MATH 100 REPORTING SCRIPT.

Introduction (Julie): Good day everyone! We are the BSM1-A. Tackling about the Lecture 10
Trigonometry and Astronomy of Hipparchus and Ptolemy. Let me introduce to you the chosen 5
reporters of this lecture. Please welcome, Kiesha Superiano, Julie Ann Bautista, Gladys Calipayan,
Marydeth Espanol and Adelfo Manawataw Jr. We are going to spoil the contribution of each astronomer
together with their life and living as a mathematician. And how they come up with the catalogue or the
calculations that they have made in history.

CALIPAYAN: Hipparchus was born around 190 BCE in Nicaea, Bithynia and now known as now Iznik,
Turkey. His early life is mostly a mystery, but what we do know about him comes from Ptolemy's
Almagest. He is mentioned in other writings as well. Hipparchus was the greatest astronomer of
antiquity, was also a geographer and at the same time a mathematician. Hipparchus apparently traveled
and wrote extensively. There are records of observations he made in his native Bithynia as well as from
the island of Rhodes and the Egyptian city of Alexandria. The only example of his writing that still exists
is his Commentary on Aratus and Eudoxus. It's not one of his major writings, but it's still important
because it gives us an insight into his work.

CALIPAYAN : First, he is A founder of trigonometry. He developed trigonometry and constructed

trigonometric tables, and he solved several problems of spherical trigonometry. He made an early
contribution to trigonometry producing a table of chords, an early example of a trigonometric table;
indeed some historians go so far as to say that trigonometry was invented by him. The purpose of this
table of chords was to give a method for solving triangles which avoided solving each triangle from first
principles. With his solar and lunar theories and his trigonometry, he may have been the first to develop
a reliable method to predict solar eclipses. At least he used it systematically for calculation of orbits,
tabulated the values of the Chord Function which is the length of chard for each angle. He was the first
whose quantitative and accurate models for the motion of the Sun and Moon survive. For this he
certainly made use of the observations and perhaps the mathematical techniques accumulated over
centuries

BAUTISTA: Second, he Accepted a sexagecimal full circle as 360o. Hipparchus's major love was
mathematics and he pioneered a number of ideas we take for granted today: the division of a circle into
360 degrees and the creation of one of the first trigonometric tables for solving triangles. In fact, he very
likely invented the precepts of trigonometry. As an astronomer, Hipparchus was curious about using his
knowledge of the Sun and stars to calculate important values. For example, he derived the length of the
year to within 6.5 minutes. He also discovered the precession of the equinoxes, with a value of 46
degrees, which is fairly close to our modern number of 50.26 degrees. Three hundred years later,
Ptolemy only came up with a figure of 36". Given the Babylonian usage of 60 as their number base, they
decided that each of the angles of an equilateral triangle would be 60 degrees. And thus, when you
multiply these 60 degrees by the 6 equilateral triangles that combine to create a sort of circle, you get 6
x 60 = 360 degrees. And that’s how we get on how Hipparchus accepted the 360 degrees.

BAUTISTA: Third, Hipparchus Transformed astronomy from purely theoretical to a practical predicative
science. Well, Hipparchus is considered the greatest ancient astronomical observer and, by some, the
greatest overall astronomer of antiquity. He was the first whose quantitative and accurate models for
the motion of the Sun and Moon survive. :Solar and lunar theory” that is Hipparchus’s most important
astronomical work concerned the orbits of the Sun and Moon, a determination of their sizes and
distances from Earth, and the study of eclipses. Like most of his predecessors whose Aristarchus of
Samos was an exception that Hipparchus assumed a spherical, stationary Earth at the centre of the
universe which is the geocentric cosmology. From this perspective, the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus,
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn ,all of the solar system bodies visible to the naked eye, as well as the stars
whose realm was known as the celestial sphere, revolved around Earth each day.

BAUTISTA: We believe that Hipparchus's star catalogue contained about 850 stars, probably not listed in
a systematic coordinate system but using various different ways to designate the position of a star. His
star catalogue, probably completed in 129 BC, has been claimed to have been used by Ptolemy as the
basis of his own star catalogue.

