Vector and rodent Control
By: Zewudu A.(BSc, MSc)
•1 •Zewudu A. •19 May 2019
Learning objectives
By the end of the session, the students will be able to:
Describing impacts of insects on public health
Illustrating factors that affect vector effectiveness
Describing vectors of public health importance
Identify method of arthropods control
•2 •5/19/2019
Introduction
Vectors
Arthropod/other invertebrates which transmit infection
though inoculation of M/Os by biting, or depositing infective
materials in the skin or on food
Are insects, ticks, rodents, some bird and other animals that
can transmit disease and cause discomfort in humans
•3 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Advantages of insects
Pollenization of plants
Natural silk production
Honey & wax production
Improve soil
Predation (spider on small insects)
Scavengers up on decaying organic matter
Serve as food
Important in biological research
•4 •5/19/2019
Impacts of insects on public health
Economical problems
Injure sense organs
Allergic reactions
Dermatitis , fever, blisters
Disease transmission/ vectors/
Nuisance
Entomophobia
Evenomization
•5 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Economical problems
Insects spread disease
Insects eat & spoil grains, seeds flour, vegetables, fruits
Grain weevils, grasshopper
Insects destroy wooden structures, furniture, etc.
Termites destroy wooden buildings
Silverfish destroy paper
Ants, cockroaches destroy food
•6 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Economical problems…
Insects destroy clothing materials
Insects destroy growing plants & seeds
Affect animal & animal products
Fleas, lice, mosquitoes
•7 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Accidentally injure our sense organs
Enter eyes, ears, mouths, nostrils
Allergic reactions
Allergic reaction like asthma, rash, Irritation & itching are
caused by the following ways:
When fragments of arthropods inhaled
When arthropods bite/sting
Odors of arthropods
•8 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Dermatitis , fever, blisters
Arthropods attack human tissue & cause dermatitis, fever,
blisters
Disease vectors/ disease transmission
Flies = Leishmaniasis, Onchocerciasis, Trypanosomiasis,
Typhoid
Mosquitoes= Yellow F., Filariasis, Dengue F., Malaria
•9 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Disease vectors/ disease transmission…
Lice = RF & Typhus fever
Rodents = Salmonellosis, Leptospirosis, Rat bites, Rat-
bite fever
Fleas = Plague & Endemic typhus
Bed bugs = Chagas diseases
Flies, mosquitoes, & lice are the most important vectors in
Ethiopia
•10 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Nuisance
Interference with human comfort
Buzzing , biting of lice, bed bugs, & rodents
Blood lose
Entomophobia
Fear of insects
Evenomization (venom applying)
Apply venom into the body of man
Ants ,wasps, bees, & spiders
•11 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Disease transmission by Arthropod
Mechanical
Biological
Mechanical
When a vector transports M/Os on its feet, body hair or
other surfaces from filth to human food or directly to
humans
E.g. House fly, cockroaches etc
•12 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Biological
When the disease organism multiplies or undergoes
changes in the vector or
Involves biological process, e.g. passing a stage of
development of the infecting agent in an intermediate host
Propagative
Cyclodevelopmental
Cyclopropagative
Transovarian/ hereditary
•13 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Propagative
The agent multiplies in disease transmission
Multiplication, e.g. Plague in fleas, yellow fever in
mosquitoes
Cyclo -developmental
Cyclical change
e.g. Filariasis
•14 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Cyclo- Propagative
The agent undergo both development and multiplication
in the transmitting vehicle
Cyclical changes & multiplication e.g. Malaria
Transovarian/ hereditary/
Disease transmitted to the generation by infection of
the egg;Tick- borne RF
•15 •5/19/2019
Vector control
Factors that affect vector effectiveness in diseases transmission
1) Receptivity- Ability to support the pathogen to develop
2) Specificity - Exclusive to a specific vertebrate host
3) Longevity- Live a sufficient period of time
4) Frequency of feeding- Nature of vector- host contact frequency
5) Mobility- Superior mobility aids in the rapid dissemination of pathogens over
a wide area
6) Number- Large number increases the chance of feeding & infecting the host
7) Physiological & behavioral plasticity- Ability to develop resistant
mechanism by physiological & behavioral means
•16 •5/19/2019
Public health importance vectors
Vector Disease
Sand fly Leishmaniasis
Black fly Onchocerciasis (eye blindness)
Tsetse fly Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)
House fly Typhoid
Mosquitoes Yellow Fever, Filariasis, Malaria respectively
(Aedes, Culex, anopheles)
Lice Relapsing & typhus fevers
Fleas Plague, endemic typhus
Rat Salmonellosis, leptospirosis
•17 •5/19/2019
Method of arthropods control
Environmental control principles targeted at the:-
Control targeted at the Host
Control targeted at the Vector
Control targeted at the Environment
•18 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Environmental control principles targeted at the:-…
1) Personal Protection
2) Environmental Control
3) Biological Control
4) Chemical Control
5) Health Education
•19 •5/19/2019
1. Personal protection
Physical barrier
Screening of openings
ITN (insecticide treated net)
Clothing- long trouser, long sleeved shirts
Electric sound generator to repeal mosquito
Chemical barriers/repellant:
Applied to body/clothing
Diethyl tolumide (DEET), Diethyl phthalate( DAMP) and
Benzyl benzoate
•20 •5/19/2019
2. Environmental control
Env’tal manipulation
Removal of vegetation to reduce breeding of shade-loving
mosquitoes
Planting of vegetation to eliminate sun-loving species
Drainage of impounded water
Filling
Appropriate sitting of houses
General sanitation
Source reduction and Removing container-habitats
•21
3. Biological Control
Predator insects
Fish, frogs & dragonfly
Pathogens & parasites
Viruses, Protozoan, Fungi, Nematode worms, Bacteria (
bacillus thuringiensis subsp, Israelensis)
Genetic control
Altering the reproductive potential of vectors by altering
their hereditary material
Sterilizing male insects by irradiation/ chemical
•22 •5/19/2019
4. Chemical Control
Mists, aerosols, & fogs
Application of insecticidal mists (51-100µm), aerosols
(<50µm) or fogs (<15µm)
Kill outdoor resting (exophilic) adult mosquitoes
Ultra-low-volume applications
Application of minimum (15L/ha) of concentrated
insecticides
Malathion, Pyrethroids & Propoxure
•23 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Residual house-spraying
DDT at rate of 2g/m2 at 6 months intervals
Kill indoor resting (endophilic) adult mosquitoes
Oils
Spraying mineral oils onto the water surface of breeding
places to kill mosquito larvae by poisoning & suffocation
Paris green
Application of a fine dust of Paris green to breeding places
Stomach poison to anopheles species etc.
•24
5. Health education
Dissemination of information to communities about chain of
disease transmission & prevention & control of vector borne
diseases
•25
Thank You