A STUDY ON THE PROBLEMS FACED BY WORKERS IN

UNORGANIZED SECTOR WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

PERINTHALMANNA MUNICIPALITY

PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to CALICUT UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

degree of
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE
Submitted by
MOHAMMED IRSHAD
SXASBS0032
(2018 - 2021)
 DECLARATION
I Mohammed Irshad pp hereby declare that this project report entitled as
"A STUDY ON THE PROBLEMS FACED BY WORKERS IN UNORGANIZED
SECTOR WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PERINTHALMANNA MUNICIPALI-
TY" is a bona-fide record of the project work carried by me during the academic year
2018-2021 is a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
B. Com of the university of Calicut. This work has not been undertaken or submitted
elsewhere in connection with any academic course.

Place: Puthanangadi Mohammed Irshad pp

Date:
SXASBS0032

Mohammed Irshad pp
B COM

A STUDY ON THE PROBLEMS FACED BY

WORKERS IN UNORGANIZED SECTOR WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PERINTHALMANNA
MUNICIPALITY
 CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
[Link]
Unorganised sector constitutes a major part of workforce in the Indian economy. The informal
economy employees about 86% of the country’s workforce. About 50% of the national product
is accounted by the unorganised economy.
In unorganised sector can be defined as the sector where the element of the organised is absent.
In the absence of more analytical definition the landscape of unorganised sector becomes a
synonymous with the Kaleidoscope of unregulated ,poorly ,skilled and low paid workers. While
defining and unorganised sector we can say that it is a part of the workforce which has not been
able to organise in pursuit of a common objective because of constraints such as casual nature of
employment, ignorance ,illiteracy, small size of establishment with low capital investment, per
person employed, scattered nature of establishment, superior strength of the employer etc. “The
unorganised sector consists of all private enterprises having less than 10 total workers ,operating
on a proprietary basis or partnership basis “- by National Commission on enterprises in the
unorganised sector in 2004.
The unorganised sector is often termed as residual sector but, it has its own merits as there is
consistent growth rate in employment .The unorganised sector is known by different names such
as informal sector and unregulated sector etc. This implies that informal workers are beyond and
any regulation or legislations passed by the government. Hence their working status is rarely
covered by the legal status. The unorganised sector has become competitive and low cost device
to absorb the labour which cannot be absorbed does where any attempt to regulate and being
into be impairing the labour absorbing capacity of this sector.

1.2 NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Unorganised workers means any home based workers, self employed or a wage workers in the
unorganised sector ,and includes a worker in the organised sector who is not covered by any
mentioned in the schedule-2of the unorganised workers social Act 2008.
Unorganised workers in India has increased manifold post-independence. Around 52 % of
unorganised workers are engaged in agricultural and allied sector and they constitute more than
90% of work force. And organised workers also contribute 50% to GDP. So it is at most
important to look into the plight of this poverty stricken and also downtrodden class of India.
They suffer many problems. It includes in security of job ,irregularity to get minimum wages
,long hours of work, poverty ,indebtedness ,illiteracy ,occupational hazards and health issues etc.
So this study mainly focused on the problems of workers in unorganised sector they were poor
and lower education, by understanding their working condition ,job satisfaction to know the
security and welfare measures available for the workers in unorganised sector.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The unorganised economy in India employs about 86% of the countries workforce. Many of
these workers are primary earners for their family. Their earnings are necessary for sheer
survival. They suffer problems like non standard and lower paid forms of work, low income, lack
of continuity, in security ,wage discrimination , healthy job relationship ,absence of medical and
accident care etc.
Therefore it is time to address the issues and discuss their working conditions the present study
aims at understanding the problems faced by the workers in unorganised sector (with special
reference to Ottapalam municipality). Towards fulfilling this objective this study has been
conducted to find out the realities.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To find out the problems faced by the workers in unorganised sector in Ottapalam
municipality.
To know how these problems affect the worker’s life.
To evaluate the working condition of employees in unorganised sector.
To suggest suitable measures to improve the overall satisfaction of employees and solve these
problems.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study on the problems faced by the workers in unorganised sector is a depth survey done
through onsite observation and questionnaire.
As unorganised employees are the main stream of work force and the productivity of them is
very important to the existence and survival of the country. But they face serious problems and
constraints related to their work such as wage discrimination, in security of job, irregularity to
get minimum wages, illiteracy ,poverty and indebtedness etc.
The aim of the study was to get the first hand knowledge a bout the problems faced by the
workers in unorganised sector. The universe of the study includes all type of workers in
unorganised sector namely agricultural workers ,construction workers ,self employment and
workers in micro enterprises. The study confined to Ottapalam municipality.
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
[Link] design:-
This is basically descriptive research design. The research has done with the help of primary and
secondary methods of data collection.

2. Techniques used for the study:-

The techniques used for the study is convenience sampling. A statistical method of drawing
representative data by selecting people because of the case of their availability or easy access.

3. Period of the study:-

The period of the study is limited to 3 weeks.

4. Sample design:-
Sample size : 50 workers
Sample unit :workers in unorganised sector in Ottapalam municipality.
Type of sampling: For the purpose of the study probability sampling method has been used.
Samples are taken randomly and the study is conducted on the workers by administering a
questionnaire among the workers.

5. Source of data:-
Primary data: The study mainly based on primary data collected through structured
questionnaire and interview with the workers in unorganised sector.

Secondary data: This data originally collected from published sources like articles and
published books on problems faced by unorganised workers.

[Link] used for the study:-

The tools used for the Study are:
*Since percentage.
*Graphs.
*Tables.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This is an academic effort and it is limited to cost, time and geographical area.
Reluctance from the part of the respondents to give exact information’s is the major limitation
 An interpretation of this study is based on the assumption that the respondents have given
correct information’s.

CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter analyses the views and main findings of different authors on the economic
conditions of unorganized construction labourer. The study of related literature implies locating,
reading and evaluating reports of casual observation and opinions that are related to the
individuals planned research work. Further, the concepts used in the present study have been
discussed.

[Link]. VandanaDeve (2012) made an attempt to understand the socio economic conditions of
labours, nature of their working conditions, wage pattern, wage discrimination of other
difficulties faced by their work place. It was carried out with 350 respondents including women
construction workers, agriculture labours and domestic helpers working in the unorganized
sector. The result showed that majority of the migrant women were engaged in the construction
industry and were only employed in unskilled and low pain jobs and coolies, labours and helper
and women were exploited to a greater degree as the were paid less compared to men for similar
nature of work and hours spend on work. The condition of the work in the unorganized sector
were unsatisfactory and the problems confronted by them were acute. And the their illiteracy,
poverty and indebtedness forced them to work for lower wages and under unjust condition .

2. Antony D’Souza (2013) focused and status and contribution of unorganized sector forced
more on the challenges and problems faced by the youth in selecting job as self- employment. It
is found that larger number of workers was getting their livelihood for this sector and
entrepreneur place a vital role in bring up unorganized sector at the better position in the country.

[Link] and Romica (2012) conducted a study amongst working women of the organized and
the unorganized sector for understand their status within the family by looking at their
involvement in key decision making areas including distribution of house hold duties and money
related decision.
[Link] P. E, bring out the consequence and determinant of women’s work in the unorganized
sector. It is revealed that women in the textiles sales sector and working with very lower wages
than the minimum wage fixed. They are mot getting any service benefits such as increment
leave, position, PF and insurance. They are all coming from the lower class family and are
exploited in many wages .

5. Mr. Praveen sindu an expert from FES delivered a speech on ‘ Unorganized sectors in India
’ to draw a contrast between the condition of labour in Birbhum and the rest part on un
organized sectors of India. He defines labour ‘ as an effort – either physical, mental, skilled,
unskilled, etc.. to satisfy a demand. It does not work in vacuum but in a society under a policy
and systems ‘ According to the statistics presented by him, approx. 77-80% of Indian labour live
with a daily wage of 40 rupees. As a remedy to this issue he suggests the labour power to be
organized and the effort to be collective in nature

6. Prof. P.K Ghosh, principal, institute of rural reconstruction, VisvaBharati discussed on the
laws and flaws in unorganized sectors with difference to Birbhum district. He further said how
this problems. Some issues like MNRGA, PROPLEL, etc… were discussed with case studies in
contract to Birbhum district presenting facts and figures along with statistics. Some faults were
shown with evidence and profs reflecting the gap in law

7. Mr. S. C Srivastava, national fellow Secretary General, National Labour Law Association
New Delhi, disused on the ‘Labour Laws in India ‘. He further discussed on the insurance
schemes, policies and laws available for the labour of both organized and unorganized sector of
India. Some villages from the research area were invited to the seminar to get the solution to
their problems from [Link] itself. Schemes like’ Rajiv Gandhi SasthaBimaYojana’,
‘JanasreeBimaYojana’, etc… many other such schemes and policies for the betterment and uplift
mend to labours were also discussed. This discussion made a clear impact on the invited villages
as the found some remedy to their daily problems regarding ‘Labour Issue’.

8.A study conducted by Rajarathinam (2001) on Dalit Unorganized workers are hailing from the
village areas of Tirunelveli of Tamilnadu District. He mainly conveyed about the poor
socioeconomic condition of Dalit Majdoor.
[Link] Joseph, Nirupama Soundararajan, Manisha Gupta and Sanghamitra Sahu in their
research paper Impact of Organized Retailing on the Unorganized Sector discussed on how
unorganized sectors are being benefited by the limited numbers of retailers of the mini and
megacities. They have also recommended few policies that will strengthen the relationship
between large retailers and small suppliers.

10.T. S. Papola in his research paper concerning to informal Sector: Concept and Policy
discussed about various disadvantages of informal sectors and conveyed to reduce their problems
they suffer, and also told to increase the absorption capacity of in - migrant works into the city to
enhance their productivity and to develop working condition of workers.

[Link] M. D. Mendoncae Noronha (2005): In his thesis of “Migrant Construction Workers in

Goa”discussed about migrant labours working especially construction company, it has also been
observed that maximum number of workers are engaged in constructing company. The author
made an endeavour to find out the socio- economic of workers and its impact on economic
situation of Goa.

[Link] Hill in her Women in the Indian Informal Economy: Collective Strategies for Work
Life Improvement and Development conveyed that resource based approach which is
inappropriate in informal sectors.
13Neha Mittal (2012) in her Research Paper Women Workers In ‘Unorganized Sector: Socio-
Economic Perspective’ has discussed about the problems of women worker. They working for a
long hour’s every day, chaotic working conditions, very low wages and above all they keep on
working without proper social security measure.
[Link] Jacob in his research Paper “The Unorganized Sectors in India” has described minutely
about their problems and challenges regularly because of seasonality nature of job. Workers are
suffering from the indebtedness and bondage especially in the rural area. The do not even get
proper guidance of Trade Union.
[Link] Majumdar (2013) led a study named as “Social Security System and the Informal
Sector in India: A Review”. As per her view India's government managed social security
since1947, effective very negligible for the labourers of unorganized sectors whether in India
maximum labour force comes under the informal sectors. This article surveys about monitory
condition of the workers i.e. they do not have savings to keep themselves secure in a problematic
situation. She also tried to convey that absence of standardize saving of this type of workforce
mark on the efficiency of the whole Indian economy.
[Link], Deodar and Sankaran (2004) in their book, “labour Welfare, Trade Unionism and
Industrial Relations” stated that labour welfare is anything done for the comfort and
improvement, intellectual and social-well being of the employees over and above the wages paid
which is not a necessity of the industry.
[Link] to Sadodas Kumar Vijay (2011) conducted the study on the working and living
conditions of stone quarry workers. This study examined the hiring practices, compensations the
role of government and trade unions in this sector. In this regard not much help was provided by
the government and legal framework of the country. It was a social survey research which used
the random sampling method. The findings revealed that there was no clear employment
relationship with either employer or contractor and workers always remain uncovered by any
labour legislation which regulates the term and conditions of employment or social security
scheme. Hence the requirement implementation of a comprehensive law becomes imperative to
provide a better standard of living and to regulate their working conditions.
[Link] to Dr. G. Rajendran and Mrs. S. Hema (2015) concluded that they are the most
vulnerable and deprived section of the society in the need of protection, security, benefits and
assistance. As per NCEUS details, the unorganized workers by gender across the states in the
year 2013- 2014. The male workers are 90.7 and female workers are 95.9% in unorganized
workforce. The female workers are more than male workers in unorganized sector as well as
unorganized workers.
[Link] to Dr. Muna Kalyani (2015) the security needs of the unorganized sector such as
Food, Nutrition, Health, Housing, Employment, Income, Life and accident, and old age remains
a dream in India.
20.A study by Harvard (2013) researchers observed that Construction workers are frequently
stressed about work-related injuries and pain and often fail to seek help, putting themselves at
risk for more injuries and mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and even suicide,
according to a new study by researchers at Harvard School of Public Health. As per Journal of
Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2013) high prevalence of substantial mental distress
in the U.S. construction worker population and this distress is strongly related to pain and
injuries.
 CHAPTER-III
THE ORETICAL FRAME WORK
THEORATICAL OVERVIEW
UNORGANIZED SECTOR: AN OVERVEW
The term unorganized is often used in the Indian contest to refer to the west no. of workers
engaged in different form of employment including home-based workers, self employment
programmes, employment in house hold enterprises and small units, agriculture workers, labour
on construction sites, domestic work, handicrafts khadi and village industries, handloom weaving
and sericulture etc.. The central statistical organization, (CSO) defined unorganized or informal
sector consisting of enterprises that producing for the market do not have 20 employees without
power and 10 employees with power. The workers of these enterprises are no registered under
any legal stipulation like the industrial Disputes Act of 1948 etc….
The National Centre for Enterprises in the unorganized sector (NCECS) set by the
Govt. Of India in September 2004 defined the unorganized sector as the unorganized sector
consists of all un incorporated privet enterprises owned by individuals or house holds engaged in
the sale and production of good and services operated in a proprietary or partnership basis and
with less than ten total workers.

NATURE OF UNORGANIZED SECTOR

 Ease of entry
Autonomy and flexibility
Small scale of operations
Family ownership
Labour intensive and Adaptive technology
Lake of support and recognition from the Govt.
Unreported income-tax evasion
Legal or illegal
Competitive and unregulated market
Unprotected labour market

EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNORGANIZED SECTOR

According to NSEUS, unorganized worker consists of those working in the on organized
enterprises or households excluding regular workers with social security benefits and the workers
in the formal sector without any employment social security benefits provided the employees. A
number of Acts such as the workmen’s compensation Act (1923), the Industrial Disputes Act
(1947), the Employees State Insurance Act (1948), the minimum wages Act (1948) the maternity
Benefit Act (1961), the contract labour Act (1970) the payment of Gratuity Act ()1996 etc.. are
there to the organized workers to action different kinds of soc ial security and welfare benefits.
Though it has been argued that the above Acts are directly and indirectly applicable to the
workers in the unorganized sector also but it is not implemented properly in the case of
unorganized workers.

THE MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNORGANIZED WORKERS

The unorganized labour is vast in terms of is number range and therefore they are universal
throughout India.

As the unorganized sector suffers from cycle of excessive seasonality of employment, majority
of the unorganized workers does not have steady avenues of employment. Even those who
appear to be visibly employed are not gainfully and substantially employed, indicating the
existence of disguised unemployment.

The work place is scattered and fragmented.

 There is no recognized employer –employee relationship.

In rural areas, the unorganized labour force is highly stratified on caste and community
considerations.

In urban areas while such considerations are much less, it cannot be said that it is altogether
absent as the bulk of the unorganized workers in urban areas are basically migrant workers from
rural areas.

Workers in the unorganised sector are usually subjected to indebtedness and burden as their
inadequate income cannot meet with their livelihood needs.

the unorganised workers are subjected to exploitation by rest of society .They receive poor
working condition especially wages much below that in formal sector.

Inadequate and ineffective labour laws and Standards relating to the unorganised sector .

The unorganised workers do not receive sufficient attention from trade unions.

THE UNORGANIZED SECTOR IN INDIA BRIEF HISTORY

In the mid 1950’s [Link] Lewis developed a theoretical model of economic
development based on the assumption that there was an unlimited supply of labour in most
developing countries and that this vast pool of surplus labour would be absorbed as the modern
industrial sector in these countries grew. It was therefore assumed that the traditional sector
comprised of pretty traders, small producers and a range of casual jobs would eventually be
absorbed into the formal economy and disappear. This argument became less convincing since
the 1970’s when case studies on informal sector in various parts of the world began to reveal the
highly active existence of men, women and children crowding at the bottom of the urban
economy in third world countries. So many studies have revealed the vast number of workers, in
the third world, striving had to survive on the fruits of their labours outside the formal sector of
the economy, The formal informal dichotomy can be regarded as a new variation on the dualism
theories of the part. In the colonial era a contrast was constructed between an invasive western
capitalist sector and an opposing eastern non-capitalist peopl’s economy. In post-colonial
development theory the concepts of dualism was applied to the dichotomy of traditional and
modern. According to this view, the rural agricultural order was still predominantly pre-capitalist
while the urban-based industrial economy was described as capitalist. In the most recent phase of
the dualism doctrine capitalism is he label of only the advanced segment of the lower economic
terrain, rather questionably labelled as non-capitalist, are characterized as the informal sector.

In operationalizing these variations on dualism, the contrasts are more significant than the
specific characteristics of each segment. For instance, it’s entirely normal to describe the
informal sector by summing up the absence of elements found in the formal sector. In the
absence of a more analytical definition, the landscape of the informal sector becomes
synonymous with the kaleidoscope or unregulated, poorly skilled and low paid workers.
Highlighting this chaotic assortment Keith hat coined the term “informal economy” in 1971.

There are different terminologies used so interchangeably to signify the unorganized

sector like informal sector, informal economy and even informal labour which often highlights
the most effected part of the sector, namely the labour. “Informal labour is a labour whose use is
not governed either by state regulations or by collective arguments between workers.

Informal labour has, in different instance been viewed as labour engaged oil in urban
small scale enterprises, a self employment, as labour engaged in “traditional activities”, as
wholly unskilled labour and as labour whose use is not subject to any rules or norms but none of
this has any sound conceptual or empirical foundation. Informality does not imply a particular
mode or location of labour use; informal labour can be in self employment, in casual wage
employment, and in regular wage employment. Justas it can be in urban as well as in rural areas.
There is little reason to think that informal labour must be contained to ‘traditional’ and ‘modern
activities’.

We do not need to assume that informal labour is unskilled; only need to recognize that
its skills are acquired outside the formal education system. And all the more in the context of the
non-liberal economic policies if hire and fire where the organized sector itself is getting
informalised through contractulalisation, casualization and outsourcing of labour, there are
workers who are equally or even more educated and skilled, work better and even longer in so
many of the organized sector; but for no labour rights, wage, job or social security protection and
for every dismal wages. The casual and contract labourers are under the working and living
conditions that prevailed in the nineteenth century Europe.
 Since the introduction of the informal sector concept, opinion has been divided as to its
socio economic impact. There are authors who positively point out the accelerated shift in
livelihood patterns away from agriculture and village to cities and towns in the third world since
the mid-twentieth century. But even if the masses of migrants hooding into urban areas were
fortunate enough to establish a foothold, the vast majority of them could gain no access to the
formal sector. It is still too small to cope with the continuous influx of newcomers.

The more critical analysis of researchers, who have observed that the formal sector
remained inaccessible of reasons other than the interior quality of new urbanities labour, and
their other defects, reject such as optimistic view. The failure of the new comers effort to find
stable, decently paid and dignified work is in this alternative perception due mainly to a
development strategy that, in the face of excess supply, seeks to keep the price of labour as low
as possible, allows no room for collective action to reduce these people’s vulnerability and refuse
to provide this footloose workforce with public representation. In short, the lack of registration.

Organization and protection does not have its origin. In the free play if social forces but
it’s the deliberate product of economic interest that benefit from the state of informality in which
a wide range of activities in all branches of the economy are kept, systematically and on a large
scale, through evasion of labour laws and taxation.

In died, the informal sector is not separated and close circuit of work and labour. There is
interaction between the formal and informal sectors, and dependence of the latter on the former
and even its subordination to it. Now with the neo-liberal economic policies there is the
widespread informalization of the formal sector through down sizing, casualization and
contractulalisation. In short the capitalist beaches become richer and riches by squeezing the life
blood of the working force.

The Indian Scenario

The Indian economy is characterized by the existence of a vast majority of informal or

unorganized labour employment. As per the Economic Survey 2007-08, 93% of India’s work
force include the self employed and employed in unorganized labour force under four groups in
terms of occupation, nature of employment, specially distressed categories and service
categories.

1. In terms of occupation

Small and managerial farmers, landless agricultural labourers, share croppers fisher men,
those engaged in animal husbandry, beedi rolling, labelling and packing, building and
construction workers, leather workers, weavers, artisans, salt workers, worker in brick
kilns and stone quarries, workers and small mills, oil mills etc.. come under this category.

2. In terms of nature of employment

Attached agricultural labourers, bonded labourers, migrant workers, contract and casual
labourers come under this.

3. In terms of service categories

Mid wives, Domestic workers, Fishermen and women barbers, vegetable and fruit
vendors, news paper vendors etc. belong to this category.

4. In terms of specially distressed categories

Today tappers, scavengers, carries of head loads, drivers of animal driven vehicle loaders
and unloaders come under.
 CHAPTER – IV

DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

 4.1 Table showing gender-based classification of respondents

Table 4.1
Gender [Link] respondents Percentage
Male 35 70
Female 15 30
Total 50 100

Chart.4.1

percentage
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
male female

percentage

INTERPRETATION:
The analysis shows that out of 50 respondents 35respondents are males and 15 workers are
females.
 4.2 Table showing marital status of respondents

Table4.2
Marital status [Link] respondents Percentage
Single 7 14
Married 43 86
Others - -
Total 50 100

Chart 4.2

percentage
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
single married

percentage

INTERPRETATION:
The analysis shows that 86% of respondents are married and only 7% of respondents are single.
 4.3 Table showing education level of respondents

Table.4.3
Education [Link] respondents Percentage
qualification
Primary 23 46
Secondary 18 36
Graduation 7 14
Above graduation 2 4
Total 50 100

Chart 4.3

percentage

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
primary secondary graduation Above
graduation

percentage

INTERPRETATION:
In this 46% of respondents are primary educators. And only 4% of respondents are above
graduation, 36% of respondents have secondary and 14%of respondents are graduates.
 4.4 Table showing occupational status of respondents

Table 4.4
Occupation [Link] respondents Percentage
Agriculture 15 30
Manufacturing 10 20
Construction 8 16
Sales 10 20
Others 7 14
Total 50 100

Chart 4.4

percentage

30%
20%
10%
percentage
0%

percentage
INTERPRETATION:
In this 30% of respondents are belongs to Agricultural Sector,10% of respondents are belongs to
sales, Manufacturing and construction workers are 20% and 16 % respectively. Only 14 % of
respondents are doing other jobs.

4.5 Table showing nature of work of respondents

Table 4.5
Nature of work [Link] respondents Percentage

Regular 11 22

Part time 4 8

Seasonal 15 30

Contractual 20 40

Total 50 100
 percentage
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Regular Part time Seasonal Contractual

percentage

Chart 4.5
INTERPRETATION:
In this 40% of workers are contractual workers , 22 % of workers have regular work and 30% of
workers have seasonal work.

4.6 Table showing income level of respondents

Table 4.6
Income [Link] respondents Percentage
Below 500 7 14
500-1000 35 70
1000-2000 5 5
Above 2000 3 6
Total 50 100

Chart 4.6
 Below 500 500-1000 1000-2000 Above 2000

INTERPRETATION:
In this majority of workers (70%) are getting wage between [Link] only 6% of workers are
getting wages above 2000.

4.7 Table showing mode of payment of workers

Table 4.7
Mode of payment [Link] respondents Percentage
Hourly - -
Daily 33 66
Weekly 4 8
Monthly 13 26
Total 50 100

Chart 4.7

percentage

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Hourly Daily Weekly Monthly

percentage

INTERPRETATION:
This table shows that 66% of workers are daily wage earners,26%of workers are getting wage
monthly and 8% of workers are getting wages weekly. No one get wage hourly.

4.8.1Table showing the opinion of respondents regarding bargain for wages

Table 4.8.1
Opinion [Link] respondents Percentage
Yes 13 26
No 37 74
Total 50 100

Chart 4.8.1

percentage
80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
yes No

INTERPRETATION:
74% of workers are not bargain over the wages but 26% of workers are bargaining for additional
wages.

4.8.2Table showing the reason for not bargaining wages

Table 4.8.2
Opinions [Link] respondents Percentage
Wages are fixed 17 45.94
No knowledge 5 13.51
Fear of losting job 15 40.54
Total 37 100

Chart 4.8.2

percentage

Wages are fixed No knowledge Fear of losting job

INTERPRETATION:
In this 34% of workers are says that wages are fixed so they do not bargain over the wages.30%
of workers do not bargain because of fear of losting job.

4.9Table showing satisfaction with the prevailing wage rate

 Table 4.9
Opinion [Link] respondents Percentage
Satisfied 3 6
Not satisfied 35 70
Partly satisfied 12 24
Total 50 100

Chart 4.9

percentage

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Satisfied Not satisfied Partly satisfied

percentage

INTERPRETATION:
The above analysis shows that majority of respondents (70%) are not satisfied with their
prevailing wage rate.24% of respondents are partly satisfied and 6% of respondents are not
satisfied with their wage rate.
 4.10TABLE SHOWING THE MOTIVES TO STAY IN PRESENT
JOB

Table 4.10
Attributes [Link] respondents Percentage
Anticipation for better job 10 20

Option of alternatives 9 18
For survival 23 46
Other factors 8 16
Total 50 100

Chart 4.10

percentage
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Anticipation for Option of For survival Other factors
be�er job alternatives

percentage

INTERPRETATION:
In this 46% of the respondents says that survival is their motive to stay in the job.26% of
respondents says that anticipation for better job is their motive and 18% of respondents says
that option of alternative is their motive to continue the job.
4.11Table showing the increments in wages

Table 4.11
Opinions [Link] respondents Percentage

Yes 20 40

No 30 60

Total 50 100

Chart 4.11

percentage

Yes No

INTERPRETATION:
The above analysis says that 60% of the respondents do not get any increment
based on their work. Only 40% of respondents get increments based on their work.
 4.12 Table showing the details of savings of respondents

Table 4.12
Details of savings [Link] respondents Percentage
No savings 4 8
Below 1000 21 42
10000-2000 20 40
Above 2000 5 10
Total 50 100

Chart 4.12

percentage

60%

40%

20%
percentage
0%
No savings Below 1000 1000-2000 Above 2000

percentage

INTERPRETATION:
In this diagram shows that 42% of respondents have savings at below 1000 and 40% of
respondents have savings in between 1000 to 2000.8% of respondents have no savings, 10% of
respondents have savings at above 2000.

4.13.1Table showing the details of borrowings of respondents

Table 4.13.1
Opinions [Link] respondents Percentage

Yes 39 78

No 11 22

Total 50 100

Chart 4.13.1

percentage
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Yes No
INTERPRETATION:
In this majority of respondents(78%) have borrowings and only 22% of respondents have no
borrowings.

4.13.2 Table showing the sources of borrowings

Table 4.13.2
Sources of borrowings [Link] respondents Percentage
Banks 20 51.28
Local money lenders 9 23.07
Private financial 8 20.51
institutions
Other sources 2 5.12
Total 39 100

Chart 4.13.2

percentage

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Banks Local money Private financial Other sources
lenders institutions

percentage
INTERPRETATION:
This diagram shows that 40% of workers depending bank for borrowings and 18% of workers
depends local money lenders.16 % of workers are depends private Financial Institutions for
borrowings.

4.14Table showing the details of overtime work done by respondents

Table 4.14
Opinions [Link] respondents Percentage
Yes 9 18
No 41 82
Total 50 100

Chart 4.14

percentage
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
yes No
INTERPRETATION:
In this out of 50 respondents 82% of respondents are not work overtime and 18% of respondents
work overtime and they get additional wages for overtime.

4.15 Table showing availability of leisure times in between working hours

Table 4.15
Opinions [Link] respondents Percentage
Yes 31 62
No 19 38
Total 50 100

Chart 4.15

percentage

yes No
INTERPRETATION:
The above analysis shows that 62% of respondents get leisure times in between working hours
38% of respondents do not get any leisure times.

4.16 Table showing challenges faced by respondents

Table 4.16
Problems [Link] respondents Percentage
Low wages 20 40
Long hours of work 8 16
Poor working conditions 6 12
Exploitation 3 6
Seasonal work 7 14
Lack of facilities 6 12
Total 50 100
 percentage

Lack of facilities

Seasonal work

Exploitation

Poor working conditions

Long hours of work

Low wages

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

Chart 4.16

INTERPRETATION:
The above analysis shows that 40% of respondents face the problem of low
wages,16% of respondents are challenging the problem of long hours of work,12%
of respondents facing poor working condition 14% are facing seasonal work,6%are
face exploitation from superiors.

4.17 Table showing the availability of security measures

Table 4.17
Opinions [Link] respondents Percentage
Yes 26 52
No 24 48
Total 50 100

Chart 4.17
 percentage
53%

52%

51%

50%

49%

48%

47%

46%
Yes No

percentage

INTERPRETATION:
In this 52%of respondents get security measures from their employer and 48% of respondents
did not get any security from employer.

4.18 Table showing the awareness of respondents towards labour laws

Table 4.18
Opinions [Link] respondents Percentage
Aware 7 14
Not aware 26 52
Partly aware 17 34
Total 50 100

Chart 4.18

percentage
60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Aware Not aware Partly aware

INTERPRETATION:
The above analysis shows that 52% of respondents are not aware about labour laws. 34% of
respondents are partly aware, only 14% of respondents are aware the prevailing labour laws.

4.19 Table showing membership of respondents in employee unions

Table 4.19
Opinions [Link] respondents Percentage
Yes 28 56
No 22 44
Total 50 100

Chart 4.19

percentage
60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
yes No

INTERPRETATION:
The above analysis shows that 56% of respondents have membership in employee union
,and 44% of respondents haven't membership in any employee union.

4.20 Table showing satisfaction level of respondents with their present working
environment
Table 4.20
Opinions [Link] respondents Percentage
Satisfied 3 6
Not satisfied 26 52
Partly satisfied 21 42
Total 50 100

Chart 4.20

percentage

Satisfied Not satisfied Partly satisfied

INTERPRETATION:
In this majority of respondents are not satisfied with their working environment. Only 6% are
satisfied with their working environment.

4.21 Table showing suggestions to improve the satisfaction level of respondents

Table 4.21

Particulars 4 3 2 1 Total Mean Mean score Rank

In percentage

Regular and sufficient 20 16 14 - 50 3.12 78 1

payment for work

Provide better working 14 18 12 6 50 2.8 70 2

conditions

Give more benefits 7 8 25 10 50 2.24 56 4

other than salary

Provide security for job 15 10 9 16 50 2.48 62 3

INTERPRETATION:
The above analysis suggestions to improve the satisfaction level of workers, majority says that
regular and sufficient payment for work should be improved.
 CHAPTER-V
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS CONCLUSION
 FINDINGS
1. Majority of workers are male.
2. Most of the respondents are married.
3. 46 % of workers have only primary education and only 4% of workers have above graduation.
4. Most of the workers are belongs to Agricultural sector.
5.40% of respondents are contractual workers and 30% of respondents are seasonal workers.
6. Majority of worker’s daily wages is in between 500-1000.
7. Most of the workers get wages on daily basis.
8. Out of 50 workers 74% are not bargaining for wages because of fear of losing job, wages are
fixed etc.
9. Majority of workers(70%) are not satisfied with their prevailing wage rate.
10.46% of workers says that survival is their motive to stay on their present job.
[Link] of the workers do not get any increments based on their work.
12.42% of workers save below 1000 per month and 8% of workers haven’t savings.
13. Majority of workers have borrowings.
14. 40% of workers depends banks for borrowing.
15. 82% of workers are not work overtime and 18% are bargaining for additional wages.
16. Most of the workers get leisure time between working hours.
17. Majority of workers face the problem of low wages. Long hours of work, poor working
conditions, seasonal work, exploitations are some of other problems faced by workers.
18. 52 % of workers get security measures from their employer, but 48% are don't get any
security from employer.
19. Most of the workers are not aware about labour laws.
20. 56% of workers have membership in employee Union.
21. Most of the workers are not satisfied with their present working environment.
22. Majority of workers says that regular and sufficient payment of wages should be improved
the satisfaction level of workers.
 SUGGESTIONS

It is better to fix sufficient amount as minimum wage rate to protect the un organized

workers.

The gender wise discrimination in distribution of wages should be completely avoided.

The unorganized workers should be made aware of different laws regarding the
unorganized worker to improve the standard of living.
It will be better, if the Govt. is willing to provide extra benefits to unorganized worker to
improve their standard of living.
There should be increase in the minimum wage rate according to the increase in inflation
rate.
Employers should be responsible for the safety and security of workers and employer's
should be provide compulsory insurance for workers.
Improve facilities in the working environment .
 CONCLUSION
The Indian economy is characterized by existence of vast majority of informal or
unorganized labour employment. Most of the workers are seasonal in nature and this is low rate
wage is provided. Unorganized workers are faced number of problems. They are still in
struggling stage, they faced social problems, economic problems etc… initiatives should be
taken to eliminate problems, otherwise the major portion of population will remain as under
developed or poor. Problems regarding wage distribution, poor working condition, exploitations
from superiors, lack of training and skill acquiring programs, etc… are common problems of
unorganized workers. Now-a days the major problem is that the increase in expenses and there is
no increase in wage rate. Govt. should take initiatives to protect the unorganized workers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS

Anthony P. D’Souza “Unorganized sectors ; Role of Entrepreneurs Challenges in Self-

Employment.

JOURNELS

International Journal of Scientific and Research publications, volume, issue 6 June 2013

WEBSITES

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
APPENDIX
 QUESTIONNAIRE
(For unorganized workers)

It is a study on "Problems faced by workers in unorganized sector with reference to O�apalam

municipality"

Use tick marks to get reply

PART - A

[Link] :

[Link] :

[Link] :

[Link] : M F

[Link] status : single married Other

[Link] qualification :

primary secondary Graduation Above graduation

PART – B

[Link] sector are belong to :

Agriculture manufacturing construction sales others

[Link] of your work?

Regular Part time Seasonal Contractual

[Link] is your present salary?

Below 500 500-1000 1000-2000 above 2000

[Link] of payment?
Hourly Daily Weekly Monthly

[Link] this employment is your main source of income?

Yes No

12.a) Do you bargain over the wages?

Yes No

b)If No, what is the reason behind it?

* Wages are fixed *No knowledge * Fear of losting job

[Link] you satisfied with this prevailing wage rate?

Satisfied not satisfied partly satisfied

[Link] are the motives you to stay in your present job?

*Anticipation for be�er job *Option of alternatives

*For survival *Other factors

[Link] you get increments based on your work?

Yes No

[Link] you have saving (per month)?

No below1000 1000-2000 above 2000

17.a)Do you have borrowings ?

 Yes No

b)If Yes, which resources used for borrowings?

*Banks *Local money lenders

*private financial institu�ons *Other sources

18.a)Do you work over time ?

Yes No

b)If yes, do you get additional wages ?

Yes No

[Link] you get leisure time in between working hours ?

Yes No

[Link] are the main problems do you face in your work place?

1 Low wages 2 Long hours of work

3 Poor working condition 4 Exploitation

5 Seasonal work 6 Lack of facilities

21. Does you employer provide any security measures?

Yes No

[Link] you aware of any law prevailing in unorganized sector ?

 Aware not aware partly aware

[Link] you have membership in any employee union?

Yes No

[Link] you satisfied with your present working environment?

Satisfied partly satisfied not satisfied

[Link] are the suggestions to improve your satisfaction level?

1 Regular and sufficient payment for work

2 Provide better working conditions

3 Give more benefits other than salary

4 Provide security for jobs