SUPERIANO: Lastly 4th, Hipparchus Proved that stereographical projection is conformal which is
preserves angles, send circles to circles. Hipparchus was the first to show that the stereographic
projection is conformal, and that it transforms circles on the sphere that do not pass through the center
of projection to circles on the plane. This was the basis for the astrolabe.

SUPERIANO: As Hipparchus theory, he attempted to explain how the Sun could travel with uniform
speed along a regular circular path and yet produce seasons of unequal length. Hipparchus knew of two
possible explanations for the Sun's apparent motion, the eccenter and the epicyclic models (see
Ptolemaic system).

SUPERIANO:Hipparchus also studied the motion of the Moon and confirmed the accurate values for two
periods of its motion that Chaldean astronomers are widely presumed to have possessed before him,
whatever their ultimate origin. The traditional value for the mean synodic month is 29 days which is
31,50,8,20 (sexagesimal) = 29.5305941... days. Expressed as 29 days + 12 hours + 793 / 1080 hours this
value has been used later in the Hebrew calendar. The Chaldeans also knew that 251 synodic months ≈
269 anomalistic months. Hipparchus used the multiple of this period by a factor of 17, because that
interval is also an eclipse period, and is also close to an integer number of years (4,267 moons : 4,573
anomalistic periods : 4,630.53 nodal periods : 4,611.98 lunar orbits : 344.996 years : 344.982 solar orbits
: 126,007.003 days : 126,351.985 rotations).

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY

MANAWATAW: One of the most influential Greek astronomers and geographers of his time, Ptolemy
propounded the geocentric theory in a form that prevailed for 1400 years. However, of all the ancient
Greek mathematicians, it is fair to say that his work has generated more discussion and argument than
any other. He made astronomical observations from Alexandria in Egypt during the years AD 127-41.
/he was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a
dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of importance to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western
European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest, although later
known as The Greatest Treatise.

MANAWATAW: He worked in Alexandria, the author of Almagest (The Great Treatise) that is the only
surviving treatise in astronomy, which is based generally on the works of Hipparchus. It contains a star
catalogue with 48 star constellations and handy tables convenient for calculation the apparent orbits of
Sun, Moon, and planets. He tried to adopt horoscopic Astrology to Aristotelean Natural Philosophy.

MANAWATAW:
ESPANOL: A star catalogue is an astronomical catalogue that lists stars. In astronomy, many stars are
referred to simply by catalogue numbers. There are a great many different star catalogues which have
been produced for different purposes over the years, and this article covers only some of the more
frequently quoted ones. A list of stars, which is usually according to position and magnitude or so called
brightness and, in some cases, other properties (e.g., spectral type) as well. Numerous catalogs and star
atlases have been made, some of fundamental importance to stellar astronomy. A star may well appear
in several catalogs and be assigned as many different designations. It contained descriptions of the
positions of the stars and the shapes of the constellations, and provided information on their relative
times of rising and setting.

ESPANOL :Ptolemy's catalog contains 1028 entries representing 1025 distinct stars or nebulous objects
(in three instances, listed below, two entries refer to the same star in the context of different
constellations). It groups the stars into 48 constellations, the so-called 48 Ptolemaic constellations,
thought of as imaginary figures drawn in the sky representing characters, mythical creatures, animals, or
inanimate objects.

ESPANOL :The table of chords, created by the Greek astronomer, geometer, and geographer Ptolemy in
Egypt during the 2nd century AD, is a trigonometric table in Book I, chapter 11 of Ptolemy's Almagest,[1]
a treatise on mathematical astronomy. It is essentially equivalent to a table of values of the sine
function. It was the earliest trigonometric table extensive enough for many practical purposes, including
those of astronomy (an earlier table of chords by Hipparchus gave chords only for arcs that were
multiples of 7+ 1 / 2 ° = π / 24 radians).[2] Centuries passed before more extensive trigonometric tables
were created.

CALIPAYAN: How did Ptolemy calculate chords? By inscribing three-, four-, five-, six- and ten-sided
regular polygons in a circle, Ptolemy was able to find the chords for central angles of one hundred and
twenty degrees (120°), ninety degrees (90°), seventy-two degrees (72°), sixty degrees (60°), and thirty-
six degrees (36°) respectively.