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Predicates and Quantifiers in Mathematics

The document discusses quantifiers and predicates in logic. It provides examples of translating statements into quantified logical expressions using predicates, quantifiers and logical connectives. The examples involve defining domains and predicates to represent various scenarios and properties. Statements are translated into quantified logical forms over the defined domains and predicates.

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1170 Ananya Sutradhar
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51 views3 pages

Predicates and Quantifiers in Mathematics

The document discusses quantifiers and predicates in logic. It provides examples of translating statements into quantified logical expressions using predicates, quantifiers and logical connectives. The examples involve defining domains and predicates to represent various scenarios and properties. Statements are translated into quantified logical forms over the defined domains and predicates.

Uploaded by

1170 Ananya Sutradhar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Predicates and Quantifiers

1. Let N(x) be the statement “x has visited North Dakota,” where the domain consists of the
students in your school. Express each of these quantifications in English.
(a) ∃x N(x) (b) ∀x N(x) (c) ¬∃x N(x) (d) ∃x ¬N(x) (e) ¬∀x N(x) (f ) ∀x ¬N(x)

2. Translate these statements into English, where R(x) is “x is a rabbit” and H(x) is “x hops”
and the domain consists of all animals.
(a) ∀x(R(x) → H(x)) (b) ∀x(R(x) ∧ H(x)) (c) ∃x(R(x) → H(x)) (d) ∃x(R(x) ∧ H(x))

3. Let C(x) be the statement “x has a cat,” let D(x) be the statement “x has a dog,” and let
F(x) be the statement “x has a ferret.” Express each of these statements in terms of C(x),
D(x), F(x), quantifiers, and logical connectives. Let the domain consist of all students in
your class.
a) A student in your class has a cat, a dog, and a ferret.
b) All students in your class have a cat, a dog, or a ferret.
c) Some student in your class has a cat and a ferret, but not a dog.
d) No student in your class has a cat, a dog, and a ferret.
e) For each of the three animals, cats, dogs, and ferrets, there is a student in your class
who has this animal as a pet.

4. Determine the truth value of each of these statements if the domain consists of all
integers.
(a) ∀n (n + 1 > n) (b) ∃n (2n = 3n) (c) ∃n (n = −n) (d) ∀n (3n ≤ 4n)

5. Determine the truth value of each of these statements if the domain of each variable
consists of all real numbers.
a) ∃x (x2 = 2) b) ∃x (x2 = −1) c) ∀x (x2 + 2 ≥ 1) (d) ∀x (x2 ≠ x)

6. Suppose that the domain of the propositional function P (x) consists of −5, −3, −1, 1, 3,
and 5. Express these statements without using quantifiers, instead using only negations,
disjunctions, and conjunctions.
(a) ∃x P(x) (b) ∀x P(x) (c) ∀x ((x ≠ 1) → P (x)) (d) ∃x ((x ≥ 0) ∧ P (x))
(e) ∃x (¬P (x)) ∧ ∀x ((x < 0) → P (x))

7. Translate in two ways each of these statements into logical expressions using predicates,
quantifiers, and logical connectives. First, let the domain consist of the students in your
class and second, let it consist of all people.
a) Everyone in your class has a cellular phone.
b) Somebody in your class has seen a foreign movie.
c) There is a person in your class who cannot swim.
d) All students in your class can solve quadratic equations.
e) Some student in your class does not want to be rich.
8. Translate each of these statements into logical expressions in three different ways by
varying the domain and by using predicates with one and with two variables.
a) A student in your school has lived in Vietnam.
b) There is a student in your school who cannot speak English.
c) A student in your school knows Java, Prolog, and C++.
d) Everyone in your class enjoys Thai food.
e) Someone in your class does not play hockey.

9. Translate each of these statements into logical expressions using predicates, quantifiers,
and logical connectives.
a) Something is not in the correct place.
b) All tools are in the correct place and are in excellent condition.
c) Everything is in the correct place and in excellent condition.
d) Nothing is in the correct place and is in excellent condition.
e) One of your tools is not in the correct place, but it is in excellent condition.

10. Translate these system specifications into English where the predicate S(x, y) is “x is in
state y” and where the domain for x and y consists of all systems and all possible states,
respectively.
a) ∃x S(x, open)
b) ∀x (S(x, malfunctioning) ∨ S(x, diagnostic))
c) ∃x S(x, open) ∨ ∃x S(x, diagnostic)
d) ∃x ¬S(x, available)
e) ∀x ¬S(x, working)

11. Express each of these system specifications using predicates, quantifiers, and logical
connectives.
a) Every user has access to an electronic mailbox.
b) The system mailbox can be accessed by everyone in the group if the file system is
locked.
c) The firewall is in a diagnostic state only if the proxy server is in a diagnostic state.
d) At least one router is functioning normally if the throughput is between 100 kbps and
500 kbps and the proxy server is not in diagnostic mode.

12. Express each of these statements using quantifiers. Then form the negation of the
statement, so that no negation is to the left of a quantifier. Next, express the negation in
simple English. (Do not simply use the phrase “It is not the case that.”)
a) Some old dogs can learn new tricks.
b) No rabbit knows calculus.
c) Every bird can fly.
d) There is no dog that can talk.
e) There is no one in this class who knows French and Russian.
13. Suppose that the domain of Q(x, y, z) consists of triples x, y, z, where x = 0, 1, or 2, y = 0
or 1, and z = 0 or 1. Write out these propositions using disjunctions and conjunctions.
a) ∀y Q(0, y, 0) b) ∃x Q(x, 1, 1) c) ∃z ¬Q(0, 0, z) d) ∃x ¬Q(x, 0, 1)

Common questions

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The statement ∀x(R(x) → H(x)) translates to 'For all animals, if the animal is a rabbit, then it hops.' This implies that hopping is a characteristic behavior of rabbits, but does not provide information on other animals' behavior. The statement establishes a rule for all rabbits within the domain of animals .

The expression 'Something is not in the correct place' can be translated as ∃x ¬CorrectPlace(x). This suggests that within the defined domain, there exists at least one item that is misplaced. In system management, this might imply the need for corrective actions to ensure that all items are organized properly to maintain system efficiency and accuracy .

The statement 'Every user has access to an electronic mailbox' is represented as ∀u Access(u, mailbox). The critical syntactical decision here involves ensuring that the predicate accurately reflects the access relationship to the mailbox, emphasizing universal quantification to denote that every user across the domain has mailbox access .

The logical expression ∃z ¬Q(0, 0, z) is evaluated within the domain consisting of possible tuples where z = 0 or 1, and it indicates that there is at least one value of z for which Q does not hold true when x = 0 and y = 0. This expression is significant as it establishes the existence of a condition under which the property Q does not apply, thereby allowing for variations and exceptions within the system .

The universal statement ∀x P(x) for the specific domain values {-5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5} can be expressed without quantifiers using conjunctions: P(-5) ∧ P(-3) ∧ P(-1) ∧ P(1) ∧ P(3) ∧ P(5). Each individual expression, P(x) for a specific x, represents the proposition for that particular value within the domain .

The statement 'All students can solve quadratic equations' is expressed as ∀x Q(x) where Q(x) is 'x can solve quadratic equations.' The negation is ¬∀x Q(x), which is logically equivalent to ∃x ¬Q(x). In simple English, this negation is 'There exists a student who cannot solve quadratic equations' .

The statement ∀n (3n ≤ 4n) is true for the domain of all integers. This is because multiplying any integer n by 4 will always give a result greater than or equal to multiplying it by 3, supporting the relationship 3n ≤ 4n for all integer values . This logically implies that the inequality holds regardless of the specific integer chosen.

The logical assertion ∃x S(x, open) translates to 'There exists a system that is in the open state.' This suggests that within the domain of all systems, at least one system has been set to the open state, meaning it's accessible or operational under specified conditions .

The existential quantification ∃x N(x) can be expressed in English as 'There exists at least one student who has visited North Dakota.' From this, we can infer that visiting North Dakota is not a universal trait among all students, but at least one student has done so .

The statement 'No student in your class has a cat, a dog, and a ferret' is translated as ¬∃x (C(x) ∧ D(x) ∧ F(x)), where C(x), D(x), and F(x) are respectively 'x has a cat,' 'x has a dog,' and 'x has a ferret.' This expression signifies that there is no single student who possesses all three animals simultaneously . The use of negation and conjunction operators effectively represents the absence of a common owner for all animals.

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