatatofindoutwhetherthecodecanbe determinedtobetypesafe. 4. Executingyourcode. Thecommonlanguageruntimeprovidestheinfrastructurethatenables executiontotakeplaceaswellasavarietyofservicesthatcanbeusedduring execution. 1. WhatisActiveDirectory?WhatisthenamespaceusedtoaccesstheMicrosoft ActiveDirectories?WhatareADSIDirectories? ActiveDirectoryServiceInterfaces(ADSI)isaprogrammaticinterfaceforMicrosoft [Link] directoriesonanetwork,[Link] FrameworkmakeiteasytoaddADSIfunctionalitywiththeDirectoryEntryand DirectorySearchercomponents. UsingADSI,youcancreateapplicationsthatperformcommonadministrativetasks, suchasbackingupdatabases,accessingprinters,andadministeringuseraccounts. ADSImakesitpossibleforyouto: [Link] classprovidesusernameandpasswordpropertiesthatcanbeenteredat runtimeandcommunicatedtotheActiveDirectoryobjectyouarebindingto. Useasingleapplicationprogramminginterface(API)toperformtaskson [Link] DirectoryServicesnamespaceprovidestheclassestoperformmost administrativefunctions. Perform"richquerying"[Link] searchingforanobjectbyspecifyingtwoquerydialects:SQLandLDAP. Accessanduseasingle,hierarchicalstructureforadministeringandmaintaining diverseandcomplicatednetworkconfigurationsbyaccessinganActiveDirectory tree. [Link] [Link] thatitisusingtheLDAPprovider. [Link] 1. HowGarbageCollector(GC)Works? Themethodsinthisclassinfluencewhenanobjectisgarbagecollectedandwhen [Link]
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informationaboutthetotalamountofmemoryavailableinthesystemandtheage category,orgeneration,[Link],thegarbage collectorperformsgarbagecollectiontoreclaimmemoryallocatedtoobjectsforwhich [Link] [Link],an applicationcanforcegarbagecollectionusingtheCollectmethod. Garbagecollectionconsistsofthefollowingsteps: 1. Thegarbagecollectorsearchesformanagedobjectsthatarereferencedin managedcode. 2. Thegarbagecollectorattemptstofinalizeobjectsthatarenotreferenced. 3. Thegarbagecollectorfreesobjectsthatarenotreferencedandreclaimstheir memory. 1. [Link]? Requeststhatthesystemnotcallthefinalizermethodforthespecifiedobject. publicstaticvoidSuppressFinalize( objectobj )[Link] parameterisrequiredtobethecallerofthismethod. ObjectsthatimplementtheIDisposableinterfacecancallthismethodfromthe [Link] [Link]. 2. Whatisnmaketool? TheNmaketool([Link])isa32bittoolthatyouusetobuildprojectsbasedon [Link]. usage:nmakeaall 3. WhatareNamespaces? [Link] [Link] explicitlydeclareone,[Link], sometimescalledtheglobalnamespace,[Link] [Link] havepublicaccessandthisisnotmodifiable. 4. WhatisthedifferencebetweenCONSTandREADONLY? [Link] [Link] [Link],readonlyfieldscanhavedifferentvaluesdependingonthe constructorused. readonlyintb publicX() { b=1 } publicX(strings) { b=5 } publicX(strings,inti) { b=i } Also,whileaconstfieldisacompiletimeconstant,thereadonlyfieldcanbeusedfor runtimeconstants,asinthefollowingexample: publicstaticreadonlyuintl1=(uint)[Link](thiscan'tbepossiblewith const) 5. Whatisthedifferencebetweenref&outparameters? [Link] parameter,whoseargumentdoesnothavetobeexplicitlyinitializedbeforebeing passedtoanoutparameter.
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6. WhatisthedifferencebetweenArrayandLinkedList? 7. WhatisthedifferencebetweenArrayandArraylist? AselementsareaddedtoanArrayList,thecapacityisautomaticallyincreasedas [Link] bysettingtheCapacitypropertyexplicitly. 8. WhatisJaggedArrays? [Link] [Link]"array ofarrays." 9. Whatareindexers? Indexersaresimilartoproperties,exceptthatthegetandsetaccessorsofindexers takeparameters,whilepropertyaccessorsdonot. 10. WhatisAsynchronouscallandhowitcanbeimplementedusingdelegates? 11. Howtocreateeventsforacontrol?Whatiscustomevents?Howtocreateit? 12. Ifyouwanttowriteyourowndotnetlanguage,whatstepsyouwillutake care? 13. Describethedifferencebetweeninlineandcodebehindwhichisbestina looselycoupledsolution? 14. howdotnetcompiledcodewillbecomeplatformindependent? 15. withoutmodifyingsourcecodeifwecompileagain,willitbegeneratedMSIL again? 16. C++&C#differences ** (COM) 17. InteropServices? Thecommonlanguageruntimeprovidestwomechanismsforinteroperatingwith unmanagedcode: Platforminvoke,whichenablesmanagedcodetocallfunctionsexportedfroman unmanagedlibrary. COMinterop,whichenablesmanagedcodetointeractwithCOMobjectsthrough interfaces. BothplatforminvokeandCOMinteropuseinteropmarshalingtoaccuratelymove methodargumentsbetweencallerandcalleeandback,ifrequired. 1. HowdoesuhandlethisCOMcomponentsdevelopedinotherprogramming [Link]? 2. WhatisRCW(RuntimeCallableWrappers)? ThecommonlanguageruntimeexposesCOMobjectsthroughaproxycalledthe runtimecallablewrapper(RCW).AlthoughtheRCWappearstobeanordinaryobjectto .NETclients,[Link] object. 3. WhatisCCW(COMCallableWrapper) AproxyobjectgeneratedbythecommonlanguageruntimesothatexistingCOM applicationscanusemanagedclasses,[Link], transparently. 4. HowCCWandRCWisworking? ** 5. Howwillyouregistercom+services? [Link] ([Link])tomanuallyregisteranassemblycontaining [Link] [Link] classRegistrationHelperandusingthemethodInstallAssembly 6. WhatisuseofContextUtilclass? ContextUtilisthepreferredclasstouseforobtainingCOM+contextinformation.
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7. WhatisthenewthreefeaturesofCOM+services,whicharenotthereinCOM (MTS)? ** 8. [Link]? Whatisthedifference betweenthem? ** 9. CanwecopyaCOMdlltoGACfolder? ** 10. WhatisPinvoke? Platforminvokeisaservicethatenablesmanagedcodetocallunmanagedfunctions implementedindynamiclinklibraries(DLLs),[Link] locatesandinvokesanexportedfunctionandmarshalsitsarguments(integers,strings, arrays,structures,andsoon)acrosstheinteroperationboundaryasneeded. 11. IsittruethatCOMobjectsnolongerneedtoberegisteredontheserver? Answer:[Link] [Link] [Link] theminthe'bin'folderoftheapplication. 12. [Link]? Answer:Yes,youcanusethefeaturesandfunctionsofComponentServicesfroma .NETFrameworkcomponent. [Link] (OOPS) 13. WhataretheOOPSconcepts? 1)Encapsulation:Itisthemechanismthatbindstogethercodeanddatain manipulates,[Link] [Link] interfacecontrolstheaccesstothatparticularcodeanddata. 2)Inheritance:Itistheprocessbywhichoneobjectacquiresthepropertiesofanother [Link],each [Link],byuseof inheritance,anobjectneedonlydefinethosequalitiesthatmakeituniquewithinits [Link] theattributesofallofitsancestors. 3)Polymorphism:Itisafeaturethatallowsoneinterfacetobeusedforgeneralclass [Link] generalpolymorphismmeans"oneinterface,multiplemethods",Thismeansthatitis [Link] complexitybyallowingthesameinterfacetobeusedtospecifyageneralclassof [Link]'sjobtoselectthespecificaction(thatis,method)asitapplies toeachsituation. 14. WhatisthedifferencebetweenaStructandaClass? ThestructtypeissuitableforrepresentinglightweightobjectssuchasPoint, Rectangle,[Link],a [Link],ifyoudeclareanarray of1000Pointobjects,youwillallocateadditionalmemoryforreferencingeach [Link],thestructislessexpensive. Whenyoucreateastructobjectusingthenewoperator,itgetscreatedandthe [Link],structscanbeinstantiated [Link],thefieldswillremain unassignedandtheobjectcannotbeuseduntilallofthefieldsareinitialized. Itisanerrortodeclareadefault(parameterless)constructorforastruct.A defaultconstructorisalwaysprovidedtoinitializethestructmemberstotheir defaultvalues. Itisanerrortoinitializeaninstancefieldinastruct. [Link] fromanotherstructorclass,[Link],

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however,[Link], anditdoesthatexactlyasclassesdo. Astructisavaluetype,whileaclassisareferencetype. 15. Valuetype&referencetypesdifference?[Link]&struct [Link]? Mostprogramminglanguagesprovidebuiltindatatypes,suchasintegersandfloating pointnumbers,thatarecopiedwhentheyarepassedasarguments(thatis,theyare passedbyvalue).[Link],[Link] supportstwokindsofvaluetypes: Builtinvaluetypes [Link],suchasSystem.Int32and [Link],whichcorrespondandareidenticaltoprimitivedatatypes usedbyprogramminglanguages. Userdefinedvaluetypes Yourlanguagewillprovidewaystodefineyourownvaluetypes,whichderive [Link] issmall,suchasacomplexnumber(usingtwofloatingpointnumbers),you mightchoosetodefineitasavaluetypebecauseyoucanpassthevaluetype [Link] passedbyreference,youshoulddefineitasaclassinstead. Variablesofreferencetypes,referredtoasobjects,storereferencestotheactualdata. Thisfollowingarethereferencetypes: class interface delegate

Thisfollowingarethebuiltinreferencetypes: object string 16. WhatisInheritance,MultipleInheritance,SharedandRepeatable Inheritance? ** 17. WhatisMethodoverloading? Methodoverloadingoccurswhenaclasscontainstwomethodswiththesamename, butdifferentsignatures. 18. WhatisMethodOverriding?HowtooverrideafunctioninC#? Usetheoverridemodifiertomodifyamethod,aproperty,anindexer,[Link] overridemethodprovidesanewimplementationofamemberinheritedfromabase [Link] [Link] overridemethod. [Link] bevirtual,abstract,oroverride. 19. Canwecallabaseclassmethodwithoutcreatinginstance? ItspossibleIfitsastaticmethod. Itspossiblebyinheritingfromthatclassalso. Itspossiblefromderivedclassesusingbasekeyword. 20. Youhaveonebaseclassvirtualfunctionhowwillcallthatfunctionfrom derivedclass? Ans: 21. classa 22. { 23. publicvirtualintm() 24. { 25. return1 26. }
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27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. }

} classb:a { publicintj() { returnm() }

34. Inwhichcasesyouuseoverrideandnewbase? [Link] aninheritedmember,declareitinthederivedclassusingthesamename,andmodify itwiththenewmodifier. C#Languagefeatures 35. WhatareSealedClassesinC#? [Link] occursifasealedclassisspecifiedasthebaseclassofanotherclass.(Asealedclass cannotalsobeanabstractclass) 36. WhatisPolymorphism?[Link]/C#achievepolymorphism? ** 37. classToken 38. { 39. publicstringDisplay() 40. { 41. //Implementationgoeshere 42. return"base" 43. } 44. } 45. classIdentifierToken:Token 46. { 47. publicnewstringDisplay()//Whatistheuseofnewkeyword 48. { 49. //Implementationgoeshere 50. return"derive" 51. } 52. } 53. staticvoidMethod(Tokent) 54. { 55. [Link]([Link]()) 56. } 57. publicstaticvoidMain() 58. { 59. IdentifierTokenVariable=newIdentifierToken() 60. Method(Variable)//WhichClassMethodiscalledhere 61. [Link]() 62. } 63. FortheabovecodeWhatisthe"new"keywordandWhichClassMethodis 64. calledhere A:itwillcallbaseclassDisplaymethod 65. classToken 66. { 67. 68. 69. 70.

publicvirtualstringDisplay() { //Implementationgoeshere return"base"

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71. } 72. } 73. classIdentifierToken:Token 74. { 75. publicoverridestringDisplay()//Whatistheuseofnewkeyword 76. { 77. //Implementationgoeshere 78. return"derive" 79. } 80. } 81. staticvoidMethod(Tokent) 82. { 83. [Link]([Link]()) 84. } 85. publicstaticvoidMain() 86. { 87. IdentifierTokenVariable=newIdentifierToken() 88. Method(Variable)//WhichClassMethodiscalledhere 89. [Link]() 90. } 91. A:Derive 92. InwhichScenarioyouwillgoforInterfaceorAbstractClass? Interfaces,likeclasses,defineasetofproperties,methods,[Link] classes,[Link], [Link] yourclassestoinheritimplementationfromabaseclass,italsoforcesyoutomake mostofyourdesigndecisionswhentheclassisfirstpublished. Abstractclassesareusefulwhencreatingcomponentsbecausetheyallowyouspecify aninvariantleveloffunctionalityinsomemethods,butleavetheimplementationof [Link] well,becauseifadditionalfunctionalityisneededinderivedclasses,itcanbeaddedto thebaseclasswithoutbreakingcode. [Link] Feature Interface Abstractclass Multiple Aclassmayimplement Aclassmayextendonlyone inheritance severalinterfaces. abstractclass. Anabstractclasscanprovide Aninterfacecannot Default completecode,defaultcode, provideanycodeatall, implementation and/orjuststubsthathaveto muchlessdefaultcode. beoverridden. Staticfinalconstantsonly, canusethemwithout qualificationinclassesthat implementtheinterface. Bothinstanceandstatic Ontheotherpaw,these [Link] Constants unqualifiednamespollute staticandinstanceintialiser [Link] codearealsopossibleto usethemanditisnot computetheconstants. obviouswheretheyare comingfromsincethe qualificationisoptional. Aninterface Athirdpartyclassmustbe Thirdparty implementationmaybe rewrittentoextendonlyfrom convenience addedtoanyexistingthird theabstractclass. partyclass. Interfacesareoftenused Anabstractclassdefinesthe isavsableor todescribetheperipheral coreidentityofitsdescendants. cando abilitiesofaclass,notits IfyoudefinedaDogabstract
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classthenDamamation descendantsareDogs,theyare notmerelydogable. Implementedinterfaces enumeratethegeneralthingsa classcando,notthethingsa classis. Youmustusetheabstractclass asisforthecodebase,withall itsattendantbaggage,goodor [Link] Youcanwriteanew hasimposedstructureonyou. replacementmoduleforan Dependingontheclevernessof interfacethatcontainsnot theauthoroftheabstractclass, onestickofcodein thismaybegoodorbad. commonwiththeexisting Anotherissuethat'simportantis [Link] whatIcall"heterogeneousvs. youimplementthe homogeneous."If interface,youstartfrom implementors/subclassesare scratchwithoutany Plugin homogeneous,tendtowardsan defaultimplementation. [Link] Youhavetoobtainyour heterogeneous,useaninterface. toolsfromotherclasses (NowallIhavetodoiscomeup nothingcomeswiththe withagooddefinitionof interfaceotherthanafew hetero/homogeneousinthis [Link] context.)Ifthevariousobjects freedomtoimplementa areallofakind,andsharea radicallydifferentinternal commonstateandbehavior, design. thentendtowardsacommon [Link] setofmethodsignatures,then tendtowardsaninterface. Ifallthevarious Ifthevariousimplementations implementationsshareis areallofakindandsharea Homogeneity themethodsignatures, commonstatusandbehavior, thenaninterfaceworks usuallyanabstractclassworks best. best. Ifyourclientcodetalks Justlikeaninterface,ifyour onlyintermsofan clientcodetalksonlyintermsof interface,youcaneasily anabstractclass,youcaneasily Maintenance changetheconcrete changetheconcrete implementationbehindit, implementationbehindit,using usingafactorymethod. afactorymethod. Slow,requiresextra indirectiontofindthe correspondingmethodin Speed [Link] Fast JVMsarediscoveringways toreducethisspeed penalty. Theconstantdeclarations Youcanputsharedcodeintoan inaninterfaceareall abstractclass,whereyoucannot presumedpublicstatic [Link] final,soyoumayleave wanttosharecode,youwill Terseness [Link]'t havetowriteotherbubblegum callanymethodsto [Link] computetheinitialvalues methodstocomputetheinitial [Link] valuesofyourconstantsand neednotdeclareindividualvariables,bothinstanceand
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centralidentity,[Link] Automobileclassmight implementtheRecyclable interface,whichcould applytomanyotherwise totallyunrelatedobjects.

methodsofaninterface [Link] presumedso. Ifyouaddanewmethod toaninterface,youmust trackdownall Adding implementationsofthat functionality interfaceintheuniverse andprovidethemwitha concreteimplementation ofthatmethod.

[Link] individualmethodsofan abstractclassabstract. Ifyouaddanewmethodtoan abstractclass,youhavethe optionofprovidingadefault [Link] existingcodewillcontinueto workwithoutchange.

93. seethecode 94. interfaceICommon 95. { 96. intgetCommon() 97. } 98. interfaceICommonImplements1:ICommon 99. { 100. } 101. interfaceICommonImplements2:ICommon 102. { 103. } 104. publicclassa:ICommonImplements1,ICommonImplements2 105. { } HowtoimplementgetCommonmethodinclassa?Areyouseeinganyprobleminthe implementation? Ans: publicclassa:ICommonImplements1,ICommonImplements2 { publicintgetCommon() { return1 } } 106. interfaceIWeather 107. { 108. voiddisplay() 109. } 110. publicclassA:IWeather 111. { 112. publicvoiddisplay() 113. { 114. [Link]("A") 115. } 116. } 117. publicclassB:A 118. { 119. } 120. publicclassC:B,IWeather 121. { 122. publicvoiddisplay() 123. { 124. [Link]("C") 125. } 126. }
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127. [Link](),willitwork? 128. interfaceIPrint 129. { 130. stringDisplay() 131. } 132. interfaceIWrite 133. { 134. stringDisplay() 135. } 136. classPrintDoc:IPrint,IWrite 137. { 138. //Hereisimplementation 139. } howtoimplementtheDisplayintheclassprintDoc(Howtoresolvethenaming Conflict)A:nonamingconflicts classPrintDoc:IPrint,IWrite { publicstringDisplay() { return"s" } } 140. interfaceIList 141. { 142. intCount{getset} 143. } 144. interfaceICounter 145. { 146. voidCount(inti) 147. } 148. interfaceIListCounter:IList,ICounter{} 149. classC 150. { 151. voidTest(IListCounterx) 152. { 153. [Link](1) //Error 154. [Link]=1 //Error 155. ((IList)x).Count=1 //Ok,[Link] 156. ((ICounter)x).Count(1) //Ok,[Link] 157. } 158. } 159. Writeonecodeexampleforcompiletimebindingandoneforruntime binding?Whatisearly/latebinding? Anobjectisearlyboundwhenitisassignedtoavariabledeclaredtobeofaspecific [Link] otheroptimizationsbeforeanapplicationexecutes. 'Createavariabletoholdanewobject. DimFSAsFileStream 'Assignanewobjecttothevariable. FS=NewFileStream("C:\[Link]",[Link]) Bycontrast,anobjectislateboundwhenitisassignedtoavariabledeclaredtobeof [Link],butlackmanyof theadvantagesofearlyboundobjects. DimxlAppAsObject xlApp=CreateObject("[Link]") 160. Canyouexplainwhatinheritanceisandanexampleofwhenyoumight useit?
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161. Howcanyouwriteaclasstorestrictthatonlyoneobjectofthisclass canbecreated(Singletonclass)? (Accessspecifiers) 162. Whataretheaccessspecifiersavailableinc#? Private,Protected,Public,Internal,ProtectedInternal. 163. ExplainaboutProtectedandprotectedinternal,internalaccess specifier? protectedAccessislimitedtothecontainingclassortypesderivedfromthe containingclass. internalAccessislimitedtothecurrentassembly. protectedinternalAccessislimitedtothecurrentassemblyortypesderivedfromthe containingclass. (Constructor/Destructor) 164. Differencebetweentypeconstructorandinstanceconstructor?Whatis staticconstructor,whenitwillbefired?Andwhatisitsuse? (Classconstructormethodisalsoknownastypeconstructorortypeinitializer) Instanceconstructorisexecutedwhenanewinstanceoftypeiscreatedandtheclass constructorisexecutedafterthetypeisloadedandbeforeanyoneofthetype membersisaccessed.(Itwillgetexecutedonly1sttime,whenwecallanystatic methods/fieldsinthesameclass.)Classconstructorsareusedforstaticfield [Link],anditcannotusethe vararg(variableargument)callingconvention. [Link] classbeforethefirstinstanceiscreatedoranystaticmembersarereferenced. 165. WhatisPrivateConstructor?anditsuse?Canyoucreateinstanceofa classwhichhasPrivateConstructor? A:Whenaclassdeclaresonlyprivateinstanceconstructors,itisnotpossiblefor classesoutsidetheprogramtoderivefromtheclassortodirectlycreateinstancesof it.(ExceptNestedclasses) Makeaconstructorprivateif: [Link],youmighthavea specialconstructorusedonlyintheimplementationofyourclass'Clonemethod. [Link],youmay haveaclasscontainingnothingbutSharedutilityfunctions,andnoinstancedata. Creatinginstancesoftheclasswouldwastememory. 166. [Link] instanceoftheclassdoIneedtomakeallconstructorstoprivate? (yes) 167. Overloadedconstructorwillcalldefaultconstructorinternally? (no) 168. Whatarevirtualdestructors? 169. Destructorandfinalize GenerallyinC++[Link] explicitlycallthedestructorsinC++.Andalsotheobjectsaredestroyedinreverse [Link]++youhavecontroloverthedestructors. InC#youcannevercallthem,[Link] thecontroloverthedestructor(inC#)?it'[Link] (GC).[Link] [Link]()method. Pointstoremember: [Link],andcannotbeinvokedexplicitly. [Link],aclasscanhave,atmost,onedestructor. [Link],aclasshasnodestructorsotherthantheone, whichmaybedeclaredinit. [Link]. [Link]
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codetousetheinstance. [Link] becomeseligiblefordestruction. [Link],thedestructorsinitsinheritancechainarecalled,in order,frommostderivedtoleastderived. [Link] us/cpguide/html/[Link] 170. WhatisthedifferencebetweenFinalizeandDispose(Garbage collection) Classinstancesoftenencapsulatecontroloverresourcesthatarenotmanagedbythe runtime,suchaswindowhandles(HWND),databaseconnections,andsoon. Therefore,youshouldprovidebothanexplicitandanimplicitwaytofreethose [Link] object(destructorsyntaxinC#andtheManagedExtensionsforC++).Thegarbage collectorcallsthismethodatsomepointaftertherearenolongeranyvalidreferences totheobject. Insomecases,youmightwanttoprovideprogrammersusinganobjectwiththeability toexplicitlyreleasetheseexternalresourcesbeforethegarbagecollectorfreesthe [Link],betterperformancecanbe achievediftheprogrammerexplicitlyreleasesresourceswhentheyarenolongerbeing [Link],implementtheDisposemethodprovidedbythe [Link] [Link] alive. NotethatevenwhenyouprovideexplicitcontrolbywayofDispose,youshould [Link] preventresourcesfrompermanentlyleakingiftheprogrammerfailstocallDispose. 171. Whatisclosemethod?HowitsdifferentfromFinalize&Dispose? ** 172. Whatisboxing&unboxing? 173. Whatischeck/uncheck? 174. Whatistheuseofbasekeyword?Tellmeapracticalexampleforbase keywordsusage? 175. [Link]? 176. try { ... } catch { ...//[Link]'llhappen? } finally { .. } Ans:Itwillthrowexception. 177. Whatwilldotoavoidpriorcase? Ans: 178. try 179. { 180. try 181. { 182. ... 183. } 184. catch 185. { 186. ... 187. //exceptionoccurredhere.

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188. } 189. finally 190. { 191. ... 192. } 193. } 194. catch 195. { 196. ... 197. } 198. finally 199. { 200. ... } 201. try 202. { 203. ... 204. } 205. catch 206. { 207. ... 208. } 209. finally 210. { 211. .. 212. } 213. Willitgotofinallyblockifthereisnoexceptionhappened? Ans:[Link] [Link] exits. 214. IsgotostatementsupportedinC#?HowaboutJava? GotosaresupportedinC#[Link] providesabsolutelynofunctionality. 215. WhatsdifferentaboutswitchstatementsinC#? [Link]++switchstatement,C#doesnotsupportan [Link],youcanusegotoa switchcase,orgotodefault. case1: cost+=25 break case2: cost+=25 gotocase1 ([Link]) 216. [Link]? [Link] DatabaseInteractionsArePerformedUsingDataCommands DataCanBeCachedinDatasets DatasetsAreIndependentofDataSources DataIsPersistedasXML SchemasDefineDataStructures 217. [Link]? SqlConnectionnwindConn=newSqlConnection("DataSource=localhostIntegrated Security=SSPI"+ "InitialCatalog=northwind") [Link]() 218. Whatarerelationobjectsindatasetandhow&wheretousethem? InaDataSetthatcontainsmultipleDataTableobjects,youcanuseDataRelation

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objectstorelateonetabletoanother,tonavigatethroughthetables,andtoreturn childorparentrowsfromarelatedtable. AddingaDataRelationtoaDataSetadds, bydefault,aUniqueConstrainttotheparenttableandaForeignKeyConstraintto thechildtable. ThefollowingcodeexamplecreatesaDataRelationusingtwoDataTableobjectsina [Link],whichservesasalink [Link] [Link] [Link] DataColumnandthethirdargumentsetsthechildDataColumn. [Link]("CustOrders", [Link]["Customers"].Columns["CustID"], [Link]["Orders"].Columns["CustID"]) OR privatevoidCreateRelation() { //GettheDataColumnobjectsfromtwoDataTableobjectsinaDataSet. DataColumnparentCol DataColumnchildCol //CodetogettheDataSetnotshownhere. parentCol=[Link]["Customers"].Columns["CustID"] childCol=[Link]["Orders"].Columns["CustID"] //CreateDataRelation. DataRelationrelCustOrder relCustOrder=newDataRelation("CustomersOrders",parentCol,childCol) //AddtherelationtotheDataSet. [Link](relCustOrder) } 219. DifferencebetweenOLEDBProviderandSqlClient? Ans:[Link]/sqlservercombination [Link]'sfasterthanthe Oracleprovider,[Link]'sfaster becauseitaccessesthenativelibrary(whichautomaticallygivesyoubetter performance),anditwaswrittenwithlotsofhelpfromtheSQLServerteam. 220. Whatarethedifferentnamespacesusedintheprojecttoconnectthe database?[Link]? [Link] [Link] OLEDBdatasource,executecommandsagainstthesource,andreadthe results. [Link] ProviderforSQLServer,whichallowsyoutoconnecttoSQLServer7.0,execute commands,[Link] [Link],butisoptimizedforaccesstoSQL Server7.0andlater. [Link] [Link] space. [Link] [Link] themanagedspace. 221. DifferencebetweenDataReaderandDataAdapter/DataSetand DataAdapter? [Link],forwardonlystreamof [Link] reducesystemoverheadbecauseonlyonerowatatimeiseverinmemory. AftercreatinganinstanceoftheCommandobject,youcreateaDataReaderby

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[Link],asshownin thefollowingexample. SqlDataReadermyReader=[Link]() YouusetheReadmethodoftheDataReaderobjecttoobtainarowfromtheresults ofthequery. while([Link]()) [Link]("\t{0}\t{1}",myReader.GetInt32(0),[Link](1)) [Link]() TheDataSetisamemoryresidentrepresentationofdatathatprovidesaconsistent [Link] multipleanddifferingdatasources,usedwithXMLdata,orusedtomanagedatalocal [Link] tables,constraints,[Link] [Link] alsopersistandreloaditscontentsasXMLanditsschemaasXMLSchemadefinition language(XSD)schema. TheDataAdapterservesasabridgebetweenaDataSetandadatasourceforretrieving [Link],whichchanges thedataintheDataSettomatchthedatainthedatasource,andUpdate,which [Link] connectingtoaMicrosoftSQLServerdatabase,youcanincreaseoverallperformance byusingtheSqlDataAdapteralongwithitsassociatedSqlCommandandSqlConnection. ForotherOLEDBsupporteddatabases,usetheDataAdapterwithitsassociated OleDbCommandandOleDbConnectionobjects. 222. WhichmethoddoyouinvokeontheDataAdaptercontroltoloadyour generateddatasetwithdata? Fill() 223. ExplaindifferentmethodsandPropertiesofDataReaderwhichyouhave usedinyourproject? Read GetString GetInt32 while([Link]()) [Link]("\t{0}\t{1}",myReader.GetInt32(0),[Link](1)) [Link]() 224. [Link]? ReadsXMLschemaanddataintotheDataSet. 225. Inhowmanywayswecanretrievetablerecordscount?Howtofindthe countofrecordsinadataset? foreach([Link]){ //Foreachrow,printthevaluesofeachcolumn. foreach([Link]){ 226. Howtocheckifadatareaderisclosedoropened? IsClosed() 227. [Link] recordisalreadydeletedinSQLSERVERasbackend? ORWhatisconcurrency?Howwillyouavoidconcurrencywhendealingwith dataset?(Oneuserdeletedonerowafterthatanotheruserthroughhis [Link]?Howwillyouavoid theproblem?) ** 228. Howdoyoumerge2datasetsintothethirddatasetinasimplemanner? ORIfyouareexecutingthesestatementsincommandObject."Select*from Table1Select*fromTable2howyouwilldealresultset? ** 229. Howdoyousortadataset? **

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230. Ifadatasetcontains100rows,howtofetchrowsbetween5and15 only? ** 231. [Link]? CloneCopiesthestructureoftheDataSet,includingallDataTableschemas,relations, [Link]. CopyCopiesboththestructureanddataforthisDataSet. 232. Whatistheuseofparameterobject? ** 233. HowtogenerateXMLfromadatasetandviceversa? ** 234. WhatismethodtogetXMLandschemafromDataset? ans:getXML()andgetSchema() 235. Howdouimplementlockingconceptfordataset? ** ([Link]) 236. [Link]? CodeRenderBlock CodeDeclarationBlock Compiled Request/Response EventDriven ObjectOriented Constructors/Destructors, Inheritance,overloading.. ExceptionHandlingTry,Catch, Finally DownlevelSupport Cultures UserControls Inbuiltclientsidevalidation Itcanspanacrossservers,Itcan Sessionweren'ttransferableacross surviveservercrashes,canworkwith servers browsersthatdon'tsupportcookies itsanintegralpartofOSunderthe .[Link] builtontopofthewindow&IIS,it thesameobjectsthattraditional wasalwaysaseparateentity&its applicationswoulduse,[Link] functionalitywaslimited. [Link]'s consumption. GarbageCollection Declarevariablewithdatatype Inbuiltgraphicssupport Cultures

237. [Link]?[Link] cycle? ** 238. [Link]?ControlExecutionLifecycle? Phase Initialize Whatacontrolneedstodo Methodoreventtooverride

InitializesettingsneededduringtheInitevent(OnInitmethod) lifetimeoftheincomingWeb request. Attheendofthisphase,the LoadViewStatemethod ViewStatepropertyofacontrolis

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Loadview state

automaticallypopulatedas describedinMaintainingStateina [Link] defaultimplementationofthe LoadViewStatemethodto customizestaterestoration. Process Processincomingformdataand postbackdata updatepropertiesaccordingly. Load LoadPostDatamethod(if IPostBackDataHandleris implemented)

Performactionscommontoall Loadevent requests,suchassettingupa [Link], (OnLoadmethod) servercontrolsinthetreeare createdandinitialized,thestateis restored,andformcontrolsreflect clientsidedata.

Sendpostback Raisechangeeventsinresponseto RaisePostDataChangedEvent change statechangesbetweenthecurrent method(if notifications andpreviouspostbacks. IPostBackDataHandleris implemented) Handle postback events Prerender Handletheclientsideeventthat causedthepostbackandraise appropriateeventsontheserver. RaisePostBackEventmethod(if IPostBackEventHandleris implemented)

Performanyupdatesbeforethe PreRenderevent [Link] (OnPreRendermethod) madetothestateofthecontrolin theprerenderphasecanbesaved, whilechangesmadeinthe renderingphasearelost. TheViewStatepropertyofa SaveViewStatemethod controlisautomaticallypersistedto [Link] stringobjectissenttotheclient [Link] improvingefficiency,acontrolcan overridetheSaveViewState methodtomodifytheViewState property. Generateoutputtoberenderedto Rendermethod theclient. Performanyfinalcleanupbefore Disposemethod thecontrolistorndown. Referencestoexpensiveresources suchasdatabaseconnectionsmust bereleasedinthisphase. Performanyfinalcleanupbefore UnLoadevent(OnUnLoad [Link] method) authorsgenerallyperformcleanup inDisposeanddonothandlethis event.

Savestate

Render Dispose

Unload

239. Note TooverrideanEventNameevent,overridetheOnEventNamemethod ([Link]). 240. Whatareservercontrols? [Link]

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[Link] [Link]. 241. WhatisthedifferencebetweenWebUserControlandWebCustom Control? CustomControls Webcustomcontrolsarecompiledcomponentsthatrunontheserverandthat [Link] [Link],including fullsupportforVisualStudiodesignfeaturessuchasthePropertieswindow,thevisual designer,andtheToolbox. ThereareseveralwaysthatyoucancreateWebcustomcontrols: Youcancompileacontrolthatcombinesthefunctionalityoftwoormore [Link],ifyouneedacontrolthatencapsulatesabutton andatextbox,youcancreateitbycompilingtheexistingcontrolstogether. Ifanexistingservercontrolalmostmeetsyourrequirementsbutlackssome requiredfeatures,youcancustomizethecontrolbyderivingfromitand overridingitsproperties,methods,andevents. IfnoneoftheexistingWebservercontrols(ortheircombinations)meetyour requirements,youcancreateacustomcontrolbyderivingfromoneofthebase [Link] controls,soyoucanfocusonprogrammingthefeaturesyouneed. [Link] applications,youcancreateeitheraWebusercontroloraWebcustomcontrolthat [Link] [Link]. Webusercontrolsareeasytomake,buttheycanbelessconvenienttousein [Link] [Link],usercontrolscanbecreatedinthe visualdesigner,theycanbewrittenwithcodeseparatedfromtheHTML,andtheycan [Link],becauseWebusercontrolsarecompiled dynamicallyatruntimetheycannotbeaddedtotheToolbox,andtheyarerepresented [Link] [Link], [Link],theonlywaytoshare theusercontrolbetweenapplicationsistoputaseparatecopyineachapplication, whichtakesmoremaintenanceifyoumakechangestothecontrol. Webcustomcontrolsarecompiledcode,whichmakesthemeasiertousebutmore [Link] createdthecontrol,however,youcanaddittotheToolboxanddisplayitinavisual designerwithfullPropertieswindowsupportandalltheotherdesigntimefeaturesof [Link],youcaninstallasinglecopyoftheWebcustom controlintheglobalassemblycacheandshareitbetweenapplications,whichmakes maintenanceeasier. Webusercontrols Webcustomcontrols Easiertocreate Hardertocreate Limitedsupportforconsumerswhousea Fullvisualdesigntoolsupportforconsumers visualdesigntool Aseparatecopyofthecontrolisrequired Onlyasinglecopyofthecontrolisrequired, ineachapplication intheglobalassemblycache CannotbeaddedtotheToolboxinVisual CanbeaddedtotheToolboxinVisualStudio Studio Goodforstaticlayout Goodfordynamiclayout

(Session/State)

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242. ApplicationandSessionEvents [Link] raisedwhenyourapplicationstartsorstopsorwhenanindividualuser'ssessionstarts orstops: [Link], Application_BeginRequestisraisedwhenanyWebFormspageorXMLWeb [Link] [Link] event,Application_EndRequest,providesyouwithanopportunitytocloseor otherwisedisposeofresourcesusedfortherequest. Sessioneventsaresimilartoapplicationevents(thereisaSession_OnStart andaSession_OnEndevent),butareraisedwitheachuniquesessionwithin [Link] fromyourapplicationandendseitherwhenyourapplicationexplicitlyclosesthe sessionorwhenthesessiontimesout. [Link]. 243. [Link]? [Link]&itcanspanacrossmultipleservers. 244. Whatiscookielesssession?Howitworks? Bydefault,[Link] request,[Link],asessioncanbetrackedby [Link]: <sessionStatecookieless="true"/> [Link] 245. Howyouwillhandlesessionwhendeployingapplicationinmorethana server?Describesessionhandlinginawebfarm,howdoesitworkandwhat arethelimits? Bydefault,[Link] request,[Link],[Link] process,[Link]: [Link],eitherusingtheServicessnapinorby executing"netstartaspnet_state"[Link] [Link],modifytheregistrykeyfor theservice: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\aspnet_state\Para meters\Port Setthemodeattributeofthe<sessionState>sectionto"StateServer". ConfigurethestateConnectionStringattributewiththevaluesofthemachine onwhichyoustartedaspnet_state. Thefollowingsampleassumesthatthestateserviceisrunningonthesamemachineas theWebserver("localhost")andusesthedefaultport(42424): <sessionStatemode="StateServer"stateConnectionString="tcpip=localhost:42424"/> Notethatifyoutrythesampleabovewiththissetting,youcanresettheWebserver (enteriisresetonthecommandline)andthesessionstatevaluewillpersist. ** 246. Whatmethoddoyouusetoexplicitlykillauserssession? Abandon() 247. Whatarethedifferentwaysyouwouldconsidersendingdataacross pagesinASP([Link])? Session publicproperties 248. [Link] [Link]?Whatisviewstate? [Link]
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programming,thiswouldordinarilymeanthatallinformationassociatedwiththepage andthecontrolsonthepagewouldbelostwitheachroundtrip. ToovercomethisinherentlimitationoftraditionalWebprogramming,[Link] pageframeworkincludesvariousoptionstohelpyoupreservechangesthatis,for [Link] automaticallypreservespropertyvaluesofthepageandallthecontrolsonitbetween roundtrips. However,youwillprobablyalsohaveapplicationspecificvaluesthatyouwantto [Link],youcanuseoneofthestatemanagementoptions. ClientBasedStateManagementOptions: ViewState HiddenFormFields Cookies QueryStrings ServerBasedStateManagementOptions ApplicationState SessionState DatabaseSupport 249. Whatarethedisadvantagesofviewstate/whatarethebenefits? Automaticviewstatemanagementisafeatureofservercontrolsthatenablesthemto repopulatetheirpropertyvaluesonaroundtrip(withoutyouhavingtowriteany code).Thisfeaturedoesimpactperformance,however,sinceaservercontrol'sview [Link] whenviewstatehelpsyouandwhenithindersyourpage'sperformance. 250. WhenmaintainingsessionthroughSqlserver,whatistheimpactof ReadandWriteoperationonSessionobjects?willperformancedegrade? Maintainingstateusingdatabasetechnologyisacommonpracticewhenstoringuser [Link] particularlyusefulformaintaininglongtermstateorstatethatmustbepreservedeven iftheservermustberestarted. ** 251. Whatarethecontentsofcookie? ** 252. Howdoyoucreateapermanentcookie? ** 253. WhatisViewState?Whatdoesthe"EnableViewState"propertydo?Why wouldIwantitonoroff? ** 254. ExplainthedifferencesbetweenServersideandClientsidecode? Serversidecodewillprocessatserverside&[Link] code(javascript)willexecuteonlyatclientside. 255. Canyougiveanexampleofwhatmightbebestsuitedtoplaceinthe Application_StartandSession_Startsubroutines? **

256. [Link] [Link]? A: [Link] thesite,applicationorsubdirectorylevelonthesharedhosting platform. Certainoptionscanaffectthesecurity,performanceand stabilityoftheserverand,thereforecannotbechanged. Thefollowing [Link] file(s): browserCaps clientTarget pages customErrors globalization
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authorization authentication webControls webServices [Link] us/cpguide/html/[Link]

257. [Link]? 258. [Link]? 259. [Link]? 260. [Link]? 261. Variousstepstakentooptimizeawebbasedapplication(caching, storedprocedureetc.) 262. [Link] events. (Security) 263. SecuritytypesinASP/[Link]?DifferentAuthenticationmodes? 264. [Link]? 265. [Link]? 266. [Link]? 267. [Link]? 268. WhatisRoleBasedsecurity? Aroleisanamedsetofprincipalsthathavethesameprivilegeswithrespectto security(suchasatelleroramanager).Aprincipalcanbeamemberofoneormore [Link],applicationscanuserolemembershiptodeterminewhethera principalisauthorizedtoperformarequestedaction. ** 269. Howwillyoudowindowsauthenticationandwhatisthenamespace?If auserisloggedunderintegratedwindowsauthenticationmode,butheisstill notabletologon,whatmightbethepossiblecauseforthis?[Link] applicationhowdoyoufindthenameoftheloggedinpersonunderwindows authentication? 270. [Link]? 271. <authenticationmode="Windows|Forms|Passport|None"> 272. <formsname="name" 273. loginUrl="url" 274. protection="All|None|Encryption|Validation" 275. timeout="30"path="/"> 276. requireSSL="true|false" 277. slidingExpiration="true|false"> 278. <credentialspasswordFormat="Clear|SHA1|MD5"> 279. <username="username"password="password"/> 280. </credentials> 281. </forms> 282. <passportredirectUrl="internal"/> </authentication> Attribute Option Description mode Controlsthedefaultauthenticationmodeforanapplication. WindowsSpecifiesWindowsauthenticationasthedefaultauthentication [Link] InformationServices(IIS)authentication:Basic,Digest, IntegratedWindowsauthentication(NTLM/Kerberos),or certificates. Forms [Link] authenticationmode.

Passport SpecifiesMicrosoftPassportauthenticationasthedefault

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authenticationmode. None [Link] orapplicationscanhandleeventstoprovidetheirown authentication.

283. HowdoyouspecifywhetheryourdatashouldbepassedasQuerystring andForms(MainlyaboutPOSTandGET) Throughattributetagofformtag. 284. Whatistheothermethod,otherthanGETandPOST,[Link]? 285. Whatarevalidator?[Link]?Howdou disablethem?[Link]?How [Link]?Howtodisablevalidatorcontrolby clientsideJavaScript? [Link] [Link] [Link],the validationcontrolscanalsoperformvalidation("EnableClientScript"propertysetto true/false)usingclientscript. [Link]: RequiredFieldValidatorControl,CompareValidatorControl,RangeValidatorControl, RegularExpressionValidatorControl,CustomValidatorControl,ValidationSummary Control. 286. Whichtwopropertiesarethereoneveryvalidationcontrol? ControlToValidate,ErrorMessage 287. [Link]? Withinthe<HEAD>sectionofanHTMLdocumentthatwillusethesestyles,addalink tothisexternalCSSstylesheetthat followsthisform: <LINKREL="STYLESHEET"TYPE="text/css"HREF="[Link]"> [Link]. 288. Howdoyouimplementpostbackwithatextbox?Whatispostbackand usestate? MakeAutoPostBackpropertytotrue 289. HowcanyoudebuganASPpage,withouttouchingthecode? 290. WhatisSQLinjection? AnSQLinjectionattack"injects"ormanipulatesSQLcodebyaddingunexpectedSQL toaquery. Manywebpagestakeparametersfromwebuser,andmakeSQLquerytothe [Link],webpagethatusernameandpassword andmakeSQLquerytothedatabasetocheckifauserhasvalidnameandpassword. Username:'or1=1 Password:[Empty] Thiswouldexecutethefollowingqueryagainsttheuserstable: selectcount(*)fromuserswhereuserName=''or1=1'anduserPass='' 291. [Link]? 292. [Link]? 293. [Link]? A:[Link]() [C#] ExceptionLastError StringErrMessage LastError=[Link]() if(LastError!=null) ErrMessage=[Link] else ErrMessage="NoErrors" [Link]("LastError="+ErrMessage)

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294. HowtodoCachinginASP?
A:<%@OutputCacheDuration="60"VaryByParam="None"%> VaryByParam Description value none Oneversionofpagecached(onlyrawGET) nversionsofpagecachedbasedonquerystringand/or * POSTbody nversionsofpagecachedbasedonvalueofv1variable v1 inquerystringorPOSTbody nversionsofpagecachedbasedonvalueofv1andv2 v1v2 variablesinquerystringorPOSTbody 295. <%@OutputCacheDuration="60"VaryByParam="none"%> <%@OutputCacheDuration="60"VaryByParam="*"%> <%@OutputCacheDuration="60"VaryByParam="nameage"%> TheOutputCachedirectivesupportsseveralothercachevaryingoptions VaryByHeadermaintainseparatecacheentryforheaderstringchanges (UserAgent,UserLanguage,etc.) VaryByControlforusercontrols,maintainseparatecacheentryforproperties ofausercontrol VaryByCustomcanspecifyseparatecacheentriesforbrowsertypesand versionorprovideacustomGetVaryByCustomStringmethodin HttpApplicationderivedclass 296. WhatistheGlobalASA(X)File? 297. AnyalternativetoavoidnamecollisionsotherthenNamespaces. AscenariothattwonamespacesnamedN1andN2aretherebothhavingthesame [Link] usingN1usingN2 [Link]? Ans:usingalias Eg:usingMyAlias=[Link] 298. WhichisthenamespaceusedtowriteerrormessageineventLogFile? 299. Whatarethepageleveltransactionandclassleveltransaction? 300. Whataredifferenttransactionoptions? 301. Whatisthenamespaceforencryption? 302. Whatisthedifferencebetweenapplicationandcachevariables? 303. Whatisthedifferencebetweencontrolandcomponent? 304. Youvedefinedonepage_loadeventinaspxpageandsamepage_load eventincodebehindhowwillprogrun? 305. WherewouldyouuseanIHttpModule,andwhatarethelimitationsof anyapproachyoumighttakeinimplementingone? 306. CanyoueditdataintheRepeatercontrol?Whichtemplatemustyouprovide,in ordertodisplaydatainaRepeatercontrol?Howcanyouprovideanalternatingcolor schemeinaRepeatercontrol?Whatpropertymustyouset,andwhatmethodmustyou callinyourcode,inordertobindthedatafromsomedatasourcetotheRepeater control? 307. [Link]?[Link] [Link]? [Link] [Link] [Link] directoryitislocatedinandtoall [Link] ormodifysettingsspecifiedin [Link] WinNT\[Link]\Framework\<version>\config\[Link] [Link]
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[Link] filestoensurethattheirvaluescannotbecomepublic(attemptstoaccessthemwill causeASP.NETtoreturn403:Access Forbidden). [Link] auniquecollectionofsettingsfor eachincomingURLtargetrequest(thesesettingsarecalculatedonlyonceandthen [Link] automaticallywatchesforfilechangesandwillinvalidatethecacheifanyofthe configurationfileschange). [Link] 308. [Link]? Configuringsessionstate:Sessionstatefeaturescanbeconfiguredviathe <sessionState>[Link].Todoublethedefaulttimeoutof20 minutes,[Link]: <sessionState timeout="40" /> 309. [Link] file? Off Inproc StateServer SQLServer Indicatesthatsessionstateisnotenabled. Indicatesthatsessionstateisstoredlocally. Indicatesthatsessionstateisstoredonaremoteserver. IndicatesthatsessionstateisstoredontheSQLServer.

310. Whatissmartnavigation? WhenapageisrequestedbyanInternetExplorer5browser,orlater,smartnavigation enhancestheuser'sexperienceofthepagebyperformingthefollowing: eliminatingtheflashcausedbynavigation. persistingthescrollpositionwhenmovingfrompagetopage. persistingelementfocusbetweennavigations. retainingonlythelastpagestateinthebrowser'shistory. [Link] [Link] whendecidingwhethertosetthispropertytotrue. SettheSmartNavigationattributetotrueinthe@[Link]. Whenthepageisrequested,thedynamicallygeneratedclasssetsthisproperty. 311. [Link] itimportanttoundertsandtheseevents? 312. [Link] wouldyouevendothis? 313. Whattagsdoyouneedtoaddwithintheasp:datagridtagstobind columnsmanually 314. WhatbaseclassdoallWebFormsinheritfrom? [Link] 315. [Link]? 316. Isitpossibleformetochangemyaspxfileextensiontosomeother name? Yes. OpenIIS>DefaultWebsite>Properties SelectHomeDirectorytab Clickonconfigurationbutton Clickonadd.Enteraspnet_isapidetails (C:\WINDOWS\[Link]\Framework\v1.0.3705\aspnet_isapi.dll | GET,HEAD,POST,DEBUG)

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[Link](C:\WINDOWS\[Link]\Framework\v1.0.3705\CONFIG)& addnewextensionunder<httpHandlers>tag <addverb="*"path="*.santhosh"type="[Link]"/> 317. WhatisAutoEventWireupattributefor? (WEBSERVICE&REMOTING) 318. WhatisaWebServiceandwhatistheunderlyingprotocolusedin it?WhyWebServices? [Link] [Link] XMLbasedprotocols,messages,andinterfacedescriptionsforcommunicationand [Link] [Link] overHTTPisthemostcommonlyusedprotocolforinvokingWebservices. TherearethreemainusesofWebservices. 1. ApplicationintegrationWebserviceswithinanintranetarecommonlyusedto [Link],a .NETclientrunningonWindows2000caneasilyinvokeaJavaWebservice runningonamainframeorUnixmachinetoretrievedatafromalegacy application. 2. BusinessintegrationWebservicesallowtradingpartnerstoengageine [Link] [Link] businesswithWebservicesmeansalowbarriertoentrybecauseWebservices canbeaddedtoexistingapplicationsrunningonanyplatformwithoutchanging legacycode. 3. CommercialWebservicesfocusonsellingcontentandbusinessservicesto [Link], commercialWebservicestargetapplicationsnothumansastheirdirectusers. ContinentalAirlinesexposesflightschedulesandstatusWebservicesfortravel [Link],commercial [Link] wouldbeverydifficulttogetcustomerstopayyouforusingaWebservicethat createsbusinesschartswiththecustomers?[Link] achartingcomponent([Link])andinstallitonthesame [Link],itmakessensetosellrealtime [Link] addvaluetoyourservicesandexplorenewmarkets,butultimatelycustomers payforcontentsand/orbusinessservices,notfortechnology 1. AreWebServicesareplacementforotherdistributedcomputingplatforms? [Link]. 2. InaWebservice,[Link] DataSetisbestchoice? A:WebServicewillsupportonlyDataSet. 3. HowtogenerateWebServiceproxy?WhatisSOAP,WSDL,UDDIandthe conceptbehindWebServices?WhatarevariouscomponentsofWSDL?What [Link]? SOAPisanXMLbasedmessagingframeworkspecificallydesignedforexchanging formatteddataacrosstheInternet,forexampleusingrequestandreplymessagesor [Link],easytouse,andcompletelyneutralwith respecttooperatingsystem,programminglanguage,ordistributedcomputing platform. AfterSOAPbecameavailableasamechanismforexchangingXMLmessagesamong enterprises(oramongdisparateapplicationswithinthesameenterprise),abetterway [Link] DescriptionLanguage(WSDL)isaparticularformofanXMLSchema,developedby MicrosoftandIBMforthepurposeofdefiningtheXMLmessage,operation,and
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[Link] defineswebservicesintermsof"endpoints"[Link] syntaxallowsboththemessagesandtheoperationsonthemessagestobedefined abstractly,[Link] WSDLspecdescribeshowtomapmessagesandoperationstoSOAP1.1,HTTP GET/POST,[Link] [Link] messagecanbemappedtomultipleoperations(orservices)andboundtooneormore communicationsprotocols(using"ports"). TheUniversalDescription,Discovery,andIntegration(UDDI)frameworkdefinesadata model(inXML)andSOAPAPIsforregistrationandsearchesonbusinessinformation, [Link] consortiumofvendors,foundedbyMicrosoft,IBM,andAriba,forthepurposeof developinganInternetstandardforwebservicedescriptionregistrationanddiscovery. Microsoft,IBM,andAribaalsoarehostingtheinitialdeploymentofaUDDIservice, whichisconceptuallypatternedafterDNS(theInternetservicethattranslatesURLs intoTCPaddresses).UDDIusesaprivateagreementprofileofSOAP([Link]'t usetheSOAPserializationformatbecauseit'snotwellsuitedtopassingcompleteXML documents(it'saimedatRPCstyleinteractions).Themainideaisthatbusinessesuse theSOAPAPIstoregisterthemselveswithUDDI,andotherbusinessessearchUDDI whentheywanttodiscoveratradingpartner,forexamplesomeonefromwhomthey wishtoprocuresheetmetal,bolts,[Link] categorizedaccordingtoindustrytypeandgeographicallocation,allowingUDDI consumerstosearchthroughlistsofpotentiallymatchingbusinessestofindthespecific [Link],anothercalltoUDDIis [Link] informationincludesapointertothetargetbusiness'sWSDLorotherXMLschemafile describingthewebservicethatthetargetbusinesspublishes. 4. [Link]? ToaccessanXMLWebservicefromaclientapplication,youfirstaddaWebreference, [Link],Visual StudiocreatesanXMLWebserviceproxyclassautomaticallyandaddsittoyour [Link] marshallingofappropriateargumentsbackandforthbetweentheXMLWebserviceand [Link](WSDL)to createtheproxy. TogenerateanXMLWebserviceproxyclass: Fromacommandprompt,[Link],specifying(ata minimum)theURLtoanXMLWebserviceoraservicedescription,orthepath toasavedservicedescription. Wsdl/language:language /protocol:protocol/namespace:myNameSpace /out:filename /username:username/password:password/domain:domain<urlorpath> 1. Whatisaproxyinwebservice?HowdoIuseaproxyserverwheninvokinga Webservice? 2. 3. 4. 5. asynchronouswebservicemeans? Whataretheeventsfiredwhenwebservicecalled? HowwilldotransactioninWebServices? HowdoesSOAPtransporthappenandwhatistheroleofHTTPinit?Howyou canaccessawebserviceusingsoap? 6. Whatarethedifferentformatterscanbeusedinboth?Why?..binary/soap 7. Howyouwillprotect/secureawebservice? Forthemostpart,thingsthatyoudotosecureaWebsitecanbeusedtosecureaWeb [Link],youuseSecureSocketsLayer(SSL) [Link],useHTTPBasic orDigestauthenticationwithMicrosoftWindowsintegrationtofigureoutwhothe

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calleris. theseitemscannot: ParseaSOAPrequestforvalidvalues AuthenticateaccessattheWebMethodlevel(theycanauthenticateattheWeb Servicelevel) Stopreadingarequestassoonasitisrecognizedasinvalid [Link] us/cpguide/html/[Link] 8. Howwillyouexpose/publishawebservice? 9. Whatisdiscofile? 10. Whatstheattributeforwebservicemethod?Whatisthenamespacefor creatingwebservice? [WebMethod] [Link] [Link] 11. WhatisRemoting? Theprocessofcommunicationbetweendifferentoperatingsystemprocesses, [Link] architecturedesignedtosimplifycommunicationbetweenobjectslivingindifferent applicationdomains,whetheronthesamecomputerornot,andbetweendifferent contexts,whetherinthesameapplicationdomainornot. 12. Differencebetweenwebservices&remoting? [Link] Protocol State Management .NETRemoting

Canbeaccessedoveranyprotocol CanbeaccessedonlyoverHTTP (includingTCP,HTTP,SMTPandso on) Providesupportforbothstatefuland Webservicesworkinastateless statelessenvironmentsthrough environment SingletonandSingleCallobjects Webservicessupportonlythe datatypesdefinedintheXSD typesystem,limitingthe numberofobjectsthatcanbe serialized. Usingbinarycommunication,.NET Remotingcanprovidesupportfor richtypesystem .NETremotingrequirestheclientbe [Link],enforcing homogenousenvironment. CanalsotakeadvantageofIISfor [Link], applicationneedstoprovide plumbingforensuringthereliability oftheapplication.

TypeSystem

Webservicessupport interoperabilityacross Interoperability platforms,andareidealfor heterogeneousenvironments. Highlyreliableduetothefact thatWebservicesarealways hostedinIIS

Reliability

Extensibility

Providesextensibilityby allowingustointerceptthe Veryextensiblebyallowingusto SOAPmessagesduringthe customizethedifferentcomponents serializationanddeserialization [Link]. stages. Easytocreateanddeploy. Complextoprogram.

Easeof Programming

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13. [Link] crossprocesscommunication,eachisdesignedtobenefitadifferenttargetaudience. [Link]..NET Remotingprovidesamorecomplexprogrammingmodelandhasamuchnarrower reach. Asexplainedbefore,theclearperformanceadvantageprovidedbyTCPChannel remotingshouldmakeyouthinkaboutusingthischannelwheneveryoucanaffordto [Link] [Link],[Link] goingtogocrossplatformoryouhavetherequirementofsupportingSOAPviaHTTP, [Link]. [Link] [Link] understandhowbothtechnologiesworkandthenchoosetheonethatisrightforyour [Link] networks,[Link] [Link], .[Link],useWebserviceswhenyouneedtosend andreceivedatafromdifferentcomputingplatforms,[Link] [Link],you [Link] takeadvantageofthebestofbothworlds. [Link] serializedataintomessagesandtheformattheychooseformetadata. [Link] [Link]. .NET [Link] [Link] assembliesformetadata. 14. CanyoupassSOAPmessagesthroughremoting? 15. CAOandSAO. ClientActivatedobjectsarethoseremoteobjectswhoseLifetimeisdirectlyControlled [Link],nottheclienthas completecontroloverthelifetimeoftheobjects. Clientactivatedobjectsareinstantiatedontheserverassoonastheclientrequestthe [Link] firstmethodiscalledontheobject.(InSAOtheobjectisinstantiatedwhentheclient callsthemethodontheobject) 16. singletonandsinglecall. [Link] exists,allclientrequestsareservicedbythatinstance. [Link] invocationwillbeservicedbyadifferentserverinstance,evenifthepreviousinstance hasnotyetbeenrecycledbythesystem. 17. WhatisAsynchronousWebServices? 18. WebClientclassanditsmethods? 19. Flowofremoting? 20. Whatistheuseoftraceutility? UsingtheSOAPTraceUtility TheMicrosoftSimpleObjectAccessProtocol(SOAP)Toolkit2.0includesaTCP/IP traceutility,[Link] byHTTPbetweenaSOAPclientandaserviceontheserver. UsingtheTraceUtilityontheServer Toseeallofaservice'smessagesreceivedfromandsenttoallclients,performthe followingstepsontheserver. 1. Ontheserver,opentheWebServicesDescriptionLanguage(WSDL)file. 2. IntheWSDLfile,locatethe<soap:address>elementthatcorrespondstothe [Link]
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example,ifthelocationattributespecifies <[Link] <[Link] 3. [Link]. 4. OntheFilemenu,pointtoNew,andeitherclickFormattedTrace(ifyou don'twanttoseeHTTPheaders)orclickUnformattedTrace(ifyoudowantto seeHTTPheaders). 5. IntheTraceSetupdialogbox,clickOKtoacceptthedefaultvalues. UsingtheTraceUtilityontheClient Toseeallmessagessenttoandreceivedfromaservice,dothefollowingstepsonthe client. 6. CopytheWSDLfilefromtheservertotheclient. 7. Modifylocationattributeofthe<soap:address>elementinthelocalcopyofthe WSDLdocumenttodirecttheclienttolocalhost:8080andmakeanoteofthe [Link],iftheWSDLcontains <[Link] <[Link] 8. Ontheclient,[Link]. 9. OntheFilemenu,pointtoNew,andeitherclickFormattedTrace(ifyou don'twanttoseeHTTPheaders)orclickUnformattedTrace(ifyoudowantto seeHTTPheaders). 10. IntheDestinationhostbox,enterthehostspecifiedinStep2. 11. IntheDestinationportbox,entertheportspecifiedinStep2. 12. ClickOK.

(XML) 1. 2. 3. 4. Explaintheconceptofdataisland? HowtouseXMLDOMmodelonclientsideusingJavaScript. WhatarethewaystocreateatreeviewcontrolusingXML,XSL&JavaScript? QuestionsonXPathNavigator,[Link] Namespace? 5. WhatisUseofTemplateinXSL? 6. WhatisWellFormedXMLandValidXML 7. HowyouwilldoSubStringinXSL 8. CanwedosortinginXSL?howdoyoudealsortingcolumnsdynamicallyin XML. 9. WhatisAsyncpropertyofXMLMeans? 10. WhatisXPathQuery? 11. DifferenceBetweenElementandNode. 12. WhatisCDATASection. 13. DOM&SAXparsersexplanationanddifference 14. WhatisGetElementbynamemethodwilldo? 15. Whatisselectnodemethodwillgive? 16. Whatisvalidxmldocument?Whatawellformedxmldocument? 17. WhatistheDifferencebetweenXmlDocumentandXmlDataDocument? 18. ExplainwhataDiffGramis,andagooduseforone? ADiffGramisanXMLformatthatisusedtoidentifycurrentandoriginalversionsof [Link],the DiffGramformatisimplicitlyused. TheDataSetusestheDiffGramformattoloadandpersistitscontents,andtoserialize [Link] DiffGram,itpopulatestheDiffGramwithallthenecessaryinformationtoaccurately recreatethecontents,thoughnottheschema,oftheDataSet,includingcolumnvalues fromboththeOriginalandCurrentrowversions,rowerrorinformation,androw order.
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DiffGramFormat TheDiffGramformatisdividedintothreesections:thecurrentdata,theoriginal(or "before")data,andanerrorssection,asshowninthefollowingexample. <?xmlversion="1.0"?> <diffgr:diffgram xmlns:msdata="urn:schemasmicrosoftcom:xmlmsdata" xmlns:diffgr="urn:schemasmicrosoftcom:xmldiffgramv1" xmlns:xsd="[Link] <DataInstance> </DataInstance> <diffgr:before> </diffgr:before> <diffgr:errors> </diffgr:errors> </diffgr:diffgram> TheDiffGramformatconsistsofthefollowingblocksofdata: <DataInstance> Thenameofthiselement,DataInstance,isusedforexplanationpurposesinthis [Link] [Link],theelementwouldcontainthenameofthe [Link], [Link],orrow,thathasbeenmodifiedis identifiedwiththediffgr:hasChangesannotation. <diffgr:before> [Link] thisblockarematchedtoelementsintheDataInstanceblockusingthediffgr:id annotation. <diffgr:errors> ThisblockoftheDiffGramformatcontainserrorinformationforaparticularrowinthe [Link] DataInstanceblockusingthediffgr:idannotation. 19. IfIreplacemySqlserverwithXMLfilesandhowabouthandlingthesame? 20. WritesyntaxtoserializeclassusingXMLSerializer? (IIS) 21. InwhichprocessdoesIISruns(wasaskingabouttheEXEfile) [Link],[Link] otherthings. [Link]([Link] extension),theISAPIfilteraspnet_isapi.dlltakescareofitbypassingtherequestto theactualworkerprocessaspnet_wp.exe. 22. WherearetheIISlogfilesstored? C:\WINDOWS\system32\Logfiles\W3SVC1 OR c:\winnt\system32\LogFiles\W3SVC1 23. WhatarethedifferentIISauthenticationmodesinIIS5.0andExplain? Differencebetweenbasicanddigestauthenticationmodes? IISprovidesavarietyofauthenticationschemes: Anonymous(enabledbydefault) Basic Digest IntegratedWindowsauthentication(enabledbydefault) ClientCertificateMapping
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Anonymous AnonymousauthenticationgivesusersaccesstothepublicareasofyourWebsite [Link] authenticationscheme,itisnottechnicallyperforminganyclientauthentication [Link],IISprovides storedcredentialstoWindowsusingaspecialuseraccount,IUSR_machinename.By default,[Link] [Link] password,asubauthenticationDLL([Link])authenticatestheuserusinganetwork [Link] informWindowsthatthepasswordisvalid,[Link], [Link] password,IIScallstheLogonUser()APIinWindowsandprovidestheaccountname, [Link],IIS [Link] possiblefortheanonymoususertoaccessnetworkresources,whereasanetworklogon doesnot. BasicAuthentication IISBasicauthenticationasanimplementationofthebasicauthenticationschemefound insection11oftheHTTP1.0specification. Asthespecificationmakesclear,thismethodis,inandofitself,[Link] reasonisthatBasicauthenticationassumesatrustedconnectionbetweenclientand [Link],[Link] specifically,theyaretransmittedusingBase64encoding,whichistriviallyeasyto [Link] onitsown. [Link] alsoimposesnospecialrequirementsontheserversideuserscanauthenticate againstanyNTdomain,[Link] shelterthesecuritycredentialswhiletheyareintransmission,youhavean authenticationsolutionthatisbothhighlysecureandquiteflexible. DigestAuthentication [Link] authentication,thisisanimplementationofatechniquesuggestedbyWebstandards, namelyRFC2069(supercededbyRFC2617). Digestauthenticationalsousesachallenge/responsemodel,butitismuchmoresecure thanBasicauthentication(whenusedwithoutSSL).Itachievesthisgreatersecurity notbyencryptingthesecret(thepassword)beforesendingit,butratherbyfollowinga differentdesignpatternonethatdoesnotrequiretheclienttotransmitthepassword overthewireatall. Insteadofsendingthepassworditself,theclienttransmitsaonewaymessagedigest (achecksum)oftheuser'spassword,using(bydefault)[Link] thenfetchesthepasswordforthatuserfromaWindows2000DomainController, rerunsthechecksumalgorithmonit,[Link],the serverknowsthattheclientknowsthecorrectpassword,eventhoughthepassword itselfwasneversent.(IfyouhaveeverwonderedwhatthedefaultISAPIfilter"md5filt" thatisinstalledwithIIS5.0isusedfor,nowyouknow. IntegratedWindowsAuthentication IntegratedWindowsauthentication(formerlyknownasNTLMauthenticationand WindowsNTChallenge/Responseauthentication)canuseeitherNTLMorKerberosV5 authenticationandonlyworkswithInternetExplorer2.0andlater. WhenInternetExplorerattemptstoaccessaprotectedresource,IISsendstwoWWW Authenticateheaders,NegotiateandNTLM. IfInternetExplorerrecognizestheNegotiateheader,itwillchooseitbecauseit [Link],thebrowserwillreturninformationforboth [Link],IISwilluseKerberosifboththeclient (InternetExplorer5.0andlater)andserver(IIS5.0andlater)arerunning

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Windows2000andlater,andbotharemembersofthesamedomainortrusted [Link],theserverwilldefaulttousingNTLM. IfInternetExplorerdoesnotunderstandNegotiate,itwilluseNTLM.

So,whichmechanismisuseddependsuponanegotiationbetweenInternetExplorer andIIS. WhenusedinconjunctionwithKerberosv5authentication,IIScandelegatesecurity credentialsamongcomputersrunningWindows2000andlaterthataretrustedand [Link] thedelegateduser. IntegratedWindowsauthenticationisthebestauthenticationschemeinanintranet environmentwhereusershaveWindowsdomainaccounts,especiallywhenusing [Link],likedigestauthentication,doesnotpass theuser'[Link],ahashedvalueisexchanged. ClientCertificateMapping Acertificateisadigitallysignedstatementthatcontainsinformationaboutanentity andtheentity'spublickey,thusbindingthesetwopiecesofinformationtogether.A trustedorganization(orentity)calledaCertificationAuthority(CA)issuesacertificate [Link] [Link],anX.509certificateincludestheformatofthecertificate, theserialnumberofthecertificate,thealgorithmusedtosignthecertificate,thename oftheCAthatissuedthecertificate,thenameandpublickeyoftheentityrequesting thecertificate,andtheCA'ssignature.X.509clientcertificatessimplifyauthentication [Link] canverifyacertificatesimplybyexaminingthecertificate. [Link] us/vsent7/html/[Link] 1. HowtoconfigurethesitesinWebserver(IIS)? 2. AdvantagesinIIS6.0? [Link] [Link] dowsserver2003/proddocs/datacenter/gs_whatschanged.asp 3. IISIsolationLevels? InternetInformationServerintroducedthenotion"IsolationLevel",whichisalso presentinIIS4underadifferentname.IIS5supportsthreeisolationlevels,thatyou cansetfromtheHomeDirectorytabofthesite'sPropertiesdialog: Low(IISProcess):[Link],themainIISprocess, [Link],andisthe [Link],IIScrashesaswelland mustberestarted(IIS5hasareliablerestartfeaturethatautomaticallyrestarts aserverwhenafatalerroroccurs). Medium(Pooled):InthiscaseASPrunsinadifferentprocess,whichmakes thissettingmorereliable:ifASPcrashesIISwon'[Link] theMediumisolationlevelsharethesameprocess,soyoucanhaveawebsite runningwithjusttwoprocesses(IISandASPprocess).IIS5isthefirstInternet InformationServerversionthatsupportsthissetting,whichisalsothedefault [Link] runsatthislevelisrununderCOM+,soit'[Link](andyou canseethisexecutableintheTaskManager). High(Isolated):EachASPapplicationrunsoutprocessinitsownprocess space,thereforeifanASPapplicationcrashes,neitherIISnoranyotherASP [Link] andresourcesiftheserverhostsmanyASPapplications.BothIIS4andIIS5 supportsthissetting:[Link],whileunder [Link]. WhenselectinganisolationlevelforyourASPapplication,keepinmindthatout processsettingsthatis,MediumandHigharelessefficientthaninprocess(Low).
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However,outprocesscommunicationhasbeenvastlyimprovedunderIIS5,andinfact IIS5'sMediumisolationleveloftendeliverbetterresultsthanIIS4'[Link] practice,youshouldn'tsettheLowisolationlevelforanIIS5applicationunlessyou reallyneedtoservehundredspagespersecond. Controls 4. HowwillyoudoRedoandUndoinaTextControl? 5. [Link]?Howwouldumakeacomboboxappear inonecolumnofaDataGrid?Whatarethewaystoshowdatagridinsidea datagridforamasterdetailstypeoftables?IfwewriteanycodeforDataGrid methods,whatistheaccessspecifierusedforthatmethodsinthecode behindfileandwhy? 6. [Link]? Programming 7. WriteaprograminC#forcheckingagivennumberisPRIMEornot. 8. Writeaprogramtofindtheanglebetweenthehoursandminutesinaclock 9. WriteaC#programtofindtheFactorialofn 10. [Link]? A:[Link],youwillneedtousetwo classes:[Link] [Link] [Link] HttpPostedFileclassrepresentstheuploadedfileandisobtainedfromthePostedFile [Link],youneed toaddtheenctypeattributetoyourformtagasfollows: <formid="upload"method="post"runat="server"enctype="multipart/formdata"> Also,rememberthatthe/datadirectoryistheonlydirectorywithWritepermissions [Link],youwillneedtomakesurethattheyour codeuploadsthefiletothe/datadirectoryoroneofitssubdirectories. [Link]#and [Link]. C# <%@ImportNamespace="System"%> <%@ImportNamespace="[Link]"%> <%@ImportNamespace="[Link]"%> <%@ImportNamespace="[Link]"%> <%@ImportNamespace="[Link]"%> <html> <head> <title>upload_cs</title> </head> <scriptlanguage="C#"runat="server"> publicvoidUploadFile(objectsender,EventArgse) { if([Link]!=null) { try { stringstrFileName,strFileNamePath,strFileFolder strFileFolder=[Link](@"data\") strFileName=[Link] strFileName=[Link](strFileName) strFileNamePath=strFileFolder+strFileName [Link](strFileNamePath) [Link]=strFileName [Link]=[Link]() [Link]=[Link]
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[Link]=true } catch(Exceptionx) { LabellblError=newLabel() [Link]=[Link] [Link]="Exceptionoccurred:"+[Link] [Link]=true [Link](lblError) } } } </script> <body> <formid="upload_cs"method="post"runat="server"enctype="multipart/formdata"> <P> <INPUTtype="file"id="loFile"runat="server"> </P> <P> <asp:Buttonid="btnUpload"runat="server"Text="Upload" OnClick="UploadFile"></asp:Button></P> <P> <asp:Panelid="pnStatus"runat="server"Visible="False"> <asp:Labelid="lblFileName"FontBold="True"Runat="server"></asp:Label> uploaded<BR> <asp:Labelid="lblFileLength"Runat="server"></asp:Label>bytes<BR> <asp:Labelid="lblFileType"Runat="server"></asp:Label> </asp:Panel></P> </form> </body> </html> 11. [Link]? A:[Link] [Link] tosendmailinC#[Link],you wouldwanttomakesuretosetthestaticSmtpServerpropertyoftheSmtpMailclassto mailfwd. C# <%@ImportNamespace="System"%> <%@ImportNamespace="[Link]"%> <%@ImportNamespace="[Link]"%> <HTML> <HEAD> <title>MailTest</title> </HEAD> <scriptlanguage="C#"runat="server"> privatevoidPage_Load(Objectsender,EventArgse) { try { MailMessagemailObj=newMailMessage() [Link]="sales@[Link]" [Link]="ringleader@[Link]" [Link]="YourWidgetOrder" [Link]="Yourorderwasprocessed." [Link]=[Link] [Link]="mailfwd" [Link](mailObj) [Link]("Mailsentsuccessfully")

