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Networking Basics and IP Configuration

This document provides an overview of networking basics including switching, routing, gateways, and enabling IP forwarding. It shows how to configure IP addresses, add routes, and ping between hosts on different networks when a host acts as a router.

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Ediga Venkatadri
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19 views33 pages

Networking Basics and IP Configuration

This document provides an overview of networking basics including switching, routing, gateways, and enabling IP forwarding. It shows how to configure IP addresses, add routes, and ping between hosts on different networks when a host acts as a router.

Uploaded by

Ediga Venkatadri
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

2

NETWORKING
BASICS
Switching ??

A eth0 eth0 B
[Link]

[Link] [Link]

ip link ip link
eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc
fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000

ip addr add [Link]/24 dev eth0 ip addr add [Link]/24 dev eth0

ping [Link]
Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=117
Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=117
Routing ??

A eth0 eth0 B C eth0 eth0 D


[Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link]
Gateway

A eth0 eth0 B C eth0 eth0 D


[Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link]

route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface

ip route add [Link]/24 via [Link]


route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
[Link] [Link] [Link] UG 0 0 0 eth0
Gateway

A eth0 eth0 B C eth0 eth0 D


[Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link]

ip route add [Link]/24 via [Link]


route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
[Link] [Link] [Link] UG 0 0 0 eth0
Default Gateway INTERNET

[Link]
INTERNET

[Link]
INTERNET

[Link]

A eth0 eth0 B C eth0 eth0 D


[Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link]

ip route add [Link]/24 via [Link]

ip
iproute
routeadd
add172.217.194.0/24 via [Link]
default via [Link]

route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
[Link] [Link] [Link] UG 0 0 0 eth0
[Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link] UG
UG 0
0 0
0 0
0 eth0
eth0
default
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link] UG
UG 0
0 0
0 0
0 eth0
eth0
Default Gateway INTERNET

[Link]
INTERNET

[Link]
INTERNET

[Link]

A eth0 eth0 B C eth0 eth0 D


[Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

[Link]
[Link]

[Link]

ip route add [Link]/24 via [Link]

route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
[Link]
default [Link] [Link] UG 0 0 0 eth0
[Link] [Link] [Link] UG 0 0 0 eth0
??

A eth0 [Link] eth0 B eth1


[Link]
eth0
C

[Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link]

ping [Link]
Connect: Network is unreachable

ip route add [Link]/24 via [Link] ip route add [Link]/24 via [Link]

ping [Link]
A eth0 [Link] eth0 B eth1
[Link]
eth0
C

[Link]
[Link] [Link] [Link]

cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
0

/etc/[Link]
.6 echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward …
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
1 …
ping [Link]
Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=117
Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=117
Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=117
Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=117
Take Aways
ip link

ip addr

ip addr add [Link]/24 dev eth0

ip route route

ip route add [Link]/24 via [Link]

cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
1
13

DNS
For the Absolute Beginners
db

A eth0 eth0 B
[Link]

[Link] [Link]

ping [Link]
Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=117
Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=117

ping db
ping: unknown host db
db

A eth0 eth0 B
[Link]

[Link] [Link]

ping db hostname
host-2
ping: unknown host db

cat >> /etc/hosts


[Link] db

ping db
PING db ([Link]) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from db ([Link]): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
64 bytes from db ([Link]): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.079 ms
db

A eth0 eth0 B
[Link]

[Link] [Link]

cat >> /etc/hosts hostname


[Link] db host-2
[Link] [Link]

ping db
PING db ([Link]) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from db ([Link]): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
64 bytes from db ([Link]): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.079 ms

ping [Link]
PING [Link] ([Link]) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from [Link] ([Link]): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
64 bytes from [Link] ([Link]): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.079 ms
Name Resolution
db

A eth0 eth0 B
[Link]

[Link] [Link]

cat >> /etc/hosts hostname


[Link] db host-2
[Link] [Link]

ping db

ssh db

curl [Link]
Name Resolution web db

A eth0 eth0 B
[Link]

[Link] [Link]

cat >> /etc/hosts cat >> /etc/hosts


[Link] web [Link] web
[Link] db [Link] db
[Link] nfs [Link] nfs
eth0

C
cat >> /etc/hosts nfs
[Link] web
[Link] db
[Link] nfs [Link]
Name Resolution

A eth0
eth0 B

[Link]
cat >> /etc/hosts
[Link] web
[Link] db
[Link] nfs
[Link] web
[Link] db-1
[Link] nfs-1
[Link] web-1
[Link] db-2
[Link] nfs-2
[Link] web-2
[Link] sql
[Link] web-5
[Link] web-test
[Link] db-prod
[Link] nfs-4 eth0 eth0 eth0
[Link] eth0
web-3 eth0 eth0 eth0 eth0
[Link] db-test
[Link] nfs-prod

Z D S W C P L K
[Link] web
[Link] db

DNS
[Link] nfs

[Link] web
[Link] db-1
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
nfs-1
web-1
db-2
eth0 DNS
[Link] nfs-2
[Link] web-2
[Link] sql
[Link] web-5
[Link] web-test
[Link] db-prod
[Link] nfs-4
[Link] web-3
[Link] db-test
[Link] nfs-prod

A eth0

[Link]
cat >> /etc/hosts

eth0 B

eth0 eth0 eth0 eth0 eth0 eth0 eth0 eth0

C C C C C C C C
DNS
[Link] web
[Link] db
[Link] nfs

A eth0 [Link]
[Link]
web
db-1
[Link] nfs-1
[Link] web-1
[Link] db-2
[Link]
[Link]
nfs-2
web-2 eth0 DNS
[Link] sql
[Link] web-5
[Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link]
web-test
db-prod
[Link] nfs-4
[Link] web-3
[Link] db-test
[Link] nfs-prod
[Link]
cat /etc/[Link]
nameserver [Link]

ping db
PING db ([Link]) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from db ([Link]): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
64 bytes from db ([Link]): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.079 ms
DNS
[Link] web
[Link] db
[Link] nfs

A eth0 [Link]
[Link]
web
db-1
[Link] nfs-1
[Link] web-1
[Link] db-2
[Link]
[Link]
nfs-2
web-2 eth0 DNS
[Link] sql
[Link] web-5
[Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link]
web-test
db-prod
[Link] nfs-4
[Link] web-3
[Link]
[Link] db-test
test
[Link] nfs-prod
[Link]
cat /etc/[Link]
nameserver [Link]

ping db
eth0 TEST
PING db ([Link]) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from db ([Link]): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
64 bytes from db ([Link]): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.079 ms
[Link]
cat >> /etc/hosts
[Link] test

ping test
PING test ([Link]) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from test ([Link]): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
64 bytes from test ([Link]): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.079 ms
[Link] web
[Link] db

DNS [Link]

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
nfs

web
db-1
nfs-1
[Link] web-1
[Link] db-2
[Link] nfs-2
[Link] web-2
[Link] sql
A eth0 [Link] web-5
[Link] web-test
[Link] db-prod
[Link] nfs-4
[Link] web-3 eth0 DNS
[Link] db-test
[Link] [Link] [Link] nfs-prod

[Link] test
cat >> /etc/hosts [Link]

[Link] test

cat /etc/[Link]
eth0 TEST
…
hosts: files dns
…
[Link]
[Link] web
[Link] db
G
DNS [Link]
[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
nfs

web
db-1
nfs-1
[Link] web-1
[Link] db-2
[Link] nfs-2
[Link] web-2
[Link] sql
A eth0 [Link] web-5
[Link] web-test
[Link] db-prod
[Link] nfs-4
[Link] web-3 eth0 DNS
[Link] db-test
[Link] [Link] [Link] nfs-prod

[Link] test
cat >> /etc/hosts [Link]
Forward All to [Link]
[Link] test

ping [Link] eth0 TEST

ping: [Link]: Temporary failure in


name resolution
[Link]

cat >> /etc/[Link]


nameserver [Link]
nameserver [Link]
[Link]
ping [Link]
PING [Link] ([Link]) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from [Link] ([Link]): icmp_seq=1 ttl=50 time=5.70 ms
Domain Names
[Link] [Link]
[Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link]
[Link] [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Domain Names

.com .net .edu .org .io

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]


[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
Domain Names
.
Root

Top Level Domain Name .com

google

Subdomain mail drive www maps apps


Domain Names
[Link]
Org
DNS
[Link] => [Link]
(Cache)

.
Root
DNS

.com
.com
DNS

google
Google
DNS

apps
[Link]
Domain Names
Org
DNS

[Link]
m

mail drive www pay hr


[Link] [Link]
web

Search Domain
[Link] [Link]
db
Org [Link] [Link]
nfs
DNS
[Link] [Link]
web-1
[Link] [Link]
sql
[Link]
m
nfs web mail drive www pay hr sql

cat >> /etc/[Link] ping web


nameserver [Link] PING web ([Link]) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from web ([Link]): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
search [Link] [Link]
64 bytes from web ([Link]): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.079 ms

ping web
ping web
PING [Link] ