Module 2: Flexure and Shear Design of Beams
Prepared by: Engr. Adrian D. Viloria, MSc.
TOPIC: Flexure and Shear Design of Beams Introduction
Flexure and Shear Design of Beams
Flexure
- is associated with lateral
deformation of a member under a
transversely applied load.
Flexural strength
- is a measure of the tensile strength
of concrete beams or slabs.
- identifies the amount of stress and
force an unreinforced concrete slab, beam
or other structure can withstand such that it
resists any bending failures.
Flexure and Shear Design of Beams
Analysis VS. Design
1. Analysis. Given a cross section,
concrete strength, reinforcement size and
location, and yield strength, compute the
resistance or strength. In analysis there
Mu?
should be one unique answer.
2. Design. Given a factored design
moment, normally designated as Mu , select Beam dimension?
a suitable cross section, including
dimensions, concrete strength, Area of steel?
reinforcement, and so on. In design there
are many possible solutions.
Flexure and Shear Design of Beams
Required Strength and Design Strength
The basic strength requirement from the ACI Code [4-2] is:
Or for flexure:
• where Mu is the moment due to the factored loads, which commonly is referred to as the factored design
moment.
• The term Mn refers to the nominal moment strength of a cross section, computed from the nominal
dimensions and specified material strengths.
TOPIC: Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Objective for analysis
• Identify the cross-section area allotted for
compression and “equate” it to the steel
area allotted for tension to identify the
capacity of the beam against flexure.
Compression
Tension
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Working Stress Design (WSD)
- is a method used for the reinforced
concrete design where concrete is assumed
as elastic, steel and concrete act together
elastically where the relation ship between
loads and stresses is linear .
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Working Stress Design (WSD)
Compression block
Neutral Axis, “N.A.” Effective depth, “d”
Area steel, As
Concrete cover, “Cc”
Sometimes with respect
to the centroid of the
rebar
f’c = compressive strength of concrete after 28 days of curing (usually as input), MPa
fc = compressive stress occurring in the concrete structure (usually as output), MPa
fy = yield strength of steel, MPa
fs = yield strength occurring in the steel reinforcement, MPa
n = modular ratio, Es / Ec
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Working Stress Design (WSD)
Steps you can follow:
1. Determine the Maximum Bending Moment occurring on
the beam, Mu
Given, or solved through shear & moment diagram
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Working Stress Design (WSD)
Steps you can follow:
Note: Beam cross-section can be analyzed in negative
moment (at fixed supports), or positive moment (midspan)
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Working Stress Design (WSD)
Steps you can follow:
2. Determine the modular ratio, n
It’s like taking a moment at the N.A.
3. Determine the location of the neutral axis
Mabove = Mbelow
b(x)(x/2) = nAs(d – x)
Hence, x = _____
x x
Effective
depth, “d”
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Working Stress Design (WSD)
Steps you can follow:
4. Determine the 2nd moment of area about the neutral
axis, INA
x
Effective
depth, “d”
The second moment of area is a measure of
the 'efficiency' of a cross-sectional shape to
resist bending caused by loading
𝑏𝑥 3 2
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑥
3
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Working Stress Design (WSD)
Steps you can follow:
5. Determine the stress on concrete, fc
𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑐 =
𝐼𝑁𝐴
6. Determine the stress on steel, fs
𝑛𝑀 𝑑 − 𝑥
𝑓𝑠 =
𝐼𝑁𝐴
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Working Stress Design (WSD)
Steps you can follow:
7. Check for allowable values:
fc allowable = 0.45 fc’, in MPa
fs allowable = 160 MPa
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Working Stress Design (WSD)
Example: A reinforced concrete beam experiences a flexural load of 100 kNm at the midspan, and has
a base of 300 mm and an effective depth of 500 mm, with a concrete cover of 75 mm. The RC beam
has reinforcements of 3 – 25 mm diameter bars. The concrete has a compressive strength of 21 MPa.
Determine if the cross section, and steel area, are sufficient or not.
Steps you can follow:
1. Determine Mu
100 kNm
2. Determine the modular ratio, n
9.28 9
3. Determine the location of the
neutral axis
170.60 mm
4. Determine the 2nd moment of area
about the neutral axis, INA
1.94 x 10^9 mm^4
5. Determine the stress on concrete,
fc
8.79 MPa
6. Determine the stress on steel, fs
153.24 MPa
7. Check for allowable values:
Ad & Ad
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
- is used extensively and almost exclusively in many countries for
structural design practice .
- utilizes reserves of strength resulting from a more efficient
distribution of stresses allowed by plastic strains in the concrete and
reinforcing steel.
WSD USD
x c Equivalent stress block, a
Effective
depth, “d”
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
Whitney’s Constant, β
β = 0.85 for fc’ ≤ 30 MPa
0.05
= 0.85 – (fc - 30) for fc’ > 30 MPa
7
Depth of neutral axis, c
600 𝑑
c=
600+𝑓𝑦
Equivalent stress block, a
a = βc
Strength Reduction Factor, ϕ
for bending, ϕ is equal to 0.9
Mu = ϕMn
Mu = Ultimate moment capacity, kNm
Mn = Nominal moment capacity, kNm
= usually through empirical formulas
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
Nominal Moment Capacity,
𝒂 𝒂
𝑴𝑵 = 𝑻 𝒅 − 𝒐𝒓 𝑪 𝒅−
𝟐 𝟐
in which,
𝑻 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒂𝒃
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
Steps you can follow:
1. Use the “working equation” to determine the location
of N.A., c, and the depth of compression block, a.
Compression = Tension COMPRESSION
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒂𝒃 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
a c
Therefore, a = ____ & c = ______ Effective
N.A.
depth, “d”
Note: c = a/β
TENSION
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
fy “capacity”
Ultimate Stress Design (USD) fs “actual”
Steps you can follow:
2. Check if the steel yields.
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒅 − 𝒄
𝒇𝒔 =
𝒄
Note:
• if the solved 𝒇𝒔 is ≥ 𝒇𝒚 , “STEEL YIELDS”,
hence, ok! Proceed to step 3a.
• if the solved 𝒇𝒔 is < 𝒇𝒚 , “STEEL DOES NOT YIELD”,
hence, resolving is needed! Proceed to step 3b.
𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
Steps you can follow:
3. a.) Solve for 𝑀𝑁 . b
𝒂 COMPRESSION
𝑴𝑵 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒂𝒃 𝒅 −
𝟐
a c
or Effective
N.A.
depth, “d”
𝒂
𝑴𝑵 = 𝑨𝑺 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 −
𝟐
TENSION
Note: It’s like taking a moment about the centroid of the
compression block or centroid of the rebar
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
Steps you can follow:
3. b.) Resolve for the new c or a. Same with step 1, use
the “working equation”, but the difference, change the
following:
𝒂 = β𝒄
𝟔𝟎𝟎(𝒅 − 𝒄) COMPRESSION
𝒇𝒚 to 𝒇𝒔 ; 𝒇𝒔 =
𝒄
a c
Compression = Tension Effective
N.A.
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒂𝒃 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 depth, “d”
𝟔𝟎𝟎(𝒅 − 𝒄)
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 β𝒄 𝒃 = 𝑨𝒔
𝒄
TENSION
Therefore, new c = ______ & new a = ____
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
fy “capacity”
Ultimate Stress Design (USD) fs “actual”
Steps you can follow:
3. c.) Re-check if the steel does not yield.
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒅 − 𝒄
𝒇𝒔 =
𝒄
Note:
• This time, the solved 𝒇𝒔 must only be < 𝒇𝒚 , or “STEEL
DOES NOT YIELD”,
If not, the obtained new value of c is incorrect..
𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
Steps you can follow:
3. d.) Solve for 𝑀𝑁 . b
𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒘 COMPRESSION
𝑴𝑵 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒃 𝒅 −
𝟐
anew c
or Effective
N.A.
depth, “d”
𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒘
𝑴𝑵 = 𝑨𝑺 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 −
𝟐
TENSION
Note: It’s like taking a moment about the centroid of the
compression block or centroid of the rebar
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
Steps you can follow:
4. Solve for 𝑀𝑈 .
𝑴𝑼 = ϕ𝑴𝑵
Note: Note, ϕ = 0.9 for flexure
Reduction factors “limit” the capacity of the
beam; act as safety factors so that the beam
won’t “operate” at its maximum
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
300 mm
Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
Example: Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown using f’c
= 21 MPa and fy = 414 MPa. Use NSCP 2001 (for the mean time, use β = 0.85) 500 mm
3 – 25 mm
1. Use the “working equation” to determine the location of N.A., c, and
the depth of compression block, a.
a = 113.85 mm
2. Check if the steel yields. fs = 1639.81 MPa
Steel Yields Steel Does Not Yield
3-a.) Solve for 𝑀N 3-b.) Resolve for the new c or a.
Mn = 270.13 kNm 3-c.) Re-check if the steel does not yield
3-d.) Solve for 𝑀N
4.) Solve for Mu.
243.11 kNm
END
Flexure of Beams - Analysis
Required Strength and Design Strength
USD(Ultimate Stress Design) Method WSD(Working Stress Design) Method
Working Stress Design method is define as the
Ultimate Stress Design(USD) Method is define as the method of
method of design structural members by considering
1 design structural members by considering the ultimate Strength of steel
the allowable Strength of steel and concrete is called
and concrete is called USD Method.
WSD Method.
2 It’s primarily based on the strength concept of Concrete. It’s based on the linear theory or elastic theory.
3 Factor of Safety is considered in this design. Factor of Safety is not considered in this design.
4 It’s Consider to Design Critical Combination of load It’s Consider to Design carrying load
5 It’s designing for elastic behavior of materials. It’s designing to plastic behavior of materials
6 Materials strength to be used for member design Modular Ratio used for member design
7 Stability of Structure is more than WSD Stability of Structure is less than USD
8 It’s a modern design method. It’s a pretty old design method.
This method is used for mostly the biggest structures and developed This type of method is used for mostly small
9
nations. structures and undeveloped nations.
10 Economical Design method. Less economical Design method.