FIRST TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES

SCHEME FIRST TERM

SSS3
WEEK TOPIC CONTENT
1 SURDS (a) Meaning of rational and irrational numbers
leading to the definition of surds.
(b) the rules guiding the basic operation with surd i.e
√a + √b ≠ √a + b ; √a - √b ≠ √a - b ;√a x √b = √a
x b: √a ÷ √b = √a/b.
(c) conjugates of a binomial surd using the idea of
the difference of two squares
(d) Application to solving triangles involving
trigonometric ratios of special angles 30 0, 600 ,
and 450 .
(e) Evaluation of expressions involving surds.
2 MATRICES AND (a) Definition, order and notation of matrix.
DETERMINANT 1 (b) Types of matrix.
(c) Addition and subtraction of matrix. (d) Scalar
multiplication of matrices
3 MATRICES AND (a) Multiplication of matrices.
DETERMINANT 2 (b) Transpose of a matrix.
(c) Determinant of 2x2 and 3x3 matrices.
(d) Application to solving simultaneous linear equations in
two variables.
4 LOGARITHM (a) Revision of laws of indices.
(b) Laws of logarithms.
(c) Logarithmic equations.
5 ARITHMETIC OF (a) Simple interest (revision).
FINANCE (b) Compound interest.
(c) Depreciation.
(d) Annuities.
(e) Amortization.
(f) Further use of logarithm table in problem involving: (i)
Bonds and Debentures (ii) shares (iii) Rates (iv) Income tax
(v) Value added Tax.
6 SURFACE AREA AND (a) Surface area of sphere.
VOLUME OF SPHERE (b) Volume of sphere
7 MID-TERM BREAK
8 LONGITUDE AND (a) Earth as a sphere.
LATITUDE (b) Identification of: (i) North and South poles. (ii)
Longitudes (iii) Latitudes (iv) Small circles and great circles.
(v) Meridian and equator. (vi) Parallel of Latitude. (vii)
Radius of parallel of latitude (viii) Radius of Earth.
9 LONGITUDE AND (a) Revision of: arc length of a curve.
LATITUDE (b) Calculations of distance between two points on
the earth; shortest distance between two points.
(d) Nautical rules, time variation.
 10 REVISION
11 EXAMINATION

CLASS: S.S 3
TOPIC: SURDS
CONTENT:
 Meaning of rational and irrational numbers leading to the definition of surds.
 the rules guiding the basic operation with surd i.e √a + √b ≠ √a + b ; √a - √b ≠ √a - b ;√a x √b = √a x
b: √a ÷ √b = √a/b.
 conjugates of a binomial surd using the idea of the difference of two squares
 Application to solving triangles involving trigonometric ratios of special angles 300, 600 , and 450 .
 Evaluation of expressions involving surds.

MEANING OF RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS LEADING TO THE DEFINITION OF SURDS

Rational numbers (Fractions): rational numbers is any number that can be expressed as a ratio of
𝑎
two integers (i.e can be expressed as a fraction in the form 𝑏 where a and b are in integers and
𝑎
where b ≠0. Any integer can be expressed as 1 , hence integers are rational numbers such as
1 5 7 −4 9
,
3 17 10 7
, , 1 etc are rational numbers. Therefore Natural numbers are subsets of Integers while
Integers are subset of Rational numbers𝑁 ⊂ 𝑍 ⊂ 𝑄.
Examples are:
3 2 14 17
(i) Proper and improper fractions: 4, , 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9 10
3 3
(ii) Mixed numbers: 2 4 , 5 7
0 6 −9
(iii) Integers i.e counting numbers : 0 = 1, 6 1 , −9 = 1
8 −35
(iv) Terminating decimals, eg0.8 = 10 − 0.13 = 100
1 2
(v) Recurring decimals, eg 0.1 = 9 , 0.13 = 15 𝑒𝑡𝑐
2 5
(vi) Roots such as √4 = 2 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑√25 = 5 = 1
 The square roots of these fractional numbers, referred as surds, results in irrational or non-rational
numbers. Irrational/non-rational numbers are numbers when expressed as decimals neither repeat
(recur) nor end (terminate). An irrational number cannot be written as a ratio of two integers,
e.g 𝜋 = 3.141 592 654 … 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 = 2.718 282 828 … (𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙)
They are irritation because they do not have exact roots eg √2 = 1.414 213 … , √12 = 3.464 101 …
Note:
(i) All multiples of irrational numbers are irrational e.g 5√3, 2√5 4√11 etc
3 3
(ii) All fractions of irrational numbers are irrational e.g√5⁄2 , 5√2 , √11
3
𝑒𝑡𝑐
Therefore, surd is the word that is used to refer to the square roots of numbers that are not perfect
squares.

THE RULES GUIDING THE BASIC OPERATION WITH SURDS

1. √𝑋 × √𝑌 = √𝑋𝑌 e.g √9 × √4 = √9 × 4 = √36 = 6
√9 × √4 = 3 × 2 = 6
2. √𝑋 + √𝑌 ≠ √𝑋𝑌 e.g √9 + √4 ≠ √9 + 4 = √13 =
√9 + √4 = 3 + 2 = 5
3. √𝑋 ÷ √𝑌 = √𝑋 ÷ 𝑌 e.g √16 ÷ √4 = √16 ÷ 4 = √4 = 2
√16 ÷ √4 = 4 ÷ 2 = 2
4. √𝑋 − √𝑌 ≠ √𝑋 − 𝑌 e.g √9 − √4 ≠ √9 − 4 = √5 =
√9 − √4 = 3 − 2 = 1
5. √𝑋 + √𝑋 = 2√𝑋 e.g √2 + √2 = 2√2

6. 2√𝑋 + 3√𝑋 = 5√𝑋 e.g 2√2 + 3√2 = 5√2

7. √𝑋 + √𝑌 = √𝑋 e.g √2 + √3 = √2 + √3
1 1
8. √𝑋 × √𝑋 = √𝑋 2 = 𝑋 2×2 = 𝑋 e.g √5 × √5 = √52 = 52×2 = 5

Like surds: Two or more surds are said to be like surds if the number under the square root sign
√𝟑
are the same eg√𝟑, 𝟕√𝟑, .
𝟓
Examples
(1) We know that √36 × 25 = √900 ie 30. But √36 × √25 = 6 × 5 ie 30. This means √36 × 25 =
√36 × √25. In general: √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎 × √𝑏
36 36
(2) We know that √ 9 = √ 9 = √4 i.e 2
√36 6
But = 3 i.e 2.
√9
36 √36
Hence: √ =
9 √9
𝑎 √𝑎
In general:√𝑏 =
√𝑏
Class Activity
 1. State which of the following pairs of expressions are equal
(a) √16 × √36 × √4, √16 × 36 × 4
(b) √17 − 14, √17 − √14
(c) √64 + √144, √64 + 144
18 √18
(d) √ 2 ,
√2
2. If 𝑎 = 36, 𝑏 = 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = −16, work out the following pairs of expressions are equal.
(a) √𝑎2 𝑏,√𝑎2 × √𝑏
(b) √𝑎 + 𝑏, √𝑎 + √𝑏
(c) −𝑐√𝑎, √𝑎𝑐 2
(d) 4√𝑐 2 , √16𝑐 2

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF SURDS

We can only add or subtract surds which are alike or have the same form
Note: Reduce first to their basic forms if they are not
Examples:
1. Simplify the following:
(a) √3 + √3we have two √3 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 2√3 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙: 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 2𝑥
∴ √3 + √3 = 2√3
(b) √4 + √5 = 2 + √5
(c) √12 + √48 , √12 = √4 × 3 = 2√3 , √48 = √16 × 3 = 4√3
∴ 2√3 + 4√3 = 6√3
2. Simplify the following:
(a) 4√11 − 2√11 , = (4 − 2) 2√11 = 2√11
(b) 4√18 − √200 + 3√50
= 4√18 + 3√50 − √20 = 4√9 × 2 + 3√25 × 2 − √100 × 2
= 4 × 3√2 + 3 × 5√2 − 10√2 = 12√2 + 15√2 − 10√2
= 27√2 − 10√2 = 17√2
(c) 3√48 + √192 + 3√12 − √147 = 3√16 × 3 + √64 × 3 + 3√4 × 3 − √49 × 3
= 3 × 4√3 + 8√3 + 3 × 2√3 − 7√3 = 12√3 + 8√3 + 6√3 − √3 = 26√3 − 7√3
= 19√3
Class Activity
1. Simplify the following:
(a) √5 + √5 + √5
(b) √800 + √200 − 2√32
(c) 4√32 − √192 + 3√12 − √147
(d) √75 − 3√48 + √45 − 2√12
(e) 2√12 − 5√48 − √75 − 3√363
(f) √28 − √45 + √175 − √20 + √245
(g) 3√2 + √128 − √27 − √50 + √75
 MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF SURDS
Note: To multiply surds:
(a) Simplify the surds, if possible.
(b) Group the numbers together, coefficient of surds together and then multiply.
(c) Simplify further if possible but divide surds:
(i) simplify the fraction if necessary.
(Ii) If the denominator has a surd, then rationalize it i.e to eliminate the surd in the
denominator by multiplying both the numerator and the denominator of the fraction by the
surd in the denominator. This will make the denominator a rational number.
(Iii)Simplify further if possible.

Examples:
1. Simplify the following:
(a) √24 × √72 × 3√5 = √4 × 6 × √36 × 2 × 3√5 = 2√6 × √2 × 3√5 = 2 × 6 × 3√6 × √2 ×
√5 = 36√60 = 36√4 × 15 = 36 × 2√15 = 72√15
(b) √32 × √576 × (√4)3 = √16 × 2 × 24 × 23 = 4√2 × 24 × 8
= 768√2

1
(c) (96 × 90)2
= √96 × 90 = √48 × 2 × 90 = √16 × 6 × 9 × 10 = 4 × 3√6 × 10 = 12√60
= 12√4 × 15 = 12 × 2√15 = 24√15
2. Simplify the following:
2 2 11 2√11
(a) = × = 11
√11 √11 √11
25 25 1 5 √3 5√3
(b) √ 3 = √ 1 × √3 = × × 3
√3 √3
√7×5√44×√12
(c)
√20×√77
√7 × 5√4 × 11 × √4 × 3
=
√4 × 5 × √11 × 7
√7 × 5 × 2√11 × 2√3
=
2√5 × √11 × √11 × √7
5 × 2√3
=
√5
10√3 × √5
=
√5 × √5
 10 × √15
=
5
= 2√15
(d) (√2 − 2√3)(3√2 + 4√3)
Recall: 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
Also (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
Then: (√2 − 2√3)(3√2 + 4√3) − (2√3 × 4√3)
= 3√4 + 4√6 − 6√6 − 8√9
= 3√4 − 2√6 − 8 × 3
= 3 × 2 − 2√6 − 24
= 6 − 2√6 − 24
= −18 − 2√6
2
(e) (√6.4 − √2.5)
= (√6.4 − √2.5)(√6.4 − √2.5)
2 2
= (√6.4) − √6.4 × 2.5 − √2.5 × 6.4 + (√2.5)
= 6.4 − 2√6.4 × 2.5 + 2.5 = 6.4 − 2√16 + 2.5
= 6.4 − 2 × 4 + 2.5 = 6.4 − 8 + 2.5 = 8.9 − 8
= 0.9 𝑜𝑟 (√6.4 − √2.5)2 (𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 )
= 6.4 − 2√6.4 × √2.5 + (√2.5)2 = 6.4 − 2√16 + 2.5 (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒)
= 6.4 − 2 × 4 + 2.5 = 0.9
Class Activi
1. Simplify the following:
(a) √2 × √3 × √5 × √15 × √20 × √60
(b) √162 × (√2)3
1
(c) (54 × 18)2
2√50×3√21
(d) 5√2×7√42
9
(e) √48 − + √75
√3
(f) (3√𝑎 − 5√𝑎)(3√𝑎 + 5√𝑎)
(g) (2√3 + √2)2
2. Evaluate without using tables:
(5√2.5 − 10√10)(√0.4)[𝑊𝐴𝐸𝐶]
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Simplify the following surds expressions
(a) (4√27 − 2√8 + 3√48 + 3√94

(b) 6√7 − √4 × 7 − 5√7 + √245

(c) 4√3 − 2√20 + √108 + 3√125

 2. Expand and simplify the following:
(a) (5√2 − 3√5)(3√2 + 3√5)
(b) (2√5 + 3√2)(2√5 − 3√2)
1 1
3. (a) 3√2 − −
√2 √8
4√5×3√2
(b)
√32×√100

CONJUGATE OF BINOMIAL SURDS USING THE IDEA OF DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES

A binomial surd is a surd expression that is made up of only two terms, example 3+√(2,) √5-
2√(7,) 3√2+5,etc.
To rationalize a binomial surd, we use the numerator and the denominator to multiply both
the numerator and the denominator.
√a+ √(b ) and √a–√(b ) are said to be conjugate surds because when they are multiplied
together, the result gives a rational number. It operates in this way:
(a+b)(a-b)= a2-ab+ab+b2
= a2-b2 (difference of two squares)

∴= (√𝑎 + √𝑏)(√𝑎 − √𝑏) = (√𝑎)2 − (√𝑏)2

= 𝑎−𝑏

Examples

1. 𝑺𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔: (𝒂) (𝟓√2 + 2√8)(5√2 − 2√2)

= (5√2) 2 – (2√8)2
= 52× √4 − 22 × √64
= 25 × 2 − 4 × 8
= 50 − 32
= 18
(𝒃) (3√4 − 2)(3√4 + 2)
= (3√4)2 − (22 )
= 32 × √4 × 4 − 2 × 2
= 9×4−4
= 36 − 4
= 32

2(𝑎) (4√5 − √9)(4√5 − √9)

𝑠𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
→ (4√5) 2 − 2(4√5)(√9) + (√9)2
= 42 × (√5 )2 − 2(4 × √45) + (√9)2
= 16 × 5 − 8 × √45 + 9
= 80 − 8 × √9 × √5 + 9
= 80 − 8 × 3√5 + 9
= 80 + 9 − 24√5
= 89 − 24√5
(𝑏) (√0.81 − √36)2
= (√0.81 − √36)(√0.81 − √36)
= (√0.81) −2(√0.81)(√36) + (√36)2
2

= 0.6561 − 2(0.9 × 6) + 36
= 0.6561 − 2(5.4) + 36
= 36.6561 − 10.8
= 25.8561
(3) (2√54 + √24)(√6 + 3√63)
(2√54)(√6) + (2√54)(3√63) + (√24)(√6) + (√24)(3√63)
= (2√9 × 6)(√6) + 2(√9 × 6)(3√9 × 7) + (√4 × 6)(√6) + (√4 × 6)(3√9 × 7)
= 2 × 3 × 6 + 2 × 3√6 × 3 × 3√7 + 2 × 6 + 2 × 3 × 3 × √6 × √7
= 36 + 12 + 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × √6 × √7 + 2 × 3 × 3 × √6 × √7
= 48 + 54√42 + 18√42
= 48 + 72√42

(4) 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

2√5 + √3
3√5 − √3
2√5 + √3 2√5 + √3 3√5 + √3
= = ×
3√5 − √3 3√5 − √3 3√5 + √3
30 + 2√15 + 3√15 + 3
=
(3√5 − √3)(3√5 + √3)
33 + 5√15
=
(3√5 ) 2 −(√3)2
33 + 5√15
=
3 (√5 )2 −(√3)2
2

33 + 5√15
=
9×5−3
33 + 5√15
=
42
Class Activity
1. Simplify the following:
 (a)(√𝟑(√𝟐𝟕 − 𝟐√𝟑 + √𝟔)
(b) (√𝟏𝟐 + √𝟐𝟎)(√𝟏𝟐 + √𝟑)
𝟐
(c) (√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − √𝟏𝟎𝟎)
(d) (𝟑√𝟓 − 𝟐)(𝟑√𝟓 + 𝟐)
2. Rationalise the denominators of the following:
𝟑√𝟓+𝟐√𝟑
(a)
𝟐√𝟓−𝟑√𝟑
𝟏𝟎
(b) 𝟒√𝟏𝟖−𝟑√𝟒𝟖
3. 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒂 + 𝒃√𝟓:
√𝟓
(𝒂)
√𝟕 + √𝟓
√𝟑 − 𝟑√𝟐
(𝒃)
𝟐√𝟑 − 𝟐√𝟐

APPLICATION TO SOLVING TRIANGLES INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SPECIAL

ANGLES 30°, 60, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 45°.
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡.
Angle 45°

