The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of

modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the
views of society about nature.

In 384 BCE, Aristotle was born in Stagira, Chalcidice, Greece.

Died 322, Chalcis, Euboea.

A Greek Philosopher and scientist, one of the greatest intellectual figures of

Western history.

He was the author of the philosophical and scientific system that became the
framework and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism and medieval Islamic
philosophy. Even after the intellectual revolutions of the Renaissance, the Reformation,
and the Enlightenment, Aristotelian concepts remained embedded in Western thinking.

He is sometimes called the father of science. Aristotle (384 BC–322 BC) studied
under the Greek philosopher Plato and later started his school, the Lyceum, in Athens.

According to Plato, heaven is perfect, uniform motion is the only type of perfect
motion, and a sphere is the only shape that is perfect. In this regard, he regarded all
motion or heavenly bodies in the universe as circles or spheres rotating at a constant
rate. It is the Principle of Uniform Circular Motion- a motion where an object travels in a
circle at a constant speed.

Plato's student ARISTOTLE believes in a geocentric universe,

The word “geocentric” literally means Earth-centric, meaning that Earth was
believed to be the center.

GEOCENTRIC UNIVERSE- a universe where the earth is at the center of the

universe.

Here he also employed the idea or concept of Plato's principle of Uniform Circular
Motion. The idea is that the heavens must be made up of perfect spheres rotating at
uniform speeds while carrying objects around in circles. Therefore, Aristotle further
thought that objects in space, or the planet and stars are unchanging and move in perfect
circles, which he considered to be the perfect shape. Well, technically, everything in the
sky rotated in perfect uniform motion, but that was all the motion that happened. Untrue,
of course. We know today that the daily motion of the sky around us is actually caused
by Earth’s rotation. In contrast to this, according to him the Earth is imperfect and
constantly changing. It never occurred to Aristotle that the earth didn't stay still, when he
never felt it move beneath his feet.

The reason they believed that the earth is stationary is that they did not see
parallax of the star. Parallax is the observed apparent change in the position of an object
resulting from a change in the position of the observer. Ancient astronomers believed that
if the Earth were to move, they thought that there would be an observable change in the
positions of the fixed stars and constellations. However, the actual parallax of the stars is
far too small for the naked eye to see. This is why they concluded that the earth was
stationary or in the center.

In order to get his geocentric universe to work, Aristotle proposed that 55

crystalline spheres surrounded the Earth. These were responsible for the motions of the
heavens, and they turned at different rates and different angles to carry the sun, moon,
and planets across the sky. It shows that the planets in the celestial realm are moving
around the Earth in an orderly manner, in perfect circles and with uniform motion--neither
speeding up nor slowing down. Therefore, Aristotle's Geocentric Universe believed that
the earth was stationary and at the center of the universe. It is also believed that the Sun,
Moon, planets, and all the fixed stars are perfect spheres that revolve around it.

And today, we know that none of this is the case. But because Aristotle is
considered the respected and greatest philosopher of all time, and therefore his ideas,
even if they're wrong answers, still have been taught for a very long time.

Powerpoint Slides

1. In 384 BCE, Aristotle was born in Stagira, Chalcidice, Greece. He died in 322 BCE,
Chalcis, Euboea.
 2. A Greek Philosopher and scientist, one of the greatest intellectual figures of
Western history.

3. Grandfather of science

4. Started his school, the Lyceum, in Athens

5. Uniform Circular Motion - a motion where an object travels in a circle at a constant

speed.

6. “Geocentric”

7. GEOCENTRIC UNIVERSE- a universe where the earth is at the center of the

universe.

8. The idea is that the heavens must be made up of perfect spheres rotating at
uniform speeds while carrying objects around in circles.

