Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that

is used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices

over short distances and building personal area
networks (PANs). It employs UHF radio waves in the ISM
bands, from 2.402 GHz to 2.48 GHz.[3] It is mainly used as an
alternative to wire connections, to exchange files between
nearby portable devices and connect cell phones and music
players with wireless headphones. In the most widely used
mode, transmission power is limited to 2.5 milliwatts, giving it
a very short range of up to 10 metres (33 ft).
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest
Group (SIG), which has more than 35,000 member companies
in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking,
and consumer electronics. The IEEE standardized Bluetooth
as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The
Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification,
manages the qualification program, and protects the
trademarks.[4] A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG
standards to market it as a Bluetooth device.[5] A network
of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to
individual qualifying devices. As of 2009, Bluetooth integrated
circuit chips ship approximately 920 million units
annually.[6] By 2017, there were 3.6 billion Bluetooth devices
being shipped annually and the shipments were expected to
continue increasing at about 12% a year.[7] In 2021, shipments
reached 4.7 billion units, with 9% growth forecast. [8]
Etymology[edit]
The name "Bluetooth" was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach
of Intel, one of the founders of the Bluetooth SIG. The name
was inspired by a conversation with Sven Mattisson who
related Scandinavian history through tales from Frans G.
Bengtsson's The Long Ships, a historical novel about Vikings
and the 10th-century Danish king Harald Bluetooth. Upon
discovering a picture of the runestone of Harald Bluetooth[9] in
the book A History of the Vikings by Gwyn Jones, Jim proposed
Bluetooth as the codename for the short-range wireless
program which is now called Bluetooth.[10][11][12]
According to Bluetooth's official website,
Bluetooth was only intended as a placeholder until marketing
could come up with something really cool.
Later, when it came time to select a serious name, Bluetooth
was to be replaced with either RadioWire or PAN (Personal
Area Networking). PAN was the front runner, but an
exhaustive search discovered it already had tens of thousands
of hits throughout the internet.
A full trademark search on RadioWire couldn't be completed
in time for launch, making Bluetooth the only choice. The
name caught on fast and before it could be changed, it spread
throughout the industry, becoming synonymous with short-
range wireless technology.[13]
Bluetooth is the Anglicised version of the
Scandinavian Blåtand/Blåtann (or in Old Norse blátǫnn). It was
the epithet of King Harald Bluetooth, who united the disparate
Danish tribes into a single kingdom; Kardach chose the name
to imply that Bluetooth similarly unites communication
protocols.[14]
The development of the "short-link" radio technology, later
named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO
at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden. The purpose was to
develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by
Johan Ullman, SE 8902098-6, issued 1989-06-12 and SE
9202239, issued 1992-07-24. Nils Rydbeck tasked Tord
Wingren with specifying and Dutchman Jaap Haartsen and
Sven Mattisson with developing.[17] Both were working for
Ericsson in Lund.[18] Principal design and development began
in 1994 and by 1997 the team had a workable
solution.[19] From 1997 Örjan Johansson became the project
leader and propelled the technology and
standardization.[20][21][22][23]
In 1997, Adalio Sanchez, then head of IBM ThinkPad product
R&D, approached Nils Rydbeck about collaborating on
integrating a mobile phone into a ThinkPad notebook. The two
assigned engineers from Ericsson and IBM to study the idea.
The conclusion was that power consumption on cellphone
technology at that time was too high to allow viable
integration into a notebook and still achieve adequate battery
life. Instead, the two companies agreed to integrate Ericsson's
short-link technology on both a ThinkPad notebook and an
Ericsson phone to accomplish the goal. Since neither IBM
ThinkPad notebooks nor Ericsson phones were the market
share leaders in their respective markets at that time, Adalio
Sanchez and Nils Rydbeck agreed to make the short-link
technology an open industry standard to permit each player
maximum market access. Ericsson contributed the short-link
radio technology, and IBM contributed patents around the
logical layer. Adalio Sanchez of IBM then recruited Stephen
Nachtsheim of Intel to join and then Intel also
recruited Toshiba and Nokia. In May 1998, the Bluetooth SIG
was launched with IBM and Ericsson as the founding
signatories and a total of five members: Ericsson, Intel, Nokia,
Toshiba and IBM.
Wi-Fi, networking technology that uses radio waves to allow
high-speed data transfer over short distances.

Wi-Fi technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the U.S.

Federal Communications Commission that released the bands
of the radio spectrum at 900 megahertz (MHz), 2.4 gigahertz
(GHz), and 5.8 GHz for unlicensed use by anyone. Technology
firms began building wireless networks and devices to take
advantage of the newly available radio spectrum, but without
a common wireless standard the movement remained
fragmented, as devices from different manufacturers were
rarely compatible. Eventually, a committee of industry leaders
came up with a common standard, called 802.11, which was
approved by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) in 1997. Two years later a group of major
companies formed the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility
Alliance (WECA, now the Wi-Fi Alliance), a global nonprofit
organization created to promote the new wireless standard.
WECA named the new technology Wi-Fi. (Wi-Fi is not an
abbreviation for “wireless fidelity”; the name was created by
a marketing firm hired by WECA and chosen for its pleasing
sound and similarity to “hi-fi” [high-fidelity].) Subsequent IEEE
standards for Wi-Fi have been introduced to allow for greater
bandwidth. The original 802.11 standard allowed a maximum
data transmission rate of only 2 megabits per second (Mbps);
802.11ax, dubbed Wi-Fi 6 by the Wi-Fi Alliance and introduced
in 2019, has a maximum theoretical rate of 9.6 gigabits per
second (Gbps).
Under the IEEE Wi-Fi standards, the available frequency bands
are split into several separate channels. These channels
overlap in frequency, and therefore Wi-Fi uses channels that
are far apart. Within each of these channels, Wi-Fi uses a
“spread spectrum” technique in which a signal is broken into
pieces and transmitted over multiple frequencies. Spread
spectrum enables the signal to be transmitted at a lower
power per frequency and also allows multiple devices to use
the same Wi-Fi transmitter. Because Wi-Fi signals are often
transmitted over short distances (usually less than 100 metres
[330 feet]) in indoor environments, the signal can reflect off
walls, furniture, and other obstacles, thus arriving at multiple
time intervals and causing a problem called multipath
interference. Wi-Fi reduces multipath interference by
combining three different ways of transmitting the signal (in a
method developed by Australian engineer John O’Sullivan and
collaborators).
The popularity of Wi-Fi has grown steadily. Wi-Fi allows local
area networks (LANs) to operate without cables and wiring,
making it a popular choice for home and business networks.
Wi-Fi can also be used to provide wireless broadband Internet
access for many modern devices, such as laptops,
smartphones, tablet computers, and electronic gaming
consoles. Wi-Fi-enabled devices are able to connect to the
Internet when they are near areas that have Wi-Fi access,
called “hotspots.” Hotspots have become common, with many
public places such as airports, hotels, bookstores, and coffee
shops offering Wi-Fi access. Some cities have constructed free
citywide Wi-Fi networks. A version of Wi-Fi called Wi-Fi Direct
allows connectivity between devices without a LAN.
shortwave radio, transmission and reception of information by
means of electromagnetic waves about 10 to 80 m (33 to 262
feet) in length having frequencies of approximately 29.7 to 3.5
megahertz. During the early 1920s attempts were made to
transmit radio signals over long distances by bouncing them
off the layers of charged particles in the Earth’s ionosphere.
The success of these experiments prompted the
establishment of worldwide shortwave communication by the
late 1930s.

Shortwave broadcasts provide the major source of news and

popular entertainment in much of the world except in highly
developed regions such as western Europe, North America,
and Japan, where government or commercial programming is
transmitted within other bands of frequencies. Among the
world’s most powerful shortwave broadcasting stations are
China Radio International (formerly Radio Peking [Beijing]),
the Voice of Russia (formerly Radio Moscow), the British
Broadcasting Corporation, and the Voice of America. Besides
their use in international broadcasting, shortwave radio
frequencies and techniques are utilized to relay telephone and
telegraph communications over great distances. Amateur
radio stations and portable two-way radios also operate at
shortwave frequencies.

Name; lawez xalid hamaamin

Supervisor: th. Baxan kamal
Shirin school