450

1 √𝟐

450

B 1
A
 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
= 12 +12
{ }
=2
∴ 𝐴𝐶 = √2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
𝑜𝑝𝑝
∴ Sin 45° =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
1
=
√2
𝑎𝑑𝑗
Cos 45° =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
1
=
√2
𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑇𝑎𝑛 45° =
𝑎𝑑𝑗
1
= 1
i.e. 1

Angles 30° 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟔𝟎°

∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 2𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠. 𝐴𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡.
A

2
300 2
√𝟑

600
B C
1 D 1

𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷, < 𝐵𝐴𝐷 = 30°

→ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵2 − 𝐵𝐷2 {𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚}
2

= 22 −12
=3
∴ 𝐴𝐷 = √3units
√3
∴ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 60° =
2
1
𝐶𝑜𝑠 60° =
2
𝑇𝑎𝑛 60° = √3

1
And sin 30° = 2
 √3
cos 30° =
2
1
𝑇𝑎𝑛 30° =
√3

Examples
(1) Find the sides marked with letters. All answers must be left in surd form with rational
denominators when necessary in cm.
(a)
A B
45

c d

30
C 15 D

Solution
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷,
𝑑
𝑇𝑎𝑛 30° =
15
15𝑡𝑎𝑛30° = 𝑑
15 1
× =𝑑
1 √3
15 × √3
√3 × √3
15√3
3
=d
5√3cm= d
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑑
𝑆𝑖𝑛 45° =
𝐶
5√3
𝑆𝑖𝑛 45° =
𝐶
𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 5√3
5√3
𝐶 =
1
√2
5√3 1
𝐶= ÷
1 √2
5√3 × √2
=
1
= 5√6cm B
 B
(b)

x 6
0
45 600

A y D

6
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, sin 45° = 𝑥
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 6
6
𝑥 =
1
√2
6 1
= ÷
1 √2
6 √2
= ×
1 1
= 6√2𝑐𝑚
𝑎
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, cos 45° = 𝑥
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠45° = 𝑎
6√2 1
× =𝑎
1 √2
6√2 × √2
=𝑎
√2 × √2
6×2
=𝑎
2
6𝑐𝑚 = 𝑎
6
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷, 𝑇𝑎𝑛 60° =
𝑏
𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛60° = 6
6
𝑏 =
tan 60°
6
=
√3
 6 × √3
=
√3 × √3
6√3
=
3
= 2√3𝑐𝑚
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑎+𝑏
= 6 + 2√3𝑐𝑚
(C)
12

6 L

20

12 6 L

60
6 4

12 4
6
𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ∆, sin 60° =
𝐿
𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛60° = 6
6
𝐿 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛60
6
𝐿 =
√3
2
6 √3
= ÷
1 2
6 2
= ×
1 √3
12 × √3
=
√3 × √3
 12√3
=
3
= 4√3𝑐𝑚
OR
6
𝐶𝑜𝑠 30° =
𝐿
𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 6
6 6 2
𝐿 = = ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠30° 1 √3
12 √3
= ×
√3 √3
= 4√3
(𝑑)𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛. 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑇 = 16𝑐𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑇̂ 𝑆 = 135°. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑇.

R Q

S 16cm

1350
T P

Solution

R Q

S 16cm 16cm

450
T P

𝐼𝑛 ∆𝑆𝑇𝑅,
𝑅𝑆
𝑆𝑖𝑛 45° =
16
16𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 𝑅𝑆
16 1
× = 𝑅𝑆
1 √2
16 × √2
= 𝑅𝑆
√2 × √2
16√2
= 𝑅𝑆
2
8√2𝑅𝑆
𝑆𝑇
Also, sin 45° =
16
 16 × 1
𝑆𝑇
√2
8√2 = 𝑆𝑇

Class Activity
𝑭𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠. 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚.
(a) x
0
60
y

(b)
600

x
300
6

EVALUATION OF EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING SURDS

This topic exonerates the use of calculators or tables. When evaluating an expression with surds, it is
useful to rationalise the denominator.
Examples
(1)𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 √2 = 1.414, √3 = 1.732 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √5 = 2.236, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟,
𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑑. 𝑝.
5
(𝑎)
√3
Solution
5 5 √3
= ×
√3 √3 √3
5√3
=
3
 5 × 1.732
=
3
8.660
=
3
= 2. 886
= 2.89 (2 𝑑. 𝑝)
1
(𝑏)
√45
Solution:
1 1
=
√45 √9 × 5
1
=
3√5
1 √5
= ×
3 × √5 √5
√5
=
3×5
2.236
=
15
= 0.149
= 0.15 (2. 𝑑𝑝)
4×0.27×3
(c) √
6×2−4
Solution
4×0.9×0.3×3
=√
12−4
2×0.3×0.3
=
√8
2×0.3×0.3
=
√4 ×√2
1.8
= 2√2
1.8 × √2
=
2 × √2 × √2

1.8 × 1.414
=
4
2.5452
=
4
= 0.6363
= 0.64
2
√50
(d) [ ]
√162−√98
Solution
2 2
√50 √25×2
[ ] =( )
√162−√98 √81×2−√2×49
 2
5√2
= ( )
9√2 − 7√2
2
5√2
= ( )
2√2
2
5√2 × √2
= ( )
2 × √2 × √2
5×2 2
= ( )
2×2

25 1
= 4
i.e.6 4or 6.25

Examples
3
1. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 √20 × (√5) (WAEC)
2. 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒:
3 2 √12
(𝑎) ( − ) (WAEC)
√3 √3 6
(b) √1.225 = 1.107, √12.25 = 3.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √100 = 10. Evaluate √1225 (WAEC)
2
10√32
(𝑐) ( )
√18 − √2
3. 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 √2 = 1.414, √3 = 1.732 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √5 = 2.236, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢 −
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑑. 𝑝.
2
(𝑎)
√8
(𝑏)√3(√9 + 3√27)

2
(𝑐)√ (√7.5 + √30)√2
5

PRACTICE EXERCISE
5√7−7√5
(1) 𝑹𝒂𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒 (JAMB)
√7−√5
(2) 𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒚:
√50 − 3√2(2√2 − 5) − 5√32 (WAEC)
5−3√2
(3) 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6+5√2
(WAEC)
. 𝑋𝑌𝑍 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ |𝑋𝑌| = |𝑋𝑍| = 6𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝑋̂𝑍 = 120°. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑍.(𝑊𝐴𝐸𝐶 ).
(4) From the top of a vertical mast 150m high,two huts on the same ground level are ob-
served one due East and the other due West of the [Link] angles of depression
 are 60° and 45°,[Link] the distance between the huts.(JAMB).
(5) Theangle of elevation of a building from a measuring intrument placed on the ground
is 30°.If the building is 40m high,how far is the instrument from the foot of the building?
(JAMB)

ASSIGNMENT

5 3
1. Simplify −
√3 √2
1 1 1 1
A. (5√3 − 3 √2)B. (15√3 − 6√2)C. (3√2 − √3)D. (10√3 − 9√2) (SSCE 2005)
6 6 6 6

2. Given that √128 − √18 − √𝑘 = 7√2, find 𝑘.

A. 8 B. 16 C.32 D.48 (SSCE 2004)
3. K√28 + √63 − √7 = 0, find K.
A. -2 B. -1 C. 1 D. 2 (SSCE
1999)
2
4. Given that √5 = 2.236, evaluate to 2 decimal places
√5
A. 0.89 B. 1.89 C. 0.98 D. 1.98

3
5. Simplify
4√6+ 5
5 7
6. Simplify +
√7+ √3 √7− √3
WEEK 2
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
CLASS: SS 3
TOPIC: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
CONTENT:
 Definition, order and notation of matrix.
 Types of matrix.
 Addition and subtraction of matrix.
 Scalar multiplication of matrices

DEFINITION, ORDER AND NOTATION OF MATRIX

TOPIC: ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 2

SUB-TOPICS:

(a) Quadratic functions (Simultaneous Equations: One linear, One quadratic)

(b) Solution of problems on roots of quadratic equation.
(c) Maximum and minimum values.

SUB-TOPIC 1

Quadratic functions (Simultaneous Equations: One linear, one quadratic)

We have discussed different ways but we need to mention that graphical solution is very
important aspect of solving quadratic equations. This is because with graphical solution a lot of
other problems can be solved.
The graph of the quadratic equation called parabola. Some call it cup or cap. The quadratic
expression is equated to y and it is called a quadratic function. The example below show the
graphical solution of quadratic function.
Example 1: Solve graphically, the equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥2−𝑥 − 2
Solution:
Draw the table of values for the equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥2−𝑥 − 2
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

3𝑥2 27 12 3 0 3 12 27 48

−𝑥 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 Choose a convient scale, on 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

and 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, on 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 let 2𝑐𝑚
−2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 represents 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 and on 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 2𝑐𝑚
represents 10𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
𝑦 28 12 4 -2 0 8 22 42

50

40

y= 3x2-x-2 30
y-Axis

20
Y-Values

10

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-10
x-Axis

From the graph we find the point here the curve intersects 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1.
The graph is also useful to determine the minimum value of 𝑦. the minimum value of 𝑦 = −3.
we have minimum point when 𝑎 > 0 and maximum point when 𝑎 < 0.

Simultaneous Equations
When solving simultaneous equation (you are already used to solving it graphically). In situation
where one equation is linear and the second is quadratic, it can be solved by substitution as well
as solving graphically.
In graphical solution of one linear-one quadratic simultaneous equation, there are three possible
relationships between the straight line (linear) and the parabola (quadratic). They are:
 Line intersecting with curve
 Line touching curve at a point (tangent)
 Line not intersecting the curve.

Example 2: Solve the simultaneous equations: 9𝑥2−4𝑦2 = 44 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2

Solution: By substitution:
9𝑥2−4𝑦2 = 44 … … … … … … … (𝑖)
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2 … … … … … … … (𝑖𝑖)
9𝑥 −4𝑦2 = 44 ⇒ (3𝑥 − 2𝑦)(3𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 44
2

Since 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2, then (3𝑥 − 2𝑦) × 2 = 44 … … … … 𝑖𝑖𝑖

Hence, adding (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (iii) together we get
6𝑥 − 24 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4
From (ii) 3(4) + 2𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5.
Example 3: Given the simultaneous equations:
𝑦 = 𝑥2+5𝑥 + 6 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
Show on the graph the points of interest. Hence write out the values of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥2+5𝑥 + 6
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3

Table of values for 𝑦 = 𝑥 2+5𝑥 + 6 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3

𝑦 = 𝑥2+5𝑥 + 6 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 𝑥 −4 −2 0 1 2

𝑥2 36 25 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 2𝑥 −8 −4 0 2 4

+5𝑥 −30 −25 −20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3

+6 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6 𝑦 −5 −1 3 5 7

𝑦 12 6 2 0 0 2 6 12 20
 22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12
x -axis
11
y -axis

Y-Values
10

0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
From the above, there was no intersect of the curve and the straight line. The solutions to the
two equations cannot be determined because there is no point of intersection.
The points of intersection give the solution.

Example 3: On the same axes, plot the graph of y = 2x2-5 + 4 and y = 2x + 3. Hence find the
points of intersection of the two graphs.
Solution:
Prepare the table of values for the functions given above.
y = 2x2-5 + 4
X -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

2x2 32 18 8 2 0 2 8 18 32 50 72

-5x 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 25 -30

+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4

Y 56 37 22 11 4 1 2 7 16 29 46

Choose a convenient scale.

60

50

40

30
Axis Title

20 Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)
10

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
-10

-20
Axis Title

The points of intersections x = 0.2 and 3.3

The above example shows the case of the line intersecting with the curve.
Example 4: solve the simultaneous equation y = x2-2x + 2 and y = 4x -7. Interpret your result
geometrically.
Solution:
Eliminate y to obtain: x2-2x + 2 = 4x -7 ⇒ x2 – 6x + 9 = 0
By factorisation:
(x – 3)(x – 3) = 0⇒x = 3(twice).
From y = 4x – 7 = 4(3) -7 = 5. The solution is x = 3 and y = 5.
Draw the graphs of the two equation to interpret it geometrically.
Table of values for y = x2 – 2x + 2. y = 4x - 7
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x 0 2 3 4
x2 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 4x 0 8 12 16
-2x 8 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 y -7 1 5 9
y 14 5 2 1 2 5 10

20

15

10
Axis Title

5 Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-5

-10
Axis Title

The line y = 4x -7 intersects the curve y = x2 + 2x + 2 at only one point. Therefore, the solution
to the equations is at the point x = 3 and y = 7.
Class activity
 1. Solve the simultaneous equations y = 4x – 1 and y =2x2 graphically and interpret your
result geometrically.
2. Solve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 1 for -1≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6. Using a scale of 2cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and
2cm to represent 5 units on the y-axis.

SUB-TOPIC 2
Solutions of problems on roots of quadratic equation
Mathematics is important of life situation because of its application. You are used to
problems leading to simple equations. We want to see the word problems leading to
quadratic equations.
In order to solve such problems, you must take note of the following:
a. Express the ideas involved in mathematical symbols.
b. Write out the equation using the symbols.
c. Solve the equation.
d. Interprete your result.

Example 1: the product of two consecutive whole numbers is 506. Find the numbers.
Solution:
Let the numbers be x and (x + 1).
Then, x(x+1) = 506 ⇒ x2 + 1 = 506 (this is now quadratic equation)
X2 + x - 506 = 0
Solve by formula to find the values of x using the parameters below
a=1 b=1 c = -506
Example 2: There are two possible routes from Lagos to Ijebu Ode. One route is through
Lagos/Ibadan express way which is 100km and the other is through Ikorodu-Epe covering a
distance of 80km. A motorist going through express way can travel 10km per hour faster than the
one going through Ikorodu and Epe and arrive Ijebu-Ode 5 minutes earlier as well. What is the
time spent on the journey to Ijebu Ode by the motorist travelling through the express way?
Solution:
Let x be the speed of motorist going through Ikorodu/Epe and the speed of the one going
through express way is x + 10.
Time taken by Ikorodu/Epe = 80/x.
Time taken by express way = 100/ (x + 10)
Hence, 80/x – 100/(x+10) = 1/12.
80(𝑥+10)−100𝑥 1 80(𝑥+10)−100𝑥 1
= ⇒ = ⇒ 12(80 − 20𝑥 ) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 10) … … … … … . 𝑖
𝑥(𝑥+10) 12 𝑥(𝑥+10) 12
Form a quadratic equation from (i) above and solve it using formula and conclude.
Class activity
1. The length of a rectangular field is 6m more than the width. If the area of the field is
72m2, find the dimensions of the field.
8
2. Two consecutive odd integers are such that the sum of their reciprocals is 15. Find the odd
integers.

SUB-TOPIC 3
Maximum and Minimum values
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 as we have seen is a parabola. We have minimum point when
𝑎 > 0 and maximum point when 𝑎 < 0.
The maximum or minimum value (y) is
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2
4𝑎
𝑏
The curve is symmetrical about the line 𝑥 = − 2𝑎 which is called the axis of symmetry.
If f(x) = 0, then,
i. the curve cuts the horizontal axis if 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0
ii. the curve touches the horizontal axis if 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
iii. the curve does not cut the horizontal axis if 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0

Example 1:
Find the minimum value of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2 and the corresponding the value of x for which y
is a minimum.
Solution:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2
5 5 25
= 3 [𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥] − 2 = 3[(𝑥 + 6)2 − 36] − 2
5 25 5 49
3(𝑥 + 6)2 − 12 − 2 = 3(𝑥 + 6)2 − 12

When x = -5/6, the expression in the brackets will be zero, hence the minimum is -49/12.
The corresponding value of x for which y is minimum is -5/6.
Note that x = -5/6 is the axis of symmetry of the parabola. Alternative, let the minimum value of
y be ym then
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2 49
𝑦𝑚 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = −2 ∴ 𝑦𝑚 = − 12
4𝑎

Also the equation of the line of symmetry is

X = -b/2a = -5/6.
General evaluation:
1. Solve the equations simultaneously and show the points of intersections
Y = 4 – 11x and y = 2x2-19
2. Find the maximum value of y = 5 + 4x – x2 and the coordinates at the point where the
curve y = 5 + 4x - x2, cuts the coordinates axes.
1
3. The formula 𝑆 = 2 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) gives the sum of 𝑛 consecutive whole numbers. If 𝑆 =
325, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛.
4. A father got his first son at 31 years. If the product of their ages is 816. Find the ages of
the father and his son.