9. Heaven is perfect and unchanging while Earth is imperfect and changing.

10. The Earth is Stationary

11. There was no Parallax

12. Ancient astronomers believed

13. Aristotle proposed that 55 crystalline spheres surrounded the Earth.

14. Therefore, Aristotle's Geocentric Universe believed that the earth was stationary
and at the center of the universe. It is also believed that the Sun, Moon, planets,
and all the fixed stars are perfect spheres that revolve around it.

Claudius Ptolemy

Background

• Lived in Alexandria, Egypt between 85-168 CE.

• A mathematician, geographer, and astrologer.

• Ptolemy was the only great astronomer of Roman Alexandria.

 • He may have been a member of the royal lineage of Egypt.

o Although he is not Egyptian but from Greek lineage.

Contributions

He rejected Aristarchus of Samos’ hypothesis.

350 years before Ptolemy was born, Aristarchus of Samos made a hypothesis and this
hypothesis presented the first known heliocentric model.

• Presented the first known heliocentric model.

o 350 years later, Ptolemy rejected this hypothesis because Aristarchus did
not have any evidence to back his claims.

Ptolemy believed that the Universe is Geocentric

Contrary to Aristotle who explained the universe as a philosophical entity that can be
explained rationally. Ptolemy’s explanation tries to explain…

• The Universe is a physical entity that can be observed.

o Ptolemy believed that the heavenly bodies can be explained in

mathematical terms because of this he created the Almagest.

The Almagest

• An astronomy textbook and star catalogue.

• Proposed and established the basic cosmological framework.

o Geocentric Model

• The fundamental assumption of the Almagest is that the apparently

irregular movements of the heavenly bodies are in reality
combinations of circular motions. Ptolemy’s model differs because
he accounted for varying distance between planets.

o Epicycles and Deferent

 • Ptolemy used epicycles and Deferent to describe the imperfect
motions of planets. Epicycles are a sphere in which the planet
moves around. The center of the epicycle then moved on a larger
sphere called a deferent.

• It contains Ptolemy’s mathematical model of planet movements presented in the

form of numerical tables.

o Predict the locations of heavenly bodies.

o Predict celestial phenomena.

• Like eclipses.

Because of the Almagest, cosmology in the Islamic world and medieval Europe has been
geocentric and this is further influenced by Ptolemy’s his later works, especially his work

Planetary Hypotheses (Hypotheseis tōn planōmenōn)

In this work he proposed an idea which now called the…

• Ptolemaic System

o a unified system in which heavenly bodies orbit a stationary Earth.

 ▪ Consists of multiple rules that Ptolemy concluded to describe
planetary movements.

Nicholaus Copernicus Background

•He was born on February 19, 1473

Explain: Torun, a city in north-central, Poland. Copernicus was born into a family of well-
to-do merchants.

Siya ay nagmula sa isang pamilya ng mga mangangalakal at kaparian. Naniniwala ang

ilang mananalaysay Ang pangalan ni Copernicus ay nagmula sa Koperniki, a nayon sa
Poland na ipinangalan sa mga mangangalakal na nagmina at nagbenta ng tanso.

•Namatay siya noong Mayo 24, 1543, sa edad na 70.

Namatay siya noong taon ng kanyang pangunahing gawain nai-publish, na nagligtas sa

kanya mula sa galit ng ilang lider ng relihiyon na kalaunan ay kinondena ang kanyang
heliocentric na pananaw sa sansinukob bilang maling pananampalataya. Siya ay
ipinalalagay na nagising mula sa isang stroke-induced coma, tumingin sa kanyang libro,
at pagkatapos ay namatay nang payapa.

•He died on May 24, 1543, at the age of 70.

He died the year his major work was published, na nagligtas sa kanya mula sa galit ng
ilang lider ng relihiyon na kalaunan ay kinondena ang kanyang heliocentric na pananaw
sa sansinukob bilang maling pananampalataya. he is reputed to have awoken from a
stroke-induced coma, looked at his book, and then died peacefully. at pagkatapos ay
namatay nang payapa.
•He attended four universities before earning a degree.

Nag-aral siya sa apat na unibersidad bago nakakuha ng degree. He was given the best
education of the day and bred for a career in canon (church) law.

-University of Krakow. He studied liberal arts, including astronomy and astrology.

-University of Bologna. He was sent to Italy to study medicine and law. ipinadala siya
sa Italy upang mag-aral ng medisina at abogasya.

-University of Padua. Copernicus later studied at the University of Padua.

-University of Ferrara. In 1503, he received a doctorate in canon law from the University
of Ferrara, but he did not study there.

•He became a church administrator and Doctor

He returned to Poland, where he became a church administrator and doctor. In his

free time, he dedicated himself to scholarly pursuits, which sometimes included
astronomical work. kung saan siya ay naging isang administrador ng simbahan at doktor.
Sa kanyang libreng oras, inialay niya ang kanyang sarili sa mga gawaing pang-eskolar,
na kung minsan ay kasama ang gawaing astronomiya

•He never married and not known to had a child.

He was probably a lifelong bachelor as an official in the Catholic Church, Copernicus took
a vow of celibacy. He never married and was most likely a virgin, but he may have had
an affair with his housekeeper in the late 1530s, the astronomer was in his sixtieswhen
Anna Schilling, began living with him.

Ngunit maaaring siya ay nagkaroon isang relasyon sa kanyang kasambahay noong

huling bahagi ng 1530s, ang astronomer ay nasa kanyang mga ikaanimnapung taon nang
si Anna Schilling, ay nagsimulang manirahan kasama ang kanya

•Father of Modern Astronomy

He was a Polish astronomer known as the father of modern astronomy. He was the first
modern European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the
sun, or the Heliocentric Theory of the universe. Hindi siya ang unang taong nagmungkahi
heliocentrism ito ay si Aristarchus ng Samos. a Greek astronomer na nabuhay noong
200s BCE.

Copernicus – Contributions

For this part were going to talk about Copernicus contributions,

The heliocentric theory is his well-known works of all time, for this part were going to talk
about Copernicus contributions,

The heliocentric theory is his well-known works of all time, sometime between 1508 and
1514, Copernicus delayed publication of his major astronomical work, De revolutionibus
orbium coelestium libri vi, or “Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Orbs,”

[Read Content]

It is a theory where the sun is the center of the universe and all celestial body revolve
around it

gumawa si copernicus ng sketch ng heliocentric universe, kung saan may 7 rules ito na
mas kilala sa

7 axioms.

1. Planet don't revolve around one fixed point. kada revolve ng planets sa sun ay
nagbabago ito ng angle.

2. Earth is not the center of the universe.

3. The sun is at the center of the universe, and all celestial body rotate around it;

4. The distance between the earth and sun is only a tiny fraction of stars distance from to
the earth and sun;

5. Stars do not move, and if they appear to, it is only the earth itself is moving;
 Hindi gumagalaw ang stars kapag sila daw ay nag aapear ang dahilan lang nun
ay ang pag rotate ng earth

6. Earth moves in a sphere around the sun, causing the sun's perceived yearly movement;

7. Earth's own movement causes other planets to appear to move in an opposite direction.

Ang bawat planet sa solar system ay may ibat ibang speed ng pag revolve sa sun.
Iba ang speed ng earth, iba ang speed ng mars, so on and so forth. Kaya ang sariling
movement ng earth ang dahilan kung bakit sa opposite direction nag aappear ang mga
planet mula sa point of view ng earth.

Another contibution is a calendar,

[read content]

A new “Gregorian Calendar” was introduced under Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 and is still
in use today.

Gregorian calendar uses more elaborate leap year rules, making it far more accurate.

Julian calendar has a delay of 11 min/year, while the Gregorian has a delay of 27
sec/year.

There were no perfect calendar kaya mas Favorable ang less delay per year.

It is the calendar currently used in most parts of the world. less delay so it is the most
used calendar of the world.