Introduction to

ANIMAL SCIENCE
Principles of animal physiology, breeding, and nutrition in relation to
production, processing and marketing of animal products and by-products

PROF. JESSE JAY O. VILLANUEVA, PhD

Professor V
Faculty, Animal Science Department
College of Agriculture, MSU, Marawi City
[Link]@[Link]
0956-763-3872
Grading System
u Major Examination : 60%
Prelim
Midterm
Final
u Laboratory Exercises : 30%
u Attendance/Class Participation : 10%
TOTAL : 100%

Passing: 50% - 3.0

History of the Animal
Science Industry
Early Domestication
q Humans began domesticating animals more
than 10,000 years ago beginning with dogs.
u Ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) were
the first food animals to be domesticated
followed by pigs, possibly to dispose of
table scraps and waste products.
u Horses and cattle were domesticated
primarily for transportation and draft work
purposes.
u Early people found animals that form large
herds or flocks and eat a wide variety of
feeds are easier to domesticate.
Early Domestication
q Domesticationinvolves more than simply
taming. Animals are considered to be
domesticated when
uthey are kept for a distinct purpose
uhumans control their breeding
utheir survival depends on humans
uthey develop traits that are not found in
the wild
Early Domestication
§ Domestication allowed humans to
uContain animals with the right
temperament
uHave a steady food supply
uUse animals for companionship, religious
purposes and draft work

§ In return, the animals received protection and

a constant food supply.

§ Selective breeding occurred as humans got rid

of animals with undesirable traits, not
allowing them to reproduce.
Sheep: Domesticated 11,000-15,000 years ago
u Domesticated in the mountains of Southeast
Europe and Central/Southwest Asia. These
areas include the countries of
Greece, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Hungary,
Uzbekistan, Syria, Yugoslavia, Turkmenistan,
Iraq , Romania, Tajikistan, Bulgaria, Afghanistan
and Iran
u Favorable because of their wool and meat
for which they are still used and bred today.
u Because of selective breeding for traits and
other results of domestication, sheep are the
only species of livestock that would be
unable to return to the wild.
Cattle: Domesticated 10,000-15,000 years ago

u Domesticated near the boundary of

Europe and Asia and/or Southwest
Asia
u This area includes the countries of:
Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Syria,
Moldavia, Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq
u In the beginning, cattle were used
mainly for meat, milk and labor but
eventually were replaced by horses
in most of the draft work.
Horses: Domesticated approx. 5,000 years ago

u Horses were domesticated in

Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
This area includes the countries of
Mongolia and Siberia.
u Originally, horses were used for
meat and milk, but eventually
became useful as pack and draft
animals.
Pigs: Domesticated 5,000 - 9,000 years ago

u Pigs were first domesticated in the

Middle East (Mesopotamia) in
countries such as Syria, Iraq and
Turkey and then spread across Asia,
Europe and Africa.
u Pigs were utilized more in settled
farming communities than in
nomadic groups because they are
difficult to move for long distances.
What is Agriculture? Animal Science?
u Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of
animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal
plants and other products to sustain and enhance
life.
u Animal Science is described as "studying
the biology of animals that are under the control of
humankind." It can also be described as the
production and management of farm animals.
u Animal husbandry is the art of working with farm
animals.
u Animal science is the scientific study of farm
animals.
Animal Contributions to
Society
 FOOD
ü Mutton and chevon are eaten by
more people than any other meat
ü Beef is eaten in larger quantities
than any other meat.
ü Certain religions restrict beef and
pork consumption
u Hindus do not eat beef
u Muslim, Hindu, and Orthodox Jews
do not eat pork
ü Many people eat horsemeat
ü Goats, ewes, cattle, mares, sows,
llamas, camels, reindeer and yaks
provide milk and milk products.
 CLOTHING
ü Wool, hair, hides (leather), and pelts have
commonly been used for clothing.
ü Even today, in more than 100 countries,
ruminant fibers such as hair and wool are
used in the manufacture of clothing,
bedding, housing and carpets.
 SHELTER
ü Hair and hides provide material for
shelter. For example, hides are used in
teepees, while hair is used in plaster
(horsehair plaster).
 TOOLS
ü Early man relied on bones and hides
for tools.
 UTENSILS
ü Bladders, horns, catgut and
dynamite are animal products
that are commonly used.
 PERSONAL ITEMS
ü Humans use animal products or by-
products for jewelry and perfume.
 POWER
ü Animals have always been important
throughout history for draft work,
packing and transporting humans. In
the 1920s, more than 25 million horses
were used primarily for draft purposes.
ü Today, in developing countries, animals
provide as much as 99% of the power
used in agriculture while 20% of the
world's populations depend on animals
for moving goods.
u India has more than 200 million cattle and
buffalo, but because cattle are sacred in
India, they are not slaughtered for meat.
These animals are used to provide power for
field work.
 WAR
ü Animals were used in war for
transportation and power.
 RELIGION

ü Some societies worship animals.

 RECREATION
ü Companionship and hobbies or
sports such as horseback
riding.
 HEALTH
u Laboratory animals are commonly used
for research.
u Miniature pigs have been used in
laboratory research because they
closely resemble humans in their
pulmonary, cardiac, dental and even
pre-natal brain development.
u Cattle and sheep have been used to
test artificial organs before use in
humans.
u Humans also use animal products and
by-products in pharmaceuticals.
Common Animal
Husbandry Terms
 General Terms

Ø Parturition – act of giving birth

Ø Gestation – pregnancy time from conception
to birth
Ø Conception – act of fertilization
Ø Dam – female parent
Ø Sire – male parent
Ø Fertility – ability to produce fertilizable ova
and to produce proper environment for and
initiating cell division and embryonic
development. Ability to produce large
number of sperm capable of fertilization.
 General Terms
Ø Fecundity or prolificacy – ability to give
birth to offspring frequently or numerous
young at frequent intervals.
Ø Sterility - inability to produce normal young
Ø Impotency – failure to copulate
Ø Puberty – sexual maturity, as exhibited by
first heat or ovulation
Ø Weanling – young animal, after separation
from its dam
Ø Weaning – the process of separating the
young from its dam
 Cattle (Bos taurus/Bos indicus)

u Ox – ruminant member of the bovine family,

or sometimes the male used for draft
purposes.
u Cattle – domesticated bovine animals.
u Bull – male breeding ox of any age.
u Cow – mature female ox, one that has given
birth.
u Heifer – young female ox under three years
of age, usually one that has not yet given
birth.
 Cattle (Bos taurus/Bos indicus)
u Steer – male ox castrated before sexual
maturity.
u Stag – male ox castrated after sexual
maturity.
u Calf – young ox of either sex, under one year
of age.
u Bull calf – young male calf under one year of
age.
u Calving – act of giving in cows
u Beef – ox, 1 year old and above
u Veal – ox, less than 1 year old
 Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Carabao (Bubalus bubalis carabanensis)

u Carabull – carabao bull, caracow,

caraheifer, caracalf, etc.
u Bullock – usually a stag for draft
purposes.
u Caraheifer – young female carabao under
three years of age usually one that has
not yet given birth.
u Caracow – mature female carabao, one
that has given birth.
 Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Carabao (Bubalus bubalis carabanensis)

u Transmitting ability – the ability of an

animal to pass on either good or bad
traits to its progeny.
u Proven sire – bull about whom one have
sufficient unselected information to
indicate his transmitting ability.
u Caracalf – young carabao of either sex.
u Carabeef – carabao beef; caraveal
 Horse (Equus caballus)
u Stallion – mature male horse; if the
stallions is used for breeding purposes,
the term studhorse is preferred.
u Mare – mature female horse; broodmare is
the term for the female horse used for
breeding purposes.
u Colt – young male horse usually up to 3
years old.
u Filly – young female horse usually up to 3
years old.
u Foal – young horse of either sex below one
year of age.
u Gelding – horse which was castrated while
young.
 Horse (Equus caballus)

u Yeld mare or dry mare – one which has not

produced any young during the breeding
season.
u Ridgling – stallion with only one testis or
none its scrotum.
u Equitition – horsemanship; the art of riding
on horseback.
u Foaling – act of giving birth in mares
u Horsemeat - horse
Swine (Sus scrofa domesticus)
u Boar – male pig of any age.
u Sow – mature female pig, one that has
given birth.
u Gilt – young female pig under one year
of age, usually one that has not yet
given birth.
u Shote – young pig of either sex,
weighing approximately 60 kg.
u Barrow – male pig which was castrated
while young; or a pig that was castrated
before the secondary sex characters
have developed.
u Stag – a male pig castrated after sexual
maturity.
Swine (Sus scrofa domesticus)
u Weanling – young pigs separated from the
sow, about 5 weeks old.
u Suckling – young pigs from birth up to
weaning.
u Litter – group of pig born in one
farrowing.
u Litter size – the number of young pigs
born in one farrowing.
u Farrowing – act of giving birth in sows.
u Pork - pig
 Sheep (Ovis aries)
u Ram – male sheep of any age for breeding
purposes.
u Ewe – female sheep of any age.
u Lamb – young sheep of either sex below one year
of age.
u Wether sheep – male sheep which was castrated
while young preferably between one to three
weeks of age.
u Shearling – yearling sheep with two teeth.
u Fleece – wool covering the sheep.
u Lambing – act of giving in ewes.
u Mutton – sheep, 1 year old and above
u Lamb – sheep, less than 1 year old
 Goat (Capra hircus)
u Billy goat or buck – male goat of any
age.
u Pelt – wool and skin of a sheep.
u Doe – female goat of any age.
u Kid – young goat of either sex below one
year of age.
u Wether goat – male goat castrated
before the secondary sex characters
have developed.
u Kidding – act of giving birth in goats.
u Chevon - goat
u Venison - deer
Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)
u Poultry – a collective term for all domestic
birds rendering economic service to man;
can refer also to dressed carcass of fowls.
u Chicken – one of the more common poultry
species different from turkeys, ducks,
geese, etc.
u Chick – young chicken while in the down
stage.
u Rooster – a male fowl one year old or over.
u Capon – a caponized male, readily
distinguished by the undeveloped comb and
wattles.
u Pullet – a female fowl less than a year old.
u Game meat – game animals (wild hunted)
u Plumage – the feathers of a fowl
Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata)
u Drake – a male duck
u Duck – a female duck
u Duckling – the young duck in the down stage
 Poultry Terms
ANIMALS CHICKEN DUCK GOOSE TURKEY PIGEON QUAIL
Mature Cock/ Drake Gander Tom Cock Cock
male Cockerel
Mature Hen/ Duck Goose Hen Hen Hen
female Pullet
Young Chicks Duckling Gosling Poult Squab Chicks
Group Brood/ Flock Paddling Gaggle Flock Flight Covey