Arithmetic Mean
• Arithmetic mean
• Corrected mean
• Combined mean
• Missing frequency numericals
• Miscellaneous problems
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Introduction
Central Tendency
• Central tendency is a descriptive summary of a dataset through a
single value that reflects the center of the data distribution. Along
with the variability (dispersion) of a dataset, central tendency is a
branch of descriptive statistics.
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Measures of Central Tendency
Generally, the central tendency of a dataset can be described using the
following measures:
• Mean (Average): Represents the sum of all values in a dataset divided by the
total number of the values.
• Median: The middle value in a dataset that is arranged in ascending order
(from the smallest value to the largest value). If a dataset contains an even
number of values, the median of the dataset is the mean of the two middle
values.
• Mode: Defines the most frequently occurring value in a dataset.
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Arithmetic Mean
Averages are useful because they:
• Summarise a large amount of data into a single value; and
• indicate that there is some variability around this single value within
the original data
In general language arithmetic mean is same as the average of data. It
is the representative value of the group of data. The arithmetic mean
between two numbers is defined to be the sum of numbers divided by
the quantity of numbers.
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Formula for Arithmetic Mean
•
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Formula for Arithmetic Mean - Grouped data
1.
Direct Method
2.
Assumed Mean Method
3.
Step Deviation Method
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Ungrouped data – problems
1. Rupesh has been working on programing and updating a Web site for
his company for the past 15 months. The following numbers represent
the number of hours Stephen has worked on this Web site for each of
the past 7 months: 24, 25, 31, 50, 53, 66, 78
What is the mean (average) number of hours that Stephen worked on
this Web site each month?
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Solution
Step 1: Add the numbers to determine the total number of hours he
worked.
24 + 25 + 33 + 50 + 53 + 66 + 78 = 329
Step 2: Divide the total by the number of months.
329/7 = 47
The mean number of hours that Rupesh worked each month was 47.
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Ungrouped data – problems
2. From 3rd August onwards, for 14 continuous days, Mark had an
average of 24.5 hits on his Web site per day. In the first two days that
Technology Titans was open for business, that is on 1st and 2nd August
and the Web site received 42 and 53 hits respectively. Determine the
new average for hits on the Web site for 16 days altogether.
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Solution
Step 1: Multiply the given average by 14 to determine the total number of hits on
Mark's Web site.
24.5 x 14 = 343
Step 2: Add the hits for the first two days his business was open.
343 + 42 + 53 = 438
Step 3: Divide this new total by 16 to determine the new average.
Mean = 438/16 = 27.375
The average number of hits Mark's Web site has received per day since it
was launched is 27.375.
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Arithmetic mean for discrete series
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Numericals
From the following information on the number of
defective components in 1000 boxes:
No. of defective 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
components
No. of boxes 25 306 402 200 51 10 6
Calculate the arithmetic mean of defective
components for the whole of the production line.
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Numericals
A company is planning to improve plant safety. For
this, accident data for the last 50 weeks was
compiled. These data are grouped into the
frequency distribution as shown below. Calculate the
Arithmetic mean of the number of accidents per
week. Use direct method.
No. of accidents 0-4 5-9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24
No. of weeks 5 22 13 8 2
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Numericals
168 handloom factories have the following
distribution of average number of workers in various
income groups:
Income groups No. of firms Avg no. of workers
800 – 1000 40 8
1000 – 1200 32 12
1200 – 1400 26 8
1400 – 1600 28 8
1600 - 1800 42 4
Find the mean salary paid to the workers. [Link]
Numericals
Class interval frequency
Find the missing 9.3 – 9.7 2
frequencies in the 9.8 – 10.2 5
following frequency 10.3 – 10.7 a
10.8 – 11.2 b
distribution of 60. The 11.3 – 11.7 14
arithmetic mean is given 11.8 – 12.2 6
as 11.09 12.3 – 12.7 3
12.8 – 13.2 1
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Numericals
The pass result of 50 students who took a
class test is given below. If the average
marks for all the students were 51.6, find
out the average marks of the students who
failed.
Marks 40 50 60 70 80 90
No. of students 8 10 9 6 4 3
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Numericals
The average dividend declared by a group
of 10 chemical companies was 18%. Later
on, it was discovered that one correct
figure 12, was misread as 22. Find the
correct average dividend.
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Numericals
The mean of 200 observations was 50.
Later on, it was found that two
observations were misread as 92 and 8
instead of 192 and 88. Find the correct
mean.
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Numericals
There are two units of an automobile
company in two different cities employing
760 and 800 employees respectively. The
arithmetic mean of monthly salaries paid
to employees in these two units is
Rs.18750/- and Rs.16950/- respectively.
Find the combined arithmetic mean of
salaries of the employees in both the units.
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Median
Median may be defined as the middle value such that half of the
observations are smaller and other half are larger than this value,
provided the data set are arranged in a sequential order of
magnitude.
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Median of ungrouped data
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Median of grouped data
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Median of ungrouped data
A top running athlete in a typical 200-metre training session runs in the following times: 26.1,
25.6, 25.7, 25.2 , 25.0 seconds.
How would you calculate his median time?
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Median of ungrouped data
A top running athlete in a typical 200-metre training session runs in the following times: 26.1,
25.6, 25.7, 25.2 et 25.0 seconds.
How would you calculate his median time?
First, the values are put in ascending order: 25.0, 25.2, 25.6, 25.7, 26.1.
Then, using the following formula, figure out which value is the middle
value. Remember that n represents the number of values in the data
set.
Median = {(n + 1) ÷ 2}th value
= (5 + 1) ÷ 2= 3
The third value in the data set will be the median. Since 25.6 is the third
value, 25.6 seconds would be the median time.
Median= 25.6 seconds
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Median of grouped data
The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity of 68
consumers of a locality. Find the median.
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Solution:
Step 1: Find Cumulative Frequency
Step 2: Find Median Class
Step 3: Apply formula to find Median
Applying the formula,
Median = 125 + (34 -22)/20 * 20 = 137
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Numericals
A survey was conducted to determine the age (in years) of 120
automobiles. The result of such a survey is as follows:
Age of Auto 0–4 4–8 8 – 12 12 – 16 16 – 20
(in years)
No. of Autos 13 29 48 22 8
What is the median age for the autos?
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CALCULATION OF QUARTILES, DECILES & PERCENTILES
For Individual & For Continuous Formula to be used in
Discrete Series Series Continuous Series
𝑵
Q = Size of 𝑁+1th item Q = Size of 𝑁th item −𝒄.𝒇.
14 14 Q1 = l 1 + 𝟒
xi
𝒇
3(𝑁+1) 3𝑁 𝟑𝑵
Q = Size of th item Q = Size of th item 𝟒
−𝒄.𝒇.
34 34 Q3 = l 1 + xi
𝒇
𝑵
D 1 = Size of 𝑁+1th item D 1 = Size of 𝑁 th item 𝟏𝟎
−𝒄.𝒇.
10 10 D1= l1 + xi
𝒇
𝟗𝑵
D 9 = Size of 9(𝑁+1)th item D 9 = Size of 9𝑁th item 𝟏𝟎
−𝒄.𝒇.
10 10 D9 = l1 + x i
𝒇
𝑵
P 1 = Size of 𝑁+1th item P 1 = Size of 𝑁 th item 𝟏𝟎𝟎
−𝒄.𝒇.
100 100 P1 = l 1 + x i
𝒇
𝟗𝟗𝑵
P 99 = Size of 99(𝑁+1)th P 99 = Size of 99𝑁th item 𝟏𝟎𝟎
−𝒄.𝒇.
100 100 P99= l1 + x i 51
item 𝒇
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Quartiles
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Deciles
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Percentiles
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Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles for grouped data
Examples
1. Calculate Quartile-3, Deciles-7, Percentiles-20 from the following grouped data
Class Frequency
2-4 3
4-6 4
6-8 2
8 - 10 1
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Solution
Frequency
Class cf
f
2-4 3 3
4-6 4 7
6-8 2 9
8 - 10 1 10
--- --- ---
n = 10 --
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Solution
Here, n=10
•
Q3 class :
Class with (3n/4)th value of the observation
in cf column
=(3⋅10/4)th value of the observation in cf column
=(7.5)th value of the observation in cf column
and it lies in the class 6-8.
∴Q3 class : 6-8
The lower boundary point of 6-8 is 6.
∴L=6
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• D7 class : •
Class with (7n/10)th value of the
observation in cf column
=(7⋅10/10)th value of the observation
in cf column
=(7)th value of the observation
in cf column
and it lies in the class 4-6.
∴D7 class : 4-6
The lower boundary point of 4-6 is 4.
∴L=4
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• P20 class :
•
Class with (20n/100)th value of the
observation in cf column
=(20⋅10/100)th value of the observation
in cf column
=(2)th value of the observation in cf column
and it lies in the class 2-4.
∴P20 class : 2-4
The lower boundary point of 2-4 is 2.
∴L=2
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Numericals
The following distribution gives the pattern of overtime work per week
done by 100 employees of a company.
Calculate median, first quartile, seventh decile and sixtieth percentile.
Overtime hours 10 – 15 15 – 20 20 – 25 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40
No. of Employees 11 20 35 20 8 6
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Numericals
Find the median wage of a daily worker from the following data. Also
calculate the third quartile, fourth decile and 79th percentile.
The total number of daily workers employed is 6000. Out of which 5%
earn less than Rs.350 per day, 1160 earn from Rs.351 to Rs.400 per day,
30% earn from Rs.401 to Rs. 450 per day, 1000 earn from Rs.451 to
Rs.500 per day, 20% earn from Rs.501 to Rs.550 per day and the rest
earn Rs.551 or more per day.
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Numericals
A firm houses 4500 employees on the basis of daily wages, 5% earn less
than Rs.250 per day, 870 earn from Rs.251 to Rs.300 per day, 30% earn
from Rs.301 to Rs. 350 per day, 750 earn from Rs.351 to Rs.400 per day,
20% earn from Rs.401 to Rs.450 per day and the rest earn Rs.451 or
more per day.
What is the median wage? Also find the first quartile, fourth decile and
18th percentile
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Numericals
In a factory employing 3000 persons, 5% earn less than Rs.150 per day,
580 earn from Rs.151 to Rs.200 per day, 30% earn from Rs.201 to Rs.
250 per day, 500 earn from Rs.251 to Rs.300 per day, 20% earn from
Rs.301 to Rs.350 per day and the rest earn Rs.351 or more per day.
What is the median wage? Also find the third quartile, eighth decile
and 43rd percentile.
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Mode
• Mode is that value of the observation which occurs maximum number
of times.
Examples
1. Calculate Mode from the following data
3,13,11,15,5,4,2,3,2
Mode :
In the given data, the observation 2,3 occurs maximum number of
times (2)
∴Z=2,3
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Mode formula for grouped data
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Finding the Mode for Grouped Data
Formula:
⎛ ⎞Δ
Mode = ˆ ⎜ ⎟
X = Ll + Δ 1+ Δ ci
where;
⎝ 1 2 ⎠
Mo= mode
Ll =lower limit of the class
interval with the highest
frequency
∆1 = highest frequency minus the
frequency before the modal class
Steps: ∆2 = highest frequency minus the
frequency
1. Prepare a table containing the after the modalfrequency
class interval, class .
2. Compute for ∆1 and ∆2.
3. Substitute data to the formula.
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Illustrative Example:Compute for the mode using grouped data.
ci midpoint Frequency (f)
47 - 49 48 2
44 - 46 45 3
41 - 43 42 4
38 - 40 39 3
35 - 37 36 2
32 - 34 33 4
29 - 31 30 6
26 - 28 27 12
23 - 25 24 6
20 - 22 21 2
17 - 19 18 2
14 - 16 15 2
11 - 13 12 2
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Solution
1. The table reveals that the lower limit of the class interval
with the highest frequency is 25.5.
