PCM

ENCoDING
Experiment #02

Submitted By:
Chan, Daniel
Delos Santos, Mary Rose Penaso

Submitted To:
Prof. Aruta, Jenny

Course / Year Level / Section:

BS ECE
3rd Year SY. 2022 – 2023
CEIT-29-502P
OBJECTIVES :
 To be able to understand how PCM ENCODING works.
 To observe how the waveform behaves when the set-up is made.

THEORETICAL DISCUSSION:
In introduction to PCM encoding using static DC voltage, we setup the
Emona TIM’s in the module and then launch the software. The function generated
was adjusted to the given output and connected all necessary connections in the
module. After the connection was set, we launched the TIM’s soft front-panel,
we observe the PCM Decoder. Upon reaching waveforms it indicates that the
setup is working properly. Then we set the scope per procedure in this
experiment with the given changes. By changing the timebase control by what is
given.
The FS signal’s pulse division is widened. By activating the scope of channel
A, we were able to observe the waveforms of the PCM’s CLK input and the FS
output. As we can see in the drawn waveforms, the division of CLK input
waveforms has more 0s and ls than the FS output.
For the Part B of the experiment, the PCM encoding of a variable DC
voltage, we modified the setup and connected the necessary connections shown
in the figures. This setup let us to vary the DC voltage on the PCM encoder
module’s input. As we increase the Variable Power Supplies’ negative output
voltage, the binary number increased as the input voltage decreases in the
negative direction. Then we modified the setup again as shown in the figure as
we increase the Variable Power supply’s positive output voltage in, the binary
number increased as the input voltage increases in the positive direction.
Lastly, for the Part C of the experiment, PCM encoding if continuously
changing voltages, we modified the setup according from the diagram given and
set the function generator’s output frequency to 50kHz. As we observed the
result, PCM Encoder module’s output changes the value of the voltage when it
samples input signal.
 QUESTION/S and ANSWER/S

Question 1 Indicate on your drawing the start and end of the frame. Tip: If you’re
not sure where these points are, see the preliminary discussion.


Question 2 Indicate on your drawing the start and end of each bit.


Question 3 Indicate on your drawing which bit is bit-0 and which is bit-7.

Question 4 What is the binary number that the PCM Encoder module is
outputting?
 PCM Encoder module is generating 8 bit binary number, its
output is 1 bit at a time.

Question 5 Why does the code change even though the input voltage is steady?
 The code changes because it keeps repeating itself over different
time frames.

Question 6 Why does the PCM Encoder module output this code for 0V DC and
not 0000000?
 No Instances. The PCM encoder module uses a PCM encoding and
decoding chip (called a codec) to convert analog voltages between -
2.5V and +2.5V to a 7-bit binary number. So when the voltage is 0V
the encoder module output is binary equivalent of 2.5, not 0.

Question 7 What happens to the Variable DCV module’s output?

 As I turn the Variable DC control to clockwise, the signal appeared
and the output is increased.
The binary number gets bigger as the input voltage increases in the
positive direction.

Question 8 In what way does the binary number that the PCM Encoder module
outputs change?
 The binary number changes with the message signal.
Question 9 It is possible that you were unable to obtain 11111111 on the PCM
Encoder module’s output at Step 26. Explain why. Tip: Use the User Manual to
compare the operating specifications of the Variable DCV and PCM Encoder
modules.
 If it’s not the same frequency as the encoder’s clock, some of the
transmitted bits are read twice while others are completely missed. This is
because some of the transmitted numbers being incorrectly interpreted,
which in turn causes the PCM decoder to output an incorrect voltage. The
error is audible if it occurs often enough.

Question 10 Devise a method of obtaining a variable DC voltage that can reach (or
exceed) the upper and lower limits of the PCM Encoder module’s input range.
Describe your solution below.
 The input to the PCM ENCODER module is an analog message. This
must be constrained to a defined bandwidth and amplitude range. The
maximum allowable message bandwidth will depend upon the sampling
rate to be used. The Nyquist criterian must be observed. The amplitude
range must be held within the ± 2.0 volts range of the TIMS ANALOG
REFERENCE LEVEL. This is in keeping with the input amplitude limits set for
all analog modules.
A step-by-step description of the operation of the module follows:
1. The module is driven by an external TTL clock.
2. The input analog message is sampled periodically. The sample rate is
determined by the external clock
3. The sampling is a sample-and-hold operation. It is internal to the
module and cannot be viewed by the user and what is held is the
amplitude of the analog message at the sampling instant.
4. Each sample amplitude is compared with a finite set of amplitude levels.
These are distributed (uniformly, for linear sampling) within the range ±
2.0 volts (the TIMS ANALOG REFERENCE LEVEL) these are the system
quantizing levels.
 5. Each quantizing level is assigned a number, starting from zero for the
lowest (most negative) level, with the highest number being (L-1),
where L is the available number of levels.
6. Each sample is assigned a digital (binary) code word representing the
number associated with the quantizing levels which is closest to the
sample amplitude. The number of bits ‘n’ in the digital code word will
depend upon the number of quantizing levels. In fact, n=log2(L).

Question 11 What happens to the binary number on the PCM Encoder module’s
output as the size of the negative input voltage increases?
The binary number gets smaller as the input voltage increases in
the negative direction.

Question 12 Based on the information in Table 1, what is the maximum allowable

amplitude (peak-to-peak) for an AC signal on the PCM Encoder module’s INPUT?

+2.5
-2.5

 The maximum allowable peak to peak voltage is 5 Vpp

Question 13 What’s the name for the difference between a sampled voltage and its
closest quantization level? Tip: If you’re not sure, see the preliminary discussion.
It’s possible to calculate how far apart a PCM encoder’s quantization levels are
using the information you’ve gathered so far. To do so, answer the following
question.
 It is called quantization error.
Question 14 Calculate the difference between the quantization levels in the PCM
Encoder module by subtracting the values in Table 1 and dividing the number by
256 (the number of codes).
 (+2.5 V) – (-2.5 V) / 256 = 0.0195 or 0.02

Question 15 To reduce quantization error it’s better to have…

 more quantization levels between ±2.5V.

Question 16 Why does the PCM DATA change continuously?

 PCM Encoder module’s output changes the value of the voltage
when it samples input signal.
 DATA and RESULTS

Table I Answer in Question #14

Figure 02 and Figure 03 Figure 05 and Figure 06

Figure 07 and Figure 08 Figure 09 and Figure 10

 PROOF OF EXPERIMENTATION
Set-Up for Figure 02

CHANNEL A

CHANNEL B

CHANNEL A and CHANNEL B

Set-Up for Figure 05

CHANNEL A

CHANNEL B

CHANNEL A and CHANNEL B

Set-Up for Figure 07

CHANNEL A CHANNEL B

CHANNEL C CHANNEL A, CHANNEL B and CHANNEL C

Set-Up for Figure 09

CHANNEL A

CHANNEL B

CHANNEL A and CHANNEL B

OBSERVATION/S:
During the experimentation, I have observed that the amplitude range
must be held within ± 2.0 Volts. This is in keeping with the input amplitude limits
set for all analog modules.
The frames are transmitted serially. They are transmitted at the same
rate as the samples are taken. The serial bit stream appears at the output of the
module.
I have also observed that, In the encoder this means the quantizing
levels are closer together for small input amplitudes - that is, in effect, that the
input amplitude peaks are compressed during encoding.

CONCLUSION/S:
After completing the experiment, we are able to use the PCM Encoder
module on the Emona TIMS to convert fixed DC voltage, a variable DC voltage and
a continuously changing signal, to PCM. We are also able to verify the operation of
PCM encoding and be able to investigate quantization error. I conclude that we use
higher sample rates and more quantization level so the error will be lower because
the difference between the quantization levels and the samples will be lower.