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} catch(Exceptionx) { [Link]("Yourmessagewasnotsent:"+[Link]) } } </script> <body> <formid="mail_test"method="post"runat="server"> </form> </body> </HTML> 12. Writeaprogramtocreateausercontrolwithnameandsurnameasdata membersandloginasmethodandalsothecodetocallit.(Hintuseevent delegates)PracticalExampleofPassinganEventstodelegates 13. Howcanyouread3rdlinefromatextfile?

Areasforstudy Assemblies,GAC(howtopostprivateassemblytogac) .netarchitecture,MSIL,CTS,CLR Events,delegates([Link]) [Link],webform,servercontrols,usercontrols [Link],dataset,datareader,dataadapter remoting,webservice desktopapplicationdatagrid. Threading

snoitseuQ deksA yltneuqerF krowemarF TEN.

AndyMcMullan Lastupdate:5Aug2004 ThisFAQtriestoanswersomecommonlyaskedquestionsaboutthe [Link],garbage collection,security,interopwithCOM,[Link] [Link] [Link],[Link]. [Link] nowbeensplitintoseveralDOTNETXlistsfordetailssee [Link] ChristopheLauerhastranslatedtheFAQintoFrenchyoucanfinditat [Link] . Contents
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[Link] o [Link]? o [Link]? o [Link]? o [Link]? o [Link]? o [Link]? o [Link]? o [Link] process? [Link] o 2.1WhatistheCLR? o 2.2WhatistheCTS? o 2.3WhatistheCLS? o 2.4WhatisIL? o 2.5WhatisC#? o 2.6Whatdoes'managed'[Link]? o 2.7Whatisreflection? [Link] o 3.1Whatisanassembly? o 3.2HowcanIproduceanassembly? o 3.3Whatisthedifferencebetweenaprivateassemblyanda sharedassembly? o 3.4Howdoassembliesfindeachother? o 3.5Howdoesassemblyversioningwork? [Link] o 4.1WhatisanApplicationDomain? o 4.2HowdoesanAppDomaingetcreated? o [Link]? [Link] o 5.1Whatisgarbagecollection? o 5.2Isittruethatobjectsdon'talwaysgetdestroyedimmediately whenthelastreferencegoesaway? o 5.3Whydoesn'[Link]? o [Link]? o 5.5DoesnondeterministicdestructionaffecttheusageofCOM objectsfrommanagedcode? o 5.6I'[Link] implementFinalizeonmyclass? o 5.7DoIhaveanycontroloverthegarbagecollectionalgorithm? o 5.8HowcanIfindoutwhatthegarbagecollectorisdoing? [Link] o 6.1Whatisserialization?

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o o o o o o

[Link] serialization? [Link] XmlSerializer,SoapFormatterorBinaryFormatter? 6.4CanIcustomisetheserializationprocess? 6.5WhyisXmlSerializersoslow? 6.6WhydoIgeterrorswhenItrytoserializeaHashtable? 6.7XmlSerializeristhrowingageneric"Therewasanerror reflectingMyClass"[Link]?

[Link] o 7.1Whatareattributes? o 7.2CanIcreatemyownmetadataattributes? o 7.3CanIcreatemyowncontextattributes? [Link] o 8.1WhatisCodeAccessSecurity(CAS)? o 8.2HowdoesCASwork? o 8.3WhodefinestheCAScodegroups? o 8.4HowdoIdefinemyowncodegroup? o 8.5HowdoIchangethepermissionsetforacodegroup? o 8.6CanIcreatemyownpermissionset? o 8.7I'[Link] problem? o 8.8Ican'[Link]? [Link](IL) o 9.1CanIlookattheILforanassembly? o 9.2CansourcecodebereverseengineeredfromIL? o 9.3HowcanIstopmycodebeingreverseengineeredfromIL? o 9.4CanIwriteILprogramsdirectly? o 9.5CanIdothingsinILthatIcan'tdoinC#? [Link] o 10.1IsCOMdead? o 10.2IsDCOMdead? o 10.3IsMTS/COM+dead? o [Link]? o [Link]? o [Link]? [Link] o [Link]? o [Link]? [Link] o 12.1FileI/O 12.1.1HowdoIreadfromatextfile? 12.1.2HowdoIwritetoatextfile?
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o o

12.1.3HowdoIread/writebinaryfiles? 12.2TextProcessing 12.2.1Areregularexpressionssupported? 12.3Internet 12.3.1HowdoIdownloadawebpage? 12.3.2HowdoIuseaproxy? 12.4XML 12.4.1IsDOMsupported? 12.4.2IsSAXsupported? 12.4.3IsXPathsupported? 12.5Threading 12.5.1Ismultithreadingsupported? 12.5.2HowdoIspawnathread? 12.5.3HowdoIstopathread? 12.5.4HowdoIusethethreadpool? 12.5.5HowdoIknowwhenmythreadpoolworkitemhas completed? 12.5.6HowdoIpreventconcurrentaccesstomydata? 12.6Tracing 12.6.1Istherebuiltinsupportfortracing/logging? 12.6.2CanIredirecttracingtoafile? 12.6.3CanIcustomisethetraceoutput?

[Link] o 13.1Recommendedbooks o 13.2InternetResources o 13.3Weblogs o 13.4Samplecode&utilities

[Link]
[Link]?
That'[Link],.NETisa "revolutionarynewplatform,builtonopenInternetprotocolsandstandards, withtoolsandservicesthatmeldcomputingandcommunicationsinnew ways". [Link] developingandrunningsoftwareapplications,featuringeaseofdevelopment ofwebbasedservices,richstandardruntimeservicesavailableto componentswritteninavarietyofprogramminglanguages,andinter languageandintermachineinteroperability. Notethatwhentheterm".NET"isusedinthisFAQitrefersonlytothenew .[Link]".NET Framework".ThisFAQdoesNOTcoveranyofthevariousotherexistingand newproducts/[Link](e.g. [Link]).
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[Link]?
[Link](usingATL/COM,MFC,VB,orevenraw Win32),.NETmayofferaviablealternative(oraddition)tothewayyoudo [Link],ifyoudodevelopwebsites,[Link] [Link].

[Link]?
BillGatesdeliveredakeynoteatForum2000,heldJune22,2000,outlining [Link]'vision'.[Link] technology,anddelegatesweregivenCDscontainingaprereleaseversionof [Link]/[Link].

[Link]?
Thefinalversionofthe1.0SDKandruntimewasmadepubliclyavailable [Link],thefinalversionofVisual [Link].

[Link]?
Thereareanumberoftools,describedhereinascendingorderofcost:

.NETFrameworkSDK:TheSDKisfreeandincludescommandline compilersforC++,C#,[Link] development. [Link]:[Link] [Link],the downloadincludesasimplewebserverthatcanbeusedinsteadofIISto [Link] WindowsXPHomeEdition,whichcannotrunIIS. MicrosoftVisualC#.NETStandard2003:Thisisacheap(around$100) versionofVisualStudiolimitedtoonelanguageandalsowithlimited [Link],there'snowizardsupportforclasslibraries [Link],orforsavvy developerswhocanworkaroundthedeficienciesinthesuppliedwizards. AswellasC#,[Link]++versions. MicrosoftVisualStudio.NETProfessional2003:Ifyouhavealicensefor VisualStudio6.0,[Link] VS.NET2002foratoken$[Link] theMSlanguages(C#,C++,[Link])andhasextensivewizardsupport.

AtthetopendofthepricespectrumaretheVisualStudio.NET2003Enterprise [Link] Sourcesafe(versioncontrol),[Link] [Link] [Link]

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[Link]?
TheruntimesupportsWindowsXP,Windows2000,NT4SP6aandWindows ME/[Link] workonallplatformsforexample,[Link] andWindows2000.Windows98/MEcannotbeusedfordevelopment. IISisnotsupportedonWindowsXPHomeEdition,andsocannotbeusedto [Link],[Link] Home. [Link].

[Link]?
MSprovidescompilersforC#,C++,[Link] [Link] COBOL,Eiffel,Perl,SmalltalkandPython.

[Link] process?
From[Link] ECMAGeneralAssemblyratifiedtheC#andcommonlanguageinfrastructure (CLI)[Link] knownasECMA334(C#)andECMA335(theCLI)."

[Link]
2.1WhatistheCLR?
CLR=[Link] that(intheory)[Link],regardlessof [Link](Microsoft)liststhefollowingCLR resourcesinhisMSDNPDC#article:

Objectorientedprogrammingmodel(inheritance,polymorphism, exceptionhandling,garbagecollection) Securitymodel Typesystem [Link] [Link] Development,debugging,andprofilingtools Executionandcodemanagement ILtonativetranslatorsandoptimizers

[Link],differentprogramminglanguages willbemoreequalincapabilitythantheyhaveeverbeenbefore,although clearlynotalllanguageswillsupportallCLRservices.

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2.2WhatistheCTS?
CTS=[Link] understands,[Link] [Link] supersetoftheCLS.

2.3WhatistheCLS?
CLS=[Link] .[Link] [Link] anylanguage. [Link] exampleallowingaC#classtoinheritfromaVBclass.

2.4WhatisIL?
IL=[Link](MicrosoftIntermediate Language)orCIL(CommonIntermediateLanguage).[Link](of anylanguage)[Link] thepointwherethesoftwareisinstalled,oratruntimebyaJustInTime (JIT)compiler.

2.5WhatisC#?
C#[Link]. Intheir"IntroductiontoC#"whitepaper,MicrosoftdescribeC#asfollows: "C#isasimple,modern,objectoriented,andtypesafeprogramming languagederivedfromCandC++.C#(pronouncedCsharp)isfirmly plantedintheCandC++familytreeoflanguages,andwillimmediatelybe familiartoCandC++programmers.C#aimstocombinethehighproductivity ofVisualBasicandtherawpowerofC++." Substitute'Java'for'C#'inthequoteabove,andyou'llseethatthestatement stillworksprettywell:). IfyouareaC++programmer,youmightliketocheckoutmyC#FAQ.

2.6Whatdoes'managed'[Link]?
Theterm'managed'[Link] [Link],meaningslightlydifferentthings. Managedcode:[Link] theprogramsthatrunwithinitforexampleexceptionhandlingandsecurity. Fortheseservicestowork,thecodemustprovideaminimumlevelof
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[Link]#and [Link].VS7C++codeisnotmanaged bydefault,butthecompilercanproducemanagedcodebyspecifyinga commandlineswitch(/com+). Manageddata:[Link] runtime'sgarbagecollector.C#[Link].VS7 C++dataisunmanagedbydefault,evenwhenusingthe/com+switch,butit canbemarkedasmanagedusingthe__gckeyword. Managedclasses:ThisisusuallyreferredtointhecontextofManaged Extensions(ME)forC++.WhenusingMEC++,aclasscanbemarkedwith the__gckeyword.Asthenamesuggests,thismeansthatthememoryfor instancesoftheclassismanagedbythegarbagecollector,butitalsomeans [Link] [Link] benefitisproperinteropwithclasseswritteninotherlanguagesforexample, amanagedC++[Link] isthatamanagedclasscanonlyinheritfromonebaseclass.

2.7Whatisreflection?
[Link] [Link](modulesin turnarepackagedtogetherinassemblies),andcanbeaccessedbya [Link] classesthatcanbeusedtointerrogatethetypesforamodule/assembly. [Link] ITypeLib/ITypeInfotoaccesstypelibrarydatainCOM,anditisusedfor [Link] context/process/machineboundaries. Reflectioncanalsobeusedtodynamicallyinvokemethods(see [Link]),orevencreatetypesdynamicallyatruntime ([Link]).

[Link]
3.1Whatisanassembly?
[Link],andcanbean application(withamainentrypoint)[Link] ormorefiles(dlls,exes,htmlfilesetc),andrepresentsagroupofresources, typedefinitions,[Link] [Link],typesandreferences [Link] assembly,thusmakingtheassemblyselfdescribing.

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Animportantaspectofassembliesisthattheyarepartoftheidentityofa [Link] [Link],forexample,thatifassemblyAexportsatypecalled T,andassemblyBexportsatypecalledT,[Link] [Link],don'tgetconfusedbetween assembliesandnamespacesnamespacesaremerelyahierarchicalwayof [Link],typenamesaretypenames, [Link]'sthe assemblyplusthetypename(regardlessofwhetherthetypenamebelongsto anamespace)thatuniquelyindentifiesatypetotheruntime. [Link] securityrestrictionsareenforcedattheassemblyboundary. Finally,[Link].

3.2HowcanIproduceanassembly?
[Link] example,thefollowingC#program:
publicclassCTest { publicCTest() { [Link]("HellofromCTest") } }

canbecompiledintoalibraryassembly(dll)likethis:
csc/t:[Link]

Youcanthenviewthecontentsoftheassemblybyrunningthe"IL Disassembler"[Link]. Alternativelyyoucancompileyoursourceintomodules,andthencombine themodulesintoanassemblyusingtheassemblylinker([Link]).FortheC# compiler,the/target:moduleswitchisusedtogenerateamoduleinsteadof anassembly.

3.3Whatisthedifferencebetweenaprivateassemblyanda sharedassembly?

Locationandvisibility:Aprivateassemblyisnormallyusedbya singleapplication,andisstoredintheapplication'sdirectory,orasub [Link] assemblycache,whichisarepositoryofassembliesmaintainedbythe .[Link] manyapplicationswillfinduseful,[Link].

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Versioning:Theruntimeenforcesversioningconstraintsonlyonshared assemblies,notonprivateassemblies.

3.4Howdoassembliesfindeachother?
[Link] path(suchastheAppDomainhost,andapplicationconfigurationfiles),butfor privateassembliesthesearchpathisnormallytheapplication'sdirectoryand [Link],thesearchpathisnormallysameas theprivateassemblypathplusthesharedassemblycache.

3.5Howdoesassemblyversioningwork?
[Link] eachreferencetoanassembly(fromanotherassembly)includesboththe nameandversionofthereferencedassembly. Theversionnumberhasfournumericparts(e.g.[Link]).Assemblieswith [Link] thefirsttwopartsarethesame,butthethirdisdifferent,theassembliesare deemedas'maybecompatible'.Ifonlythefourthpartisdifferent,the [Link],thisisjustthedefaultguideline itistheversionpolicythatdecidestowhatextenttheserulesareenforced. Theversionpolicycanbespecifiedviatheapplicationconfigurationfile. Remember:versioningisonlyappliedtosharedassemblies,notprivate assemblies.

[Link]
4.1WhatisanApplicationDomain?
[Link] [Link] AppDomainistoisolateanapplicationfromotherapplications. Win32processesprovideisolationbyhavingdistinctmemoryaddressspaces. Thisiseffective,butitisexpensiveanddoesn'[Link] enforcesAppDomainisolationbykeepingcontrolovertheuseofmemoryall [Link],sotheruntime canensurethatAppDomainsdonotaccesseachother'smemory.

4.2HowdoesanAppDomaingetcreated?
[Link] Shell,[Link] line,[Link] application.

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[Link]# samplewhichcreatesanAppDomain,createsaninstanceofanobjectinsideit, andthenexecutesoneoftheobject'[Link] executable'[Link]'forthiscodetoworkasis.

usingSystem [Link] publicclassCAppDomainInfo:MarshalByRefObject { publicstringGetAppDomainInfo() { return"AppDomain="+[Link] } } publicclassApp { publicstaticintMain() { AppDomainad=[Link]("Andy'snewdomain",null,null ) ObjectHandleoh=[Link]("appdomaintest","CAppDomainInfo" ) CAppDomainInfoadInfo=(CAppDomainInfo)([Link]()) stringinfo=[Link]() [Link]("AppDomaininfo:"+info) return0 } }

[Link]?
[Link],[Link] monikerdevelopedbyJasonWhittingtonandDonBox ([Link] [Link].

[Link]
5.1Whatisgarbagecollection?
Garbagecollectionisasystemwherebyaruntimecomponenttakes responsibilityformanagingthelifetimeofobjectsandtheheapmemorythat [Link] languages/runtimeshaveusedgarbagecollectionforsometime.

5.2Isittruethatobjectsdon'talwaysgetdestroyed immediatelywhenthelastreferencegoesaway?

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[Link] willbedestroyedanditsmemoryreclaimed. Thereisaninterestingthreadinthearchives,startedbyChrisSells,aboutthe implicationsofnondeterministicdestructionofobjectsinC#: [Link] 819 InOctober2000,Microsoft'sBrianHarrypostedalengthyanalysisofthe problem: [Link] 8572 ChrisSells'responsetoBrian'spostingishere: [Link] 83

5.3Whydoesn'[Link] destruction?
[Link] byperiodicallyrunningthroughalistofalltheobjectsthatarecurrentlybeing [Link]'tfindduringthis [Link] ofthisalgorithmisthattheruntimedoesn'tgetnotifiedimmediatelywhenthe finalreferenceonanobjectgoesawayitonlyfindsoutduringthenext sweepoftheheap. Futhermore,thistypeofalgorithmworksbestbyperformingthegarbage [Link] foracollectionsweep.

[Link]?
It'[Link] maintainexpensiveorscarceresources([Link]),youneedto providesomewayfortheclienttotelltheobjecttoreleasetheresourcewhen [Link]() [Link],thiscausesproblemsfordistributedobjectsina distributedsystemwhocallstheDispose()method?Someformofreference countingorownershipmanagementmechanismisneededtohandle distributedobjectsunfortunatelytheruntimeoffersnohelpwiththis.

5.5Doesnondeterministicdestructionaffecttheusageof COMobjectsfrommanagedcode?
[Link],youareeffectivelyrelying [Link] objectholdsontoanexpensiveresourcewhichisonlycleanedupafterthe
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finalrelease,youmayneedtoprovideanewinterfaceonyourobjectwhich supportsanexplicitDispose()method.

5.6I'[Link] IimplementFinalizeonmyclass?
AnobjectwithaFinalizemethodismoreworkforthegarbagecollectorthan [Link] objectsareFinalized,sothereareissuessurroundingaccesstootherobjects [Link],thereisnoguaranteethataFinalizemethod willgetcalledonanobject,soitshouldneverbereliedupontodocleanupof anobject'sresources. Microsoftrecommendthefollowingpattern:
publicclassCTest:IDisposable { publicvoidDispose() { ...//Cleanupactivities [Link](this) } ~CTest()//C#syntaxhidingtheFinalize()method { Dispose() } }

InthenormalcasetheclientcallsDispose(),theobject'sresourcesarefreed, andthegarbagecollectorisrelievedofitsFinalizingdutiesbythecallto SuppressFinalize().Intheworstcase,[Link](), thereisareasonablechancethattheobject'sresourceswilleventuallyget freedbythegarbagecollectorcallingFinalize().Giventhelimitationsofthe garbagecollectionalgorithmthisseemslikeaprettyreasonableapproach.

5.7DoIhaveanycontroloverthegarbagecollection algorithm?
[Link],[Link] forcesthegarbagecollectortocollectallunreferencedobjectsimmediately.

5.8HowcanIfindoutwhatthegarbagecollectorisdoing?
[Link]'.NET CLRxxx'[Link].

[Link]
6.1Whatisserialization?

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Serializationistheprocessofconvertinganobjectintoastreamofbytes. Deserializationistheoppositeprocessofcreatinganobjectfromastreamof [Link]/Deserializationismostlyusedtotransportobjects(e.g. duringremoting),ortopersistobjects([Link]).

[Link] serialization?
[Link] XmlSerializerandSoapFormatter/[Link] XmlSerializerforWebServices,andusesSoapFormatter/BinaryFormatterfor [Link].

[Link] XmlSerializer,SoapFormatterorBinaryFormatter?
[Link] thetargetclasshasaparameterlessconstructor,andonlypublicread/write [Link],ontheplusside, XmlSerializerhasgoodsupportforcustomisingtheXMLdocumentthatis [Link]'sfeaturesmeanthatitismostsuitable forcrossplatformwork,orforconstructingobjectsfromexistingXML documents. SoapFormatterandBinaryFormatterhavefewerlimitationsthanXmlSerializer. Theycanserializeprivatefields,[Link] thetargetclassbemarkedwiththe[Serializable]attribute,solike [Link] therearesomequirkstowatchoutforforexampleondeserializationthe constructorofthenewobjectisnotinvoked. ThechoicebetweenSoapFormatterandBinaryFormatterdependsonthe [Link] [Link] [Link], foreaseofdebuggingifnothingelse.

6.4CanIcustomisetheserializationprocess?
[Link] [Link],afieldorpropertycanbe markedwiththe[XmlIgnore][Link] exampleisthe[XmlElement]attribute,whichcanbeusedtospecifytheXML elementnametobeusedforaparticularpropertyorfield. SerializationviaSoapFormatter/BinaryFormattercanalsobecontrolledto [Link],the[NonSerialized]attributeisthe equivalentofXmlSerializer's[XmlIgnore][Link]

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serializationprocesscanbeacheivedbyimplementingthetheISerializable interfaceontheclasswhoseinstancesaretobeserialized.

6.5WhyisXmlSerializersoslow?
[Link] timeyouserializeordeserializeanobjectofagiventypeinanapplication, [Link]'tmatter,butitmaymean,for example,thatXmlSerializerisapoorchoiceforloadingconfigurationsettings duringstartupofaGUIapplication.

6.6WhydoIgeterrorswhenItrytoserializeaHashtable?
XmlSerializerwillrefusetoserializeinstancesofanyclassthatimplements IDictionary,[Link] thisrestriction.

6.7XmlSerializeristhrowingageneric"Therewasanerror reflectingMyClass"[Link] is?

LookattheInnerExceptionpropertyoftheexceptionthatisthrowntogeta morespecificerrormessage.

[Link]
7.1Whatareattributes?
[Link] metadataattributeitallowssomedatatobeattachedtoaclassormethod. Thisdatabecomespartofthemetadatafortheclass,and(likeotherclass metadata)[Link] is[serializable],whichcanbeattachedtoaclassandmeansthatinstancesof theclasscanbeserialized.
[serializable]publicclassCTest{}

[Link] similarsyntaxtometadataattributesbuttheyarefundamentallydifferent. Contextattributesprovideaninterceptionmechanismwherebyinstance activationandmethodcallscanbepreand/[Link]'vecome acrossKeithBrown'suniversaldelegatoryou'llbefamiliarwiththisidea.

7.2CanIcreatemyownmetadataattributes?
[Link] [Link]:
[AttributeUsage([Link])]
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publicclassInspiredByAttribute:[Link] { publicstringInspiredBy publicInspiredByAttribute(stringinspiredBy) { InspiredBy=inspiredBy } }

[InspiredBy("AndyMc'[Link]")] classCTest { }

classCApp { publicstaticvoidMain() { object[]atts=typeof(CTest).GetCustomAttributes(true) foreach(objectattinatts) if(attisInspiredByAttribute) [Link]("ClassCTestwasinspiredby{0}", ((InspiredByAttribute)att).InspiredBy) } }

7.3CanIcreatemyowncontextattributes?
[Link]'ssample(calledCallThreshold)at [Link] [Link]://[Link]/

[Link]
8.1WhatisCodeAccessSecurity(CAS)?
[Link] pieceofcodeisallowedtorun,andwhatresourcesitcanusewhenitis [Link],[Link] formattingyourharddisk.

8.2HowdoesCASwork?
TheCASsecuritypolicyrevolvesaroundtwokeyconceptscodegroupsand [Link], andeachcodegroupisgrantedthepermissionsspecifiedinanamed permissionset. Forexample,usingthedefaultsecuritypolicy,acontroldownloadedfroma websitebelongstothe'ZoneInternet'codegroup,whichadherestothe
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permissionsdefinedbythe'Internet'namedpermissionset.(Naturallythe 'Internet'namedpermissionsetrepresentsaveryrestrictiverangeof permissions.)

8.3WhodefinestheCAScodegroups?
Microsoftdefinessomedefaultones,butyoucanmodifytheseandeven [Link],run'caspol lg'[Link]:
Level=Machine CodeGroups: [Link]:Nothing [Link]:FullTrust [Link]:SkipVerification [Link]:LocalIntranet 1.3. ZoneInternet:Internet [Link]:Nothing [Link]:Internet [Link] 0024000004800000940000000602000000240000525341310004000003 000000CFCB3291AA715FE99D40D49040336F9056D7886FED46775BC7BB5430BA4444FEF834 8EBD06 F962F39776AE4DC3B7B04A7FE6F49F25F740423EBF2C0B89698D8D08AC48D69CED0FC8F83B 465E08 07AC11EC1DCC7D054E807A43336DDE408A5393A48556123272CEEEE72F1660B71927D3856 1AABF5C AC1DF1734633C602F8F2D5:Everything

Notethehierarchyofcodegroupsthetopofthehierarchyisthemost general('Allcode'),whichisthensubdividedintoseveralgroups,eachof [Link](somewhatcounter intuitively)asubgroupcanbeassociatedwithamorepermissivepermission setthanitsparent.

8.4HowdoIdefinemyowncodegroup?
[Link],[Link] andyouwantithavefullaccesstoyoursystem,butyouwanttokeepthe [Link],youwouldadda newcodegroupasasubgroupofthe'ZoneInternet'group,likethis:
[Link]

Nowifyouruncaspollgyouwillseethatthenewgrouphasbeenaddedas group1.3.1:
... [Link]:Internet [Link]:FullTrust ...

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Notethatthenumericlabel(1.3.1)isjustacaspolinventiontomakethecode [Link] neverseesit.

8.5HowdoIchangethepermissionsetforacodegroup?
[Link],youcanoperateatthe 'machine'levelwhichmeansnotonlythatthechangesyoumakebecomethe defaultforthemachine,butalsothatuserscannotchangethepermissionsto [Link](nonadmin)useryoucanstillmodify thepermissions,[Link],to allowintranetcodetodowhatitlikesyoumightdothis:
caspolcg1.2FullTrust

Notethatbecausethisismorepermissivethanthedefaultpolicy(ona standardsystem),youshouldonlydothisatthemachineleveldoingitat theuserlevelwillhavenoeffect.

8.6CanIcreatemyownpermissionset?
[Link],specifyinganXMLfilecontainingthepermissionsinthe [Link],hereisasamplefilecorrespondingto the'Everything'[Link] editedthesample,addittotherangeofavailablepermissionsetslikethis:
[Link]

Then,toapplythepermissionsettoacodegroup,dosomethinglikethis:
caspolcg1.3SamplePermSet

(Bydefault,1.3isthe'Internet'codegroup)

8.7I'[Link] problem?
[Link],youcanaskcaspoltotell youwhatcodegroupanassemblybelongsto,[Link],you canaskwhatpermissionsarebeingappliedtoaparticularassemblyusing caspolrsp.

8.8Ican'[Link]?
Yes,[Link]:
caspolsoff

[Link](IL)
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9.1CanIlookattheILforanassembly?
[Link] andILforanassembly.

9.2CansourcecodebereverseengineeredfromIL?
Yes,itisoftenrelativelystraightforwardtoregeneratehighlevelsource(e.g. C#)fromIL.

9.3HowcanIstopmycodebeingreverseengineeredfrom IL?
Thereiscurrentlynosimplewaytostopcodebeingreverseengineeredfrom [Link],either [Link]'optimising'theILinsucha waythatreverseengineeringbecomesmuchmoredifficult. Ofcourseifyouarewritingwebservicesthenreverseengineeringisnota problemasclientsdonothaveaccesstoyourIL.

9.4CanIwriteILprogramsdirectly?
[Link]:
.assemblyMyAssembly{} .classMyApp{ .methodstaticvoidMain(){ .entrypoint ldstr"Hello,IL!" [Link]::WriteLine([Link]) ret } }

[Link],[Link] assemblywillbegenerated.

9.5CanIdothingsinILthatIcan'tdoinC#?
[Link] [Link],andyoucanhavenonzerobasedarrays.

[Link]
10.1IsCOMdead?
Thissubjectcausesalotofcontroversy,asyou'llseeifyoureadthemailing [Link]:

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[Link] =68241 [Link] 761 FWIWmyviewisasfollows:COMismanythings,andit'sdifferentthingsto [Link],COMisfundamentallyabouthowlittleblobsof codefindotherlittleblobsofcode,andhowtheycommunicatewitheachother [Link] [Link]'pure'.NETworld,[Link] objects,littleblobsofcodestillfindeachotherandtalktoeachother,butthey don'[Link] waysforexample,typeinformationisstoredinatabularformpackagedwith thecomponent,whichisquitesimilartopackagingatypelibrarywithaCOM [Link]'snotCOM. So,doesthismatter?Well,Idon'treallycareaboutmostoftheCOMstuff goingawayIdon'tcarethatfindingcomponentsdoesn'tinvolveatriptothe registry,orthatIdon'[Link] thatIwouldn'tliketogoawayIwouldn'tliketolosetheideaofinterface [Link]'sgreateststrength,inmyopinion,isitsinsistence onacastironseparationbetweeninterfaceandimplementation. Unfortunately,[Link] youdointerfacebaseddevelopment,butitdoesn'[Link] arguethathavingachoicecanneverbeabadthing,andmaybethey'reright, butIcan'thelpfeelingthatmaybeit'sabackwardstep.

10.2IsDCOMdead?
Prettymuch,[Link] [Link] interopscenarios.

10.3IsMTS/COM+dead?
[Link] COM+services(throughaninteroplayer)ratherthanreplacetheserviceswith [Link] [Link] supportforcoreservices(JITactivation,transactions)butnotsomeofthe higherlevelservices([Link]+Events,Queuedcomponents). Overtimeitisexpectedthatinteropwillbecomemoreseamlessthismay meanthatsomeservicesbecomeacorepartoftheCLR,and/oritmaymean thatsomeserviceswillberewrittenasmanagedcodewhichrunsontopofthe CLR. Formoreonthistopic,searchforpostingsbyJoeLonginthearchivesJoeis theMSgroupmanagerforCOM+.Startwiththismessage:
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[Link] 370

[Link]?
[Link] CallableWrapper(RCW).ThiswrapperturnstheCOMinterfacesexposedby [Link] interfaces,[Link] nonoleautomationinterfaces,itmaybenecessarytodevelopacustomRCW [Link] compatibletypes. Here'[Link],createanATL componentwhichimplementsthefollowingIDL:
import"[Link]" import"[Link]" [ object, uuid(EA013F93487A440386ECFD9FEE5E6206), helpstring("ICppNameInterface"), pointer_default(unique), oleautomation ] interfaceICppName:IUnknown { [helpstring("methodSetName")]HRESULTSetName([in]BSTRname) [helpstring("methodGetName")]HRESULTGetName([out,retval]BSTR*pName) } [ uuid(F5E4C61DD93A4295A4B42453D4A4484D), version(1.0), helpstring("cppcomserver1.0TypeLibrary") ] libraryCPPCOMSERVERLib { importlib("[Link]") importlib("[Link]") [ uuid(600CE6D95ED74B4DBB49E8D5D5096F70), helpstring("CppNameClass") ] coclassCppName { [default]interfaceICppName } }

Whenyou'vebuiltthecomponent,[Link] TLBIMPutilityonthetypelibary,likethis:

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[Link]

Ifsuccessful,youwillgetamessagelikethis:
[Link]

[Link]'suseC#.[Link] followingcode:
usingSystem usingCPPCOMSERVERLib publicclassMainApp { staticpublicvoidMain() { CppNamecppname=newCppName() [Link]("bob") [Link]("Nameis"+[Link]()) } }

Notethatweareusingthetypelibrarynameasanamespace,andtheCOM [Link] [Link] CPPCOMSERVERLibstatement. CompiletheC#codelikethis:

csc/r:[Link]

NotethatthecompilerisbeingtoldtoreferencetheDLLwepreviously generatedfromthetypelibraryusingTLBIMP. [Link],andgetthefollowing outputontheconsole:

Nameisbob

[Link]?
Yes..NETcomponentsareaccessedfromCOMviaaCOMCallableWrapper (CCW).ThisissimilartoaRCW(seepreviousquestion),butworksinthe [Link],ifthewrappercannotbeautomaticallygeneratedby [Link],oriftheautomaticbehaviourisnotdesirable,a [Link],forCOMto'see'[Link], [Link]. Here'[Link]#[Link] followinginit:
usingSystem
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[Link] namespaceAndyMc { [ClassInterface([Link])] publicclassCSharpCOMServer { publicCSharpCOMServer(){} publicvoidSetName(stringname){m_name=name} publicstringGetName(){returnm_name} privatestringm_name } }

[Link]:
csc/target:[Link]

Youshouldgetadll,whichyouregisterlikethis:
[Link]/tlb:[Link]/codebase

[Link] [Link]:
DimdotNetObj SetdotNetObj=CreateObject("[Link]") [Link]("bob") MsgBox"Nameis"&[Link]()

andrunthescriptlikethis:
[Link]

Andheyprestoyoushouldgetamessageboxdisplayedwiththetext"Name isbob". [Link] [Link] [Link]

[Link]?
Yes,[Link] coursemanydevelopersmaywishtocontinueusingATLtowriteC++COM componentsthatliveoutsidetheframework,butifyouareinsideyouwill almostcertainlywanttouseC#.RawC++(andthereforeATLwhichisbased onit)doesn'[Link]'sjusttoonearthe metalandprovidestoomuchflexibilityfortheruntimetobeabletomanage it.

[Link]
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[Link]?
.[Link] [Link] forLANsorWANs(internet). [Link] SOAP(XMLbased)[Link],theHTTPchannelusesSOAP(via [Link]),andtheTCPchanneluses binary([Link]).Buteither channelcanuseeitherserializationformat. Thereareanumberofstylesofremoteaccess:

[Link] [Link]. [Link] serverobject. [Link](D)COMmodelwhereby theclientreceivesareferencetotheremoteobjectandholdsthat reference(thuskeepingtheremoteobjectalive)untilitisfinishedwith it.

Distributedgarbagecollectionofobjectsismanagedbyasystemcalled'leased basedlifetime'.Eachobjecthasaleasetime,andwhenthattimeexpiresthe [Link] haveadefaultrenewtimetheleaseisrenewedwhenasuccessfulcallis [Link] lease. Ifyou'reinterestedinusingXMLRPCasanalternativetoSOAP,takealookat CharlesCook'[Link] [Link]

[Link]?
UseP/[Link],butisusedto [Link] C#callingtheWin32MessageBoxfunction:
usingSystem [Link] classMainApp { [DllImport("[Link]",EntryPoint="MessageBox",SetLastError=true, CharSet=[Link])] publicstaticexternintMessageBox(inthWnd,StringstrMessage,StringstrCaption, uintuiType)
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publicstaticvoidMain() { MessageBox(0,"Hello,thisisPInvokeinoperation!",".NET",0) } }

[Link]
12.1FileI/O
12.1.1HowdoIreadfromatextfile? First,[Link]:
FileStreamfs=newFileStream(@"c:\[Link]",[Link],[Link])

FileStreaminheritsfromStream,soyoucanwraptheFileStreamobjectwitha [Link] linebyline:

StreamReadersr=newStreamReader(fs) stringcurLine while((curLine=[Link]())!=null) [Link](curLine)

FinallyclosetheStreamReaderobject:
[Link]()

NotethatthiswillautomaticallycallClose()ontheunderlyingStreamobject, [Link]()isnotrequired. 12.1.2HowdoIwritetoatextfile? Similartothereadexample,exceptuseStreamWriterinsteadof StreamReader. 12.1.3HowdoIread/writebinaryfiles? Similartotextfiles,exceptwraptheFileStreamobjectwitha BinaryReader/WriterobjectinsteadofaStreamReader/Writerobject.

12.2TextProcessing
12.2.1Areregularexpressionssupported? [Link],the followingcodeupdatesthetitleinanHTMLfile:
FileStreamfs=newFileStream("[Link]",[Link],[Link]) StreamReadersr=newStreamReader(fs)
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Regexr=newRegex("<TITLE>(.*)</TITLE>") strings while((s=[Link]())!=null) { if([Link](s)) s=[Link](s,"<TITLE>Newandimproved${1}</TITLE>") [Link](s) }

12.3Internet
12.3.1HowdoIdownloadawebpage? [Link] object:
WebRequestrequest=[Link]("[Link]

Thenaskfortheresponsefromtherequest:
WebResponseresponse=[Link]()

[Link] accesstheresponsestreamlikethis:
Streams=[Link]() //Outputthedownloadedstreamtotheconsole StreamReadersr=newStreamReader(s) stringline while((line=[Link]())!=null) [Link](line)

NotethatWebRequestandWebReponseobjectscanbedowncastto HttpWebRequestandHttpWebReponseobjectsrespectively,toaccesshttp specificfunctionality. 12.3.2HowdoIuseaproxy? Twoapproachestoaffectallwebrequestsdothis:

[Link]=newWebProxy("proxyname",80)

Alternatively,tosettheproxyforaspecificwebrequest,dothis:
HttpWebRequestrequest=(HttpWebRequest)[Link]("[Link] [Link]=newWebProxy("proxyname",80)

12.4XML
12.4.1IsDOMsupported?

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[Link]:
<PEOPLE> <PERSON>Fred</PERSON> <PERSON>Bill</PERSON> </PEOPLE>

Thisdocumentcanbeparsedasfollows:
XmlDocumentdoc=newXmlDocument() [Link]("[Link]") XmlNoderoot=[Link] foreach([Link]) [Link]([Link]())

Theoutputis:
Fred Bill

12.4.2IsSAXsupported? [Link],anewXmlReader/[Link] basedbutitusesa'pull'modelratherthanSAX's'push'[Link]'san example:

XmlTextReaderreader=newXmlTextReader("[Link]") while([Link]()) { if([Link]==[Link]&&[Link]=="PERSON") { [Link]()//Skiptothechildtext [Link]([Link]) } }

12.4.3IsXPathsupported? Yes,viatheXPathXXXclasses:
XPathDocumentxpdoc=newXPathDocument("[Link]") XPathNavigatornav=[Link]() XPathExpressionexpr=[Link]("descendant::PEOPLE/PERSON") XPathNodeIteratoriterator=[Link](expr) while([Link]()) [Link]([Link])

12.5Threading
12.5.1Ismultithreadingsupported?

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Yes,[Link] spawned,andthereisasystemprovidedthreadpoolwhichapplicationscan use. 12.5.2HowdoIspawnathread? [Link],passingitan instanceofaThreadStartdelegatethatwillbeexecutedonthenewthread. Forexample:

classMyThread { publicMyThread(stringinitData) { m_data=initData m_thread=newThread(newThreadStart(ThreadMain)) m_thread.Start() } //ThreadMain()isexecutedonthenewthread. privatevoidThreadMain() { [Link](m_data) } publicvoidWaitUntilFinished() { m_thread.Join() } privateThreadm_thread privatestringm_data }

InthiscasecreatinganinstanceoftheMyThreadclassissufficienttospawn [Link]()method:
MyThreadt=newMyThread("Hello,world.") [Link]()

12.5.3HowdoIstopathread? [Link],youcanuseyourowncommunication [Link] [Link] [Link]()[Link]().Theformerwillcausea ThreadInterruptedExceptiontobethrownonthethreadwhenitnextgoesinto [Link],[Link] [Link] contrast,[Link]()throwsaThreadAbortExceptionregardlessofwhat [Link],theThreadAbortExceptioncannotnormally becaught(thoughtheThreadStart'sfinallymethodwillbeexecuted). [Link]()isaheavyhandedmechanismwhichshouldnotnormallybe required.
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12.5.4HowdoIusethethreadpool? BypassinganinstanceofaWaitCallbackdelegatetothe [Link]()method:

classCApp { staticvoidMain() { strings="Hello,World" [Link](newWaitCallback(DoWork),s) [Link](1000) } //DoWorkisexecutedonathreadfromthethreadpool. staticvoidDoWork(objectstate) { [Link](state) } } //Givetimeforworkitemtobeexecuted

12.5.5HowdoIknowwhenmythreadpoolworkitemhascompleted? [Link] [Link] usefulforthis. 12.5.6HowdoIpreventconcurrentaccesstomydata? Eachobjecthasaconcurrencylock(criticalsection)[Link] [Link]/Exitmethodsareusedtoacquireandrelease [Link],instancesofthefollowingclassonlyallowonethreadat atimetoentermethodf():

classC { publicvoidf() { try { [Link](this) ... } finally { [Link](this) } } }

C#hasa'lock'keywordwhichprovidesaconvenientshorthandforthecode above:
classC
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{ publicvoidf() { lock(this) { ... } } }

[Link](myObject)doesNOTmeanthatallaccessto [Link] myObjecthasbeenacquired,andnootherthreadcanacquirethatlockuntil [Link](o)[Link],thisclassisfunctionallyequivalentto theclassesabove:

classC { publicvoidf() { lock(m_object) { ... } } privatem_object=newobject() }

12.6Tracing
12.6.1Istherebuiltinsupportfortracing/logging? Yes,[Link] [Link] differenceisthattracingfromtheDebugclassonlyworksinbuildsthathave theDEBUGsymboldefined,whereastracingfromtheTraceclassonlyworksin [Link] [Link] workindebugandreleasebuilds,[Link] tracingthatyouwanttoworkonlyindebugbuilds. 12.6.2CanIredirecttracingtoafile? [Link],whichisa [Link] [Link] singlesink,[Link] outputtotheWin32OutputDebugString()functionandalsothe [Link]()[Link], butifyou'retryingtotraceaproblematacustomersite,redirectingthe [Link],theTextWriterTraceListener classisprovidedforthispurpose.
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Here'showtousetheTextWriterTraceListenerclasstoredirectTraceoutputto afile:
[Link]() FileStreamfs=newFileStream(@"c:\[Link]",[Link],[Link]) [Link](newTextWriterTraceListener(fs)) [Link](@"Thiswillbewritentoc:\[Link]!") [Link]()

[Link]()[Link] don'tdothis,theoutputwillgotothefileandOutputDebugString().Typically thisisnotwhatyouwant,becauseOutputDebugString()imposesabig performancehit. 12.6.3CanIcustomisethetraceoutput? [Link],anddirectalloutput [Link]'sasimpleexample,whichderivesfrom TextWriterTraceListener(andthereforehasinbuiltsupportforwritingtofiles, asshownabove)andaddstiminginformationandthethreadIDforeachtrace line:
classMyListener:TextWriterTraceListener { publicMyListener(Streams):base(s) { } publicoverridevoidWriteLine(strings) { [Link]("{0:D8}[{1:D4}]{2}", Environment.TickCountm_startTickCount, [Link](), s) } protectedintm_startTickCount=[Link] }

([Link] methodisnotoverriddenforexample.) ThebeautyofthisapproachisthatwhenaninstanceofMyListenerisaddedto [Link],[Link]()gothrough MyListener,includingcallsmadebyreferencedassembliesthatknownothing abouttheMyListenerclass.

[Link]
13.1Recommendedbooks

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Irecommendthefollowingbooks,eitherbecauseIpersonallylikethem,or [Link].(NotethatI getacommissionfromAmazonifyoubuyabookafterfollowingoneofthese links.)

[Link] Muchanticipated,mainlyduetoRichter'ssuperbWin32books,andmost [Link]'applied'isalittlemisleadingthisbookis [Link]'underthehood'. ExamplesareinC#,butthereisalsoaseparateVBeditionofthebook. Essential.NETVolume1,TheCommonLanguageRuntimeDonBox Asuperbbook,whichIrecommendtoanyonewhoalreadyhassome .NETdevelopmentexperience,andwantstogetadeeperunderstanding [Link]'sclearthatBoxhasdeeplyresearchedthe topicsandthencarefullyconstructedacoherentstoryaroundhis [Link]'[Link]. C#[Link],2ndEditionAndrewTroelsen RegardedbymanyasthebestallroundC#/.[Link] includingWindowsForms,COMinterop,[Link],[Link] [Link] Platform:AnAdvancedGuide. ProgrammingWindowswithC#CharlesPetzold AnotherslightlymisleadingtitlethisbookissolelyaboutGUI programmingWindowsFormsandGDI+.Wellwritten,with [Link](minor)criticismisthatthebook stickscloselytothefacts,withoutofferingagreatdealinthewayof 'tipsandtricks'forrealworldapps. WindowsFormsProgramminginC#ChrisSells Ihaven'treadthismyselfyet,butanythingSellswritesisusuallyworth reading. [Link] Coverslotsofinterestingtopicsthatotherbooksdon't,includingATL7, ManagedC++,internationalization,remoting,aswellasthemorerun ofthemillCLRandC#[Link]. ThisbookismostsuitableforreasonablyexperiencedC++ programmers. [Link] BalenaisareknownedVBer,[Link] glowing. .NETandCOMTheCompleteInteroperabilityGuideAdamNathan Don'tbeputoffbythesizethisbookisveryeasytodigestthanksto

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[Link]/COMinterop.

[Link] Widelyrecommended.

13.2InternetResources

[Link]://[Link]/net/. MicrosoftalsohostGOTDOTNET. [Link]. [Link] .NETresources. [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link].*newsgroups MyC#FAQforC++Programmers.

13.3Weblogs
ThefollowingWeblogs('blogs')[Link]:

[Link](BradWilson) CharlesCook:[Link]. GwynCole:CoauthorofDevelopingWMIsolutions. ChrisBrumme BradAbrams DonBox JohnLam PeterDrayton:CoauthorofC#EssentialsandC#inaNutshell. IngoRammer:[Link]. DrewMarsh TomasRestrepo JustinRudd SimonFell:DeveloperofPocketSOAP. RichardCaetano ChrisSells

13.4Samplecode&utilities
LutzRoederhassomegreatutilitiesandlibrariesat [Link] PeterDrayton'[Link]://[Link]/ DonBox&JasonWhittington'[Link] [Link]

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[Link] [Link] CharlesCook'[Link] [Link] MicrosoftSQLServer#InterviewQuestions(lastupdatedon

TransactSQLOptimizationTips IndexOptimizationtips TSQLQueries DataTypes Index Joins Lock StoredProcedure Trigger View Transaction Other XML Tools Permission Administration

TransactSQLOptimizationTips

Useviewsandstoredproceduresinsteadofheavydutyqueries. Thiscanreducenetworktraffic,becauseyourclientwillsendtoserver onlystoredprocedureorviewname(perhapswithsomeparameters) [Link] permissionmanagementalso,becauseyoucanrestrictuseraccessto tablecolumnstheyshouldnotsee. Trytouseconstraintsinsteadoftriggers,wheneverpossible. Constraintsaremuchmoreefficientthantriggersandcanboost [Link],youshoulduseconstraintsinsteadoftriggers, wheneverpossible. Usetablevariablesinsteadoftemporarytables. Tablevariablesrequirelesslockingandloggingresourcesthan temporarytables,sotablevariablesshouldbeusedwheneverpossible. ThetablevariablesareavailableinSQLServer2000only. TrytouseUNIONALLstatementinsteadofUNION,whenever possible. TheUNIONALLstatementismuchfasterthanUNION,becauseUNION ALLstatementdoesnotlookforduplicaterows,andUNIONstatement doeslookforduplicaterows,whetherornottheyexist. TrytoavoidusingtheDISTINCTclause,wheneverpossible. BecauseusingtheDISTINCTclausewillresultinsomeperformance degradation,youshouldusethisclauseonlywhenitisnecessary.
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TrytoavoidusingSQLServercursors,wheneverpossible. SQLServercursorscanresultinsomeperformancedegradationin [Link] derivedtables,ifyouneedtoperformrowbyrowoperations. TrytoavoidtheHAVINGclause,wheneverpossible. TheHAVINGclauseisusedtorestricttheresultsetreturnedbythe [Link],the GROUPBYclausedividestherowsintosetsofgroupedrowsand aggregatestheirvalues,andthentheHAVINGclauseeliminates [Link],youcanwriteyourselect statementso,thatitwillcontainonlyWHEREandGROUPBYclauses [Link] query. Ifyouneedtoreturnthetotaltable'srowcount,youcanuse alternativewayinsteadofSELECTCOUNT(*)statement. BecauseSELECTCOUNT(*)statementmakeafulltablescantoreturn thetotaltable'srowcount,itcantakeverymanytimeforthelarge [Link]. Youcanusesysindexessystemtable,[Link] [Link] [Link],youcanusethefollowingselect statementinsteadofSELECTCOUNT(*):SELECTrowsFROMsysindexes WHEREid=OBJECT_ID('table_name')ANDindid<2So,youcan improvethespeedofsuchqueriesinseveraltimes. IncludeSETNOCOUNTONstatementintoyourstoredprocedures tostopthemessageindicatingthenumberofrowsaffectedbya TSQLstatement. Thiscanreducenetworktraffic,becauseyourclientwillnotreceivethe messageindicatingthenumberofrowsaffectedbyaTSQLstatement. TrytorestrictthequeriesresultsetbyusingtheWHEREclause. Thiscanresultsingoodperformancebenefits,becauseSQLServerwill returntoclientonlyparticularrows,notallrowsfromthetable(s).This canreducenetworktrafficandboosttheoverallperformanceofthe query. UsetheselectstatementswithTOPkeywordortheSET ROWCOUNTstatement,ifyouneedtoreturnonlythefirstn rows. Thiscanimproveperformanceofyourqueries,becausethesmaller [Link] serverandtheclients. Trytorestrictthequeriesresultsetbyreturningonlythe particularcolumnsfromthetable,notalltable'scolumns. Thiscanresultsingoodperformancebenefits,becauseSQLServerwill returntoclientonlyparticularcolumns,notalltable'[Link] reducenetworktrafficandboosttheoverallperformanceofthequery.

[Link] [Link] [Link]

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[Link] [Link] IndexOptimizationtips

EveryindexincreasesthetimeintakestoperformINSERTS,UPDATES andDELETES,[Link] usemaximum45indexesononetable,[Link] table,thenthenumberofindexesmaybeincreased. [Link] indexandreducesthenumberofreadsrequiredtoreadtheindex. Trytocreateindexesoncolumnsthathaveintegervaluesratherthan charactervalues. Ifyoucreateacomposite(multicolumn)index,theorderofthecolumns [Link] enhanceselectivity,withthemostselectivecolumnstotheleftmostof thekey. Ifyouwanttojoinseveraltables,trytocreatesurrogateintegerkeys forthispurposeandcreateindexesontheircolumns. Createsurrogateintegerprimarykey(identityforexample)ifyourtable willnothavemanyinsertoperations. Clusteredindexesaremorepreferablethannonclustered,ifyouneedto selectbyarangeofvaluesoryouneedtosortresultssetwithGROUP BYorORDERBY. Ifyourapplicationwillbeperformingthesamequeryoverandoveron thesametable,considercreatingacoveringindexonthetable. YoucanusetheSQLServerProfilerCreateTraceWizardwith"Identify ScansofLargeTables"tracetodeterminewhichtablesinyourdatabase [Link] byqueriesinsteadofusinganindex. Youcanusesp_MSforeachtableundocumentedstoredprocedureto [Link] CPUidletimeandslowproductionperiods. sp_MSforeachtable@command1="print'?'DBCCDBREINDEX('?')"

TSQLQueries
1. 2tables
EmployeePhone empid empname empid salary phnumber mgrid

2. Selectallemployeeswhodoesn'thavephone? SELECTempname FROMEmployee WHERE(empidNOTIN

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(SELECTDISTINCTempid FROMphone)) 3. Selecttheemployeenameswhoishavingmorethanonephone numbers. SELECTempname FROMemployee WHERE(empidIN (SELECTempid FROMphone GROUPBYempid HAVINGCOUNT(empid)>1)) 4. Selectthedetailsof3maxsalariedemployeesfromemployeetable. SELECTTOP3empid,salary FROMemployee ORDERBYsalaryDESC 5. Displayallmanagersfromthetable.(manageridissameasempid) SELECTempname FROMemployee WHERE(empidIN (SELECTDISTINCTmgrid FROMemployee)) 6. WriteaSelectstatementtolisttheEmployeeName,ManagerName underaparticularmanager? [Link],[Link] FROMEmployeee1INNERJOIN [Link]=[Link] [Link] 7. 2tablesempandphone. empfieldsareempid,name Phfieldsareempid,ph(office,mobile,home).Selectallemployees whodoesn'thaveanyphnos. SELECT* FROMemployeeLEFTOUTERJOIN [Link]=[Link] WHERE([Link]='') AND([Link]='') AND([Link]='') 8. Findemployeewhoislivinginmorethanonecity. TwoTables:
Emp Empid empName Salary City Empid City

9. SELECTempname,fname,lname FROMemployee WHERE(empidIN (SELECTempid FROMcity

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GROUPBYempid HAVINGCOUNT(empid)>1)) 10. Findallemployeeswhoislivinginthesamecity.(tableissameas above) SELECTfname FROMemployee WHERE(empidIN (SELECTempid FROMcitya WHEREcityIN (SELECTcity FROMcityb GROUPBYcity HAVINGCOUNT(city)>1))) 11. ThereisatablenamedMovieTablewiththreecolumns moviename,[Link] [Link]. [Link] FROMMovieTablem1INNERJOIN [Link]=[Link] WHERE([Link]='amitabh'[Link]='vinod'OR [Link]='amitabh'[Link]='vinod')AND([Link]= 'actor')AND([Link]='actor') [Link] 12. [Link] containssamestructure(salarydetails).ButEmp2salarydetailsare [Link],writeaquerywhich correctssalarydetailsofthetableemp2 [Link]=b.salfromemp1a,[Link]=[Link] 13. GivenaTablenamedStudentswhichcontainsstudentid, subjectidandmarks.Wherethereare10subjectsand50students. WriteaQuerytofindouttheMaximummarksobtainedineachsubject. 14. InthissametablesnowwriteaSQLQuerytogetthestudentid alsotocombinewithpreviousresults. 15. Threetablesstudent,course,markshowdogoatfinding nameofthestudentswhogotmaxmarksinthediffcourses. [Link],[Link],[Link], [Link] FROMmarksINNERJOIN [Link]=[Link] [Link]=[Link] WHERE([Link]= (SELECTMAX(Mark) FROMMarksMaxMark [Link]=[Link])) 16. Thereisatableday_tempwhichhasthreecolumnsdayid,dayand [Link] temperatureamongeachotherforsevendaysofaweek? [Link],[Link],[Link],[Link]
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FROMday_tempaINNERJOIN day_tempbONa.dayid=[Link]+1 OR [Link],[Link],temperatureb [Link]=[Link]+1 17. Thereisatablewhichcontainsthenameslikethis.a1,a2,a3,a3, a4,a1,a1,[Link], andtotalsalariesofindividualemployeesinonequery. SELECTempid,SUM(salary)ASsalary FROMemployee GROUPBYempidWITHROLLUP ORDERBYempid 18. Howtoknowhowmanytablescontainsempnoasacolumn inadatabase? SELECTCOUNT(*)ASCounter FROMsyscolumns WHERE(name='empno') 19. Findduplicaterowsinatable?ORIhaveatablewithone [Link] findthedistinctvaluesfromthatcolumnandnumberoftimesits repeated. SELECTsid,mark,COUNT(*)ASCounter FROMmarks GROUPBYsid,mark HAVING(COUNT(*)>1) 20. Howtodeletetherowswhichareduplicate(dontdelete bothduplicaterecords). SETROWCOUNT1 DELETEyourtable FROMyourtablea WHERE(SELECTCOUNT(*)FROMyourtablebWHEREb.name1= a.name1ANDb.age1=a.age1)>1 WHILE@@rowcount>0 DELETEyourtable FROMyourtablea WHERE(SELECTCOUNT(*)FROMyourtablebWHEREb.name1= a.name1ANDb.age1=a.age1)>1 SETROWCOUNT0 21. Howtofind6thhighestsalary SELECTTOP1salary FROM(SELECTDISTINCTTOP6salary FROMemployee ORDERBYsalaryDESC)a ORDERBYsalary 22. Findtopsalaryamongtwotables SELECTTOP1sal FROM(SELECTMAX(sal)ASsal FROMsal1 UNION
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SELECTMAX(sal)ASsal FROMsal2)a ORDERBYsalDESC 23. Writeaquerytoconvertallthelettersinawordtoupper case SELECTUPPER('test') 24. [Link] exampleeveniftheuserenters7.1itshouldberoundedupto8. SELECTCEILING(7.1) 25. WriteaSQLQuerytofindfirstdayofmonth? SELECTDATENAME(dw,DATEADD(dd,DATEPART(dd,GETDATE())+1, GETDATE()))ASFirstDay
Datepart year quarter month dayofyear day week weekday hour minute second millisecond Abbreviations yy,yyyy qq,q mm,m dy,y dd,d wk,ww dw hh mi,n ss,s ms

26. TableAcontainscolumn1whichisprimarykeyandhas2values (1,2)andTableBcontainscolumn1whichisprimarykeyandhas2 values(2,3).Writeaquerywhichreturnsthevaluesthatarenot commonforthetablesandthequeryshouldreturnonecolumnwith2 records. SELECTtbla.a FROMtbla,tblb WHEREtbla.a<> (SELECTtblb.a FROMtbla,tblb WHEREtbla.a=tblb.a) UNION SELECTtblb.a FROMtbla,tblb WHEREtblb.a<> (SELECTtbla.a FROMtbla,tblb WHEREtbla.a=tblb.a) OR(betterapproach) SELECTa
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FROMtbla WHEREaNOTIN (SELECTa FROMtblb) UNIONALL SELECTa FROMtblb WHEREaNOTIN (SELECTa FROMtbla) 27. Thereare3tablesTitles,AuthorsandTitleAuthors(checkPUBS db).Writethequerytogettheauthornameandthenumberofbooks writtenbythatauthor,theresultshouldstartfromtheauthorwhohas writtenthemaximumnumberofbooksandendwiththeauthorwhohas writtentheminimumnumberofbooks. SELECTauthors.au_lname,COUNT(*)ASBooksCount FROMauthorsINNERJOIN titleauthorONauthors.au_id=titleauthor.au_idINNERJOIN titlesONtitles.title_id=titleauthor.title_id GROUPBYauthors.au_lname ORDERBYBooksCountDESC 28. UPDATEemp_master SETemp_sal= CASE WHENemp_sal>0ANDemp_sal<=20000THEN(emp_sal*1.01) WHENemp_sal>20000THEN(emp_sal*1.02) END 29. Listallproductswithtotalquantityordered,ifquantityorderedis nullshowitas0. SELECTname,CASEWHENSUM(qty)ISNULLTHEN0WHENSUM(qty) >0THENSUM(qty)ENDAStot FROM[order]RIGHTOUTERJOIN productON[order].prodid=[Link] GROUPBYname Result: coke60 mirinda0 pepsi10 30. ANY,SOME,orALL? ALLmeansgreaterthaneveryvalueinotherwords,greaterthanthe [Link],>ALL(1,2,3)meansgreaterthan3. ANYmeansgreaterthanatleastonevalue,thatis,greaterthanthe [Link]>ANY(1,2,3)meansgreaterthan1.SOMEisanSQL92 standardequivalentforANY. 31. IN&=(differenceincorrelatedsubquery) INDEX

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32. WhatisIndex?Itspurpose? [Link],an indexallowsthedatabaseprogramtofinddatainatablewithout [Link] tablewiththestoragelocationsofrowsinthetablethatcontaineach [Link] combinationofcolumnsinatableandareimplementedintheformofB [Link](thesearch key)[Link],and [Link] example,anindexoncolumnsA,B,CcanbesearchedefficientlyonA, onA,B,andA,B,C. 33. ExplainaboutClusteredandnonclusteredindex?Howto choosebetweenaClusteredIndexandaNonClusteredIndex? [Link] specialtypeofindexthatreordersthewayrecordsinthetableare [Link] leafnodesofaclusteredindexcontainthedatapages. Anonclusteredindexisaspecialtypeofindexinwhichthelogicalorder oftheindexdoesnotmatchthephysicalstoredorderoftherowson [Link] [Link],theleafnodescontainindexrows. Considerusingaclusteredindexfor: o Columnsthatcontainalargenumberofdistinctvalues. o Queriesthatreturnarangeofvaluesusingoperatorssuchas BETWEEN,>,>=,<,and<=. o Columnsthatareaccessedsequentially. o Queriesthatreturnlargeresultsets. NonclusteredindexeshavethesameBtreestructureasclustered indexes,withtwosignificantdifferences: o Thedatarowsarenotsortedandstoredinorderbasedontheir nonclusteredkeys. o Theleaflayerofanonclusteredindexdoesnotconsistofthedata [Link],[Link] containsthenonclusteredkeyvalueandoneormorerowlocators thatpointtothedatarow(orrowsiftheindexisnotunique) havingthekeyvalue. o Pertableonly249nonclusteredindexes. 34. Disadvantageofindex? EveryindexincreasesthetimeintakestoperformINSERTS,UPDATES andDELETES,sothenumberofindexesshouldnotbeverymuch. 35. GivenascenariothatIhavea10ClusteredIndexinaTable [Link] disadvantages? A:Only1clusteredindexispossible. 36. HowcanIenforcetouseparticularindex? Youcanuseindexhint(index=<index_name>)afterthetablename. SELECTau_lnameFROMauthors(index=aunmind)

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37. WhatisIndexTuning? Oneofthehardesttasksfacingdatabaseadministratorsistheselection [Link] creatingnonclusteredindexesonanycolumnsthatarefrequently [Link] candidatesarecolumnsreferencedbyJOINandGROUPBYoperations. Youmaywishtoalsoconsidercreatingnonclusteredindexesthatcover [Link] queriesarereferredtoascoveredqueriesandexperienceexcellent performancegains. IndexTuningistheprocessoffindingappropriatecolumnfornon clusteredindexes. SQLServerprovidesawonderfulfacilityknownastheIndexTuning Wizardwhichgreatlyenhancestheindexselectionprocess. 38. DifferencebetweenIndexdefragandIndexrebuild? Whenyoucreateanindexinthedatabase,theindexinformationused [Link] [Link] aremadetothedatathataffecttheindex,theinformationintheindex [Link] thestorageoftheindexdata(andtabledatainthecaseofaclustered index)[Link] reducingthenumberofpagereadsrequiredtoobtaintherequested data DBCCINDEXDEFRAGDefragmentsclusteredandsecondaryindexesof thespecifiedtableorview. ** 39. Whatissortingandwhatisthedifferencebetweensorting &clusteredindexes? TheORDERBYclausesortsqueryresultsbyoneormorecolumnsupto 8,[Link] [Link],while inserting/updatingthetable. 40. Whatarestatistics,underwhatcircumstancestheygoout ofdate,howdoyouupdatethem? [Link] hasuniquevaluesthentheselectivityofthatindexismore,asopposed [Link] indeterminingwhethertochooseanindexornotwhileexecutinga query. Somesituationsunderwhichyoushouldupdatestatistics: 1)Ifthereissignificantchangeinthekeyvaluesintheindex 2)Ifalargeamountofdatainanindexedcolumnhasbeenadded, changed,orremoved(thatis,ifthedistributionofkeyvalueshas changed),orthetablehasbeentruncatedusingtheTRUNCATETABLE statementandthenrepopulated 3)Databaseisupgradedfromapreviousversion 41. Whatisfillfactor?Whatistheuseofit?Whathappens whenweignoreit?Whenyoushoulduselowfillfactor?
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Whenyoucreateaclusteredindex,thedatainthetableisstoredinthe datapagesofthedatabaseaccordingtotheorderofthevaluesinthe [Link] thevaluesintheindexedcolumnsarechanged,MicrosoftSQL Server2000mayhavetoreorganizethestorageofthedatainthe tabletomakeroomforthenewrowandmaintaintheorderedstorageof [Link] orchanged,SQLServermayhavetoreorganizethestorageofthedata [Link] page,SQLServermovesapproximatelyhalftherowstoanewpageto [Link] [Link] thedatainatable. Whencreatinganindex,youcanspecifyafillfactortoleaveextragaps andreserveapercentageoffreespaceoneachleaflevelpageofthe indextoaccommodatefutureexpansioninthestorageofthetable's [Link] percentagefrom0to100thatspecifieshowmuchtofillthedatapages aftertheindexiscreated.Avalueof100meansthepageswillbefull [Link] usedonlywhentherewillbenochangestothedata,forexample,ona [Link] pages,whichreducestheneedtosplitdatapagesasindexesgrowbut [Link] therewillbechangestothedatainthetable. DATATYPES 42. WhatarethedatatypesinSQL
bigint datetime money smalldatetime tinyint Binary Decimal Nchar Smallint Varbinary bit float ntext smallmoney Varchar char image nvarchar text uniqueidentifier cursor int real timestamp

43. Differencebetweencharandnvarchar/charandvarchar datatype? char[(n)]FixedlengthnonUnicodecharacterdatawithlengthofn bytes.nmustbeavaluefrom1through8,[Link]. TheSQL92synonymforcharischaracter. nvarchar(n)VariablelengthUnicodecharacterdataofncharacters.n mustbeavaluefrom1through4,[Link],inbytes,istwo timesthenumberofcharactersentered.Thedataenteredcanbe0 charactersinlength.TheSQL92synonymsfornvarchararenational charvaryingandnationalcharactervarying. varchar[(n)]VariablelengthnonUnicodecharacterdatawithlengthof nbytes.nmustbeavaluefrom1through8,[Link] actuallengthinbytesofthedataentered,[Link]

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canbe0charactersinlength.TheSQL92synonymsforvarcharare charvaryingorcharactervarying. 44. GUIDdatasize? 128bit 45. HowGUIDbecominguniqueacrossmachines? Toensureuniquenessacrossmachines,theIDofthenetworkcardis used(amongothers)tocomputethenumber. 46. Whatisthedifferencebetweentextandimagedatatype? [Link] than255charactersinSQLServer6.5,ormorethan8000inSQLServer [Link](BLOBs)suchasdigitalimages. Withtextandimagedatatypes,thedataisnotstoredintherow,sothe [Link] [Link], ntext,andimagevaluescanbeamaximumof2GB,whichistoolongto storeinasingledatarow. JOINS 47. Whatarejoins? Sometimeswehavetoselectdatafromtwoormoretablestomakeour [Link]. 48. HowmanytypesofJoins? Joinscanbecategorizedas: Innerjoins(thetypicaljoinoperation,whichusessome comparisonoperatorlike=or<>).Theseincludeequijoinsand naturaljoins. Innerjoinsuseacomparisonoperatortomatchrowsfromtwo tablesbasedonthevaluesincommoncolumnsfromeachtable. Forexample,retrievingallrowswherethestudentidentification numberisthesameinboththestudentsandcoursestables. [Link],aright,orfullouterjoin. Outerjoinsarespecifiedwithoneofthefollowingsetsofkeywords whentheyarespecifiedintheFROMclause: LEFTJOINorLEFTOUTERJOINTheresultsetofaleftouter joinincludesalltherowsfromthelefttablespecifiedinthe LEFTOUTERclause,notjusttheonesinwhichthejoined [Link] matchingrowsintherighttable,theassociatedresultset rowcontainsnullvaluesforallselectlistcolumnscoming fromtherighttable. RIGHTJOINorRIGHTOUTERJOINArightouterjoinisthe [Link] [Link] arighttablerowhasnomatchingrowinthelefttable. FULLJOINorFULLOUTERJOINAfullouterjoinreturnsall [Link] matchintheothertable,theselectlistcolumnsfromthe [Link]

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betweenthetables,theentireresultsetrowcontainsdata valuesfromthebasetables. CrossjoinsCrossjoinsreturnallrowsfromthelefttable,each rowfromthelefttableiscombinedwithallrowsfromtheright [Link].(A [Link] whenyoujoineveryrowofonetabletoeveryrowofanother [Link] rowofitself.) 49. Whatisselfjoin? Atablecanbejoinedtoitselfinaselfjoin. 50. WhatarethedifferencesbetweenUNIONandJOINS? [Link]. 51. CanIimproveperformancebyusingtheANSIstylejoins insteadoftheoldstylejoins? CodeExample1: [Link],[Link] fromsysobjectso,sysindexesi [Link]=[Link] CodeExample2: [Link],[Link] fromsysobjectsoinnerjoinsysindexesi [Link]=[Link] YouwillnotgetanyperformancegainbyswitchingtotheANSIstyle JOINsyntax. UsingtheANSIJOINsyntaxgivesyouanimportantadvantage:Because thejoinlogiciscleanlyseparatedfromthefilteringcriteria,youcan understandthequerylogicmorequickly. TheSQLServeroldstyleJOINexecutesthefilteringconditionsbefore executingthejoins,whereastheANSIstyleJOINreversesthis procedure(joinlogicprecedesfiltering). PerhapsthemostcompellingargumentforswitchingtotheANSIstyle JOINisthatMicrosofthasexplicitlystatedthatSQLServerwillnot [Link] considerationisthattheANSIstyleJOINsupportsqueryconstructions thattheoldstyleJOINsyntaxdoesnotsupport.
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