2. Compute for ∆1 and ∆2.
• ∆1 = 12 -6 = 6 ;
• ∆2 = 12 -6 =ˆ 6⎛ ⎞
⎜ Δ1 ⎟
X = ci
⎝ 1 Δ 2 ⎠+ Δ
3. Substitute dataˆ to formula⎛ 6 ⎞
= 27
⎜⎝ ⎠ 3
X = 25.5 +
6+6
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Interpretations:
The modal class is computed to be 27.
This was found to be lower than the computed
mean and median which were found to be both
30. This indicate that majority of the students
were found below the mean and median.
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Dispersion in Statistics
• In statistics, dispersion is the extent to which a distribution is
stretched or squeezed.
• Dispersion is also called as variability, scatter, spread etc.,
• Common examples of measures of statistical dispersion are the
variance, standard deviation, interquartile range etc.,
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Range
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Formulae
•
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Numericals
Find the range and co-efficient of range for the
following data.
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Series 1: 10, 10, 10, 10, 10
Series 2: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14
Series 3: 1, 2, 8, 19, 20
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Mean absolute deviation
The average value of the absolute deviations from each
of the observations from the mean value is said to be
mean absolute deviation.
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Formulae
• 131 pg
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Numericals
Find the interquartile range, quartile deviation and
co-efficient of quartile deviation for the following data.
Profits No. of shops
0 – 10 1
10 – 20 6
20 – 30 24
30 – 40 37
40 – 50 49
50 – 60 38
60 – 70 23
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Numericals
Find the interquartile range, quartile deviation and
co-efficient of quartile deviation for the following data.
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Formulae
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Numericals
Find the mean absolute deviation and co-efficient of
MAD for the following distribution of sales (in
thousands of rupees) in a co-operative store.
135
Sales No. of days
137
50 – 100 11
100 – 150 23
150 – 200 44
200 – 250 19
250 – 300 8
300 – 350 7
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Numericals
Find the mean absolute deviation and co-efficient of
MAD for the following data.
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Consider the following Data Sets and compute Range:
• Data Set A: 25 37 35 37 38 39 39 44
• Data Set B: 46 58 59 59 70 71 84 90
• Range for Data Set A = Max. – Min. = 44 – 25 = 19
• Range for Data Set B = Max. – Min. = 90 – 46 = 44
• Conclusion: Range is a crude measure and it has not affected by
other numbers in the Data set, as it is based on only Minimum and
maximum Values in the data set.
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Inter Quartile Range (IQR):
• Inter Quartile Range (IQR): As we are aware that Mean Absolute
Deviation is a Measure of Dispersion in which deviations are
measured from the Average – Mean, or Median or Mode. But
practically, in some situations data may not be symmetrical for which
Mean is not a right measure.
• In such cases, Median is a good measure of Central Tendency and a
Measure of Dispersion with reference to Quartiles places an
important role, as Median is the 2nd Quartile or Middle Quartile.
• So, there is a need to check the variation among the Quartiles, which
otherwise can be called as Inter Quartile Range (IQR), a Deviation
with the Quartiles.
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Quartile Deviation (QD):
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Quartile Deviation (QD):
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Example: Consider the following Data Sets and compute QD:
• Data Set A: 16 12 14 19 11 13 15
• Data Set B: 13 10 15 12 19 14 15
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Solution
Data Set A: •
n = 7, Data in order
Data Set A: 1112 13 14 15
16 19
Q1 is located at the next Integer
after 1.75 = 2th term, Q1 = 12
(from the ordered data)
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Formula for Quartile Deviation (QD):
For Grouped Data:
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Solution
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Standard Deviation
• •
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Example: A data set contains the following six values:12,23,19,26,24,23. Find
the Population Variance and Standard Deviation.
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