Analog Communications Assignment Guide
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Omkar BarbadikarAnalog Communications Assignment Guide
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Omkar BarbadikarCommon questions
Powered by AITo determine the frequency multiplication necessary, we can use the formula for creating wideband FM from narrowband FM: β (modulation index) for the narrowband is 0.1 radians. The wideband FM modulation index can be found as the ratio of frequency deviation to message signal bandwidth, which is 75,000 Hz / 15,000 Hz = 5. Now, the frequency multiplication factor n required is 5 / 0.1 = 50. Therefore, multiplying the narrowband FM signal by a factor of 50 creates the required wideband FM signal .
Carson's rule states that the bandwidth of an FM signal is approximately twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and the highest frequency present in the modulating signal. For the setup described, where the frequency deviation is 20 kHz and assuming the highest modulation frequency is the bandwidth of the message signal at 15 kHz, the bandwidth as per Carson's rule would be 2 * (20 kHz + 15 kHz) = 70 kHz .
Increasing the frequency of the sinusoidal modulating signal by a factor of two would double the modulation index for both FM and PM, given constant deviation constants kp and kf. In FM, this increases the peak frequency deviation and subsequently the signal bandwidth. For PM, the doubled frequency of m(t) leads to increased frequency components, expanding the signal's spectral range. Carson's rule would need re-application to calculate the new bandwidth .
Reducing the amplitude of the sinusoidal modulating signal by half will result in halving the peak frequency deviation (for FM) and the peak phase deviation (for PM), as both are directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. Specifically, for FM, the frequency deviation is kf multiplied by the modulating signal amplitude, hence it will reduce by a factor of two. Similarly, for PM, the phase deviation kp*m(t) will also reduce by half .
The relationship between the modulation constants kp and kf for equal maximum phase deviation in frequency-modulated and phase-modulated signals can be established by equating the maximum phase deviation from both modulation schemes. In frequency modulation (FM), the maximum phase deviation is kf*m(t), while in phase modulation (PM), it is kp*m(t). Setting these equal gives the relationship kp = kf. This implies that to have the same maximum phase deviation, the modulation constants must be equal when the modulation signal m(t) is normalized .
For frequency modulation, the maximum instantaneous frequency is determined by the peak frequency deviation, which is kf multiplied by the amplitude of the modulating signal. For phase modulation, since kp = fd = 1, the maximum instantaneous frequency deviation will directly be the same as the amplitude of the frequency deviation, making it similar to the peak phase deviation value. Thus, the maximum instantaneous frequency equals the peak frequency deviation, dictated by the modulating signal amplitude .
The amplitudes and phases of the frequency components for a PM signal where k = 1, and m(t) is periodic, are computed using Fourier series expansion. The periodic signal given by 1 for half the period and -1 for the other half can be decomposed into harmonics. The fundamental frequency component will have an amplitude influenced by the tone m(t). Since k = 1, the phase deviation directly corresponds to the amplitude of the Fourier coefficients, producing spectra centered on each harmonic .
Modulation of A cos(2π106t) with the signal m(t) = 2cos(2000πt) leads to FM and PM modulations characterized by specific indices. The frequency modulation index βf is calculated as (kf * peak amplitude of m(t)) / frequency of m(t), leading to βf = (3000 Hz/V * 2 V) / 1000 Hz = 6. The phase modulation index βp is computed as kp * peak amplitude of m(t), resulting in βp = 1.5 rad/V * 2 V = 3 rad. These indices define the significant sidebands and bandwidth using Carson's rule for respective modulations .
The Armstrong FM modulator generates wideband FM signals by initially creating a narrowband FM signal, characterized by a small frequency deviation and low modulation index, to control distortion. The system then utilizes frequency multiplication steps to significantly increase the frequency deviation and thereby the bandwidth, forming a wideband FM signal. By carefully managing the initial phase and deviation, system constraints are maintained while expanding the signal into a desired spectrum .
The maximum allowable drift for the 100 kHz oscillator can be calculated by considering the total drift in terms of fractional drift. For a carrier frequency specification of 104 MHz, the oscillator's drift of ±2 Hz translates into a fractional precision requirement of 2/104,000,000 or approximately 19.23 x 10^-9 fractional drift. The maximum permissible drift for a 100 kHz oscillator would thus be 100,000 x 19.23 x 10^-9 = 1.923 Hz maximum deviation allowed .