[Link]: MICROWAVE & OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS DATE: STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF LED AIM: To study the I-V characteristics of LED and plot the graph of forward current v/s output optical energy. EQUIPMENTS: FCL —01 & FCL ~ 02. 1 meter Fiber cable Patch chords s Jumper to crocodile wires . Power supply (Use only one provided) 20 MHz Dual Channel Oseilloséope Voit meter aa Current Meter, NOTE: KEEP ALL SWITCH FAULTS IN OFF POSITION. PROCEDURE: ' 4. Make connections as shown in figure. Connect thie power supply with proper polarity to FCL’— 01 & FCL. — 02 Kits. While connecting this, ensure that the power siipply le OFF: x Slightly unserew the Gap ef LED SFH7S6 V (660am). Do net remove the cap from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the 1 meter fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back. Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo Diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap 3, from the connector. Once the cap is loosed, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back. 4. Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2, JP3 & JP4 on FCL-01 as shown in figure. 5. Keep the jumpers JP1 & JP2 on FCL -02 as shown in figure. 356 V.S.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGMICROWAVE & OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS DATE: 6. Koop switch $2 in VI position on FCL ~ 01. 7. Connect voltmotor and current moter as por the polarities shown in figure- 8. Switch on the powor supply. , 9. Keep the potentiomoter P3 in its maximum position (ant-clockwise rotation). P9 is used to control current flowing through the LED. [Link] the potentiometer P4 in its fully clockwise rotation. P4 is used to control bias voltage of the LED. ure forward [Link] get the IV characteristics of LED, rotate P3 slowly and meas mber of such readings current and corresponding forward voltage. Take nu acteristics graph for the LED. which is product of | and the LED for various cilrrent values and plot IV chat [Link] each reading taken above, find out the power, V. This is the electrical power supplied to, the LED. Data sheets for en forward current was: 10 ower at 10mA current is ‘special optical power coupled into plastic fiber wh: MA as 200 W. This. means that-the electrical p converted into 200.W of optical-eneray. Hence the efficiency of the LED comes out to be approax.1.15%. [Link] this efficiency assumed, find out optical power optical fiber for ‘each of the reading. Plot,the graph of fonward current 1 coupled into plastic it vis output optical power of the LED. Model Viva Questions: i 4. What is the basic principle of LED? 2. LED is coherent or non-coherent? Explain. 3. Which type of materials are used for the manufacture of LEDs? What are direct and indirect materials, between them which one is used for LED What is the difference between LED and Laser? What is the difference between recombination process of direct and indirect materials. What is the frequency and wavelength of the LED used in your experiment? . Define threshold voltage for LED? 9. Give the applications and advantages of LED? 57 V.S.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGS dd ddddddd ddd III III IIE. [Link]: MICROWAVE & OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS DATE: SETTING UP A FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL LINK AIM: Tho oim of this exporimont is to study a 660 nm Fibor Optic digital Link Horo you will study ow digital signal can bo transmitted over fibor cablo and roproduico at tho rocolvar ond. THEORY: Fiber Optic Links can bo usod for transmission of digital as woll as analog signals. Basically, a fibor optic link contains thro main elements, a transmitter, as optical fiber & receiver, The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form & then transforms it into optical (light) energy containing the samo information’ The optical fiber isthe medium, which carries this energy to the recelver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattem as originally fed to the transmitter. TRANSMITTER: f LED digital, DC coupled transmitters are one ‘of the most popular variety due to their ease of fabrication, We have used a standard TTL gate fo drive a NPN transistor, which modulates the LED SFH450V (950nm) source (Tums it ON and OFF). S fs ae RECEIVER: - e There are various methods to configure detectors to extract digital data. Usually detectors’ae of linear naturé. We have sed photo detector having TTL type output. Usually it consists of PIN photodiode, trans impedance amplifier and level shifter. — EQUIPMENTS: FCL-04 . FG - 02 with power cable. 1 Meter Fiber cable. Patch chords Power Supply (Use only one provided) 20 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope 62 \V.S.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING[Link], MICROWAVE & OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS DATE NOTE: KEEP ALL SWITCH FAULTS IN OFF POSITION. PROCEDURE: 1. Make connections as shown in figure. Connact the pawar supply cables \ith proper polarity to RCL = 04 Kit, Whila connicting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF, Connoct Function Gonorator FG ~ 02 to FCL = 04 using powor cable, Tho powor supply. Keop tho aiWitch SW7 to TTL position on FCL ~ 04 a8 shown In figure. Conndct tho TTL Signal from FG =(02 as a constant signal fo tho IN post of Digital Butfor on FCL = 04, . Connect tho output of Digital Buffer post OUT to post TX IN. 7. Slightly unscrow the cap of LED SFH450V,(950nm). Do not remove tho ap from the connector. Once the cap Is loosened, insert the other of fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back. fi 8. Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo Transistor with TTL logic output 'SFHS51V. Do not remove the cap from, the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other of fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by ohne a screwing it back... ‘ar 9. Observe the! output signal from: the detector ato TTL OUT post on Oscilbscope you should get the eproguction of the original transmitted signal. [Link] measure the digital bandwidth of the link, keep the same connections and vary the frequency of the input signal from 100 Hz — 1.5 MHz onwards. Observe the variation in duty cycle of the received signal for each frequency reading and determine the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted on the digital link. 63 V.S.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGed MICROWAVE & OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS DATE: Thus this oxporimont Is to study @ 660 nm Fibor Optic digital Link how digital signal can bo transmitted ovor fiber cable and reproduce at the rocolver ond. Tho samo is observed. Model Viva Questions: Give the basic structure of fiber optic cable. Define single mode and multi mode fibers? What is index profile? What are step index and graded index fibers? Draw the index profile for step index fiber? ‘Draw the index profile for Graded index fiber? What is the propagation principle in step index fibers? What is the propagation principle in graded index fibers? POT eR eye ‘9. List the applications of optical fibers? Name few sources of optical radiation? Name few detectors of optical radiation? sl 12, Give the differences between LED land LASER as sources? tic optical devices? guar 14. Comment on reed for modulation in optical communications? 48. Comment on type of modulation in optical communications? 16. Explain the function & principle of photo d diodes /"photo detector? 17. Whalis numerical aperture? 48. Give the condition for total internal 19. Which type materials are used for manufacturing of optical fibers? 20. Comment on the refractive index of core and cladding? 64 ‘V.S.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGLLL LLL TT — DATE: sATIONS [Link]. MICROWAVE & OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SETTING UP A FIBER OPTIC ANALOG LINK AIM: The aim of this experimont is to study @ 66 reed ( eves In this experiment, tho study of rolationship botween the input signals & rec! 0 nm Fiber Optic Analog Link. signals is considered. THEORY: Fiber Optic Link can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog 1s three main elements, a transmitter, signals. Basically, a fiber optic link cont as optical fiber & a receiver. The transmitter module takes the input signal electrical form & them transforms it into optical (light) energy containing the,same formation. The optical fiber is the medium, which carries this energy to"the receiver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same patter as originally fed to the transmit EQUIPMENT: FoL—03. i ss FG — 02 with power cable. 1 Meter Fiber cable Patch chords. Power Supply (Use only one provided) 20 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscopes. NOTE: KEEP ALL SWITCH FAULTS IN OFF POSITION. PROCEDURE: 1, Make connections as shown in figure. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to FCL — 03 to FCL — 03 Kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF. 2. Connect Function Generator FG ~ 02 to FCL — 03 using power cable. ‘Switch on the power supply. 69 V.S.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING[Link]; MICROWAVE & OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS DA‘ 3. Keop tho jumpors JP2 & JP3 on FCL ~ 03 as shown In figure. 4. Analog Buffor on FCL ~ 03, 5. Connect tho output of Analog Buffor post OUT to post TX IN. 6. Slightly unscrow tho cap of LED SFH756V (860nm). Do not remove the cap from the connactor. Once the cap is loosened. Insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back. 7. Now rotate the Optical Power Control pot P3 in FCL - 03 in anticlockwise direction. This ensures minimum current flow through LED. 8. Slightly unscrew thé cap of RX2 Photo Diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now tighten the Gap by screwing it back. 9, Observe the output signal from the detector at ANALOG OUTpost on ® Oscilloscope by adjusting Optical Power, Control Pot P3 in clockwise | direction and you should get the reproduction ofthe original transmitted signal. ae 7 . e* [Link] measure the anelog bandwidth ofthe link, keep the same connections and vary the frequency ofthe input signal from 100 Hz onwards. Measure the amplitude @f the received signal for each n frequency i reading. [Link] a graph of Gain/Frequency. Measure the frequency range for which the “iy observed. Model Viva Questions: 1. Which type of oscillator is used in the function generator used in this, experiment? 2. Which type of amplifier is used in the function generator used in this experiment? 3. What is the buffer? Explain its significance in this experiment? 70 V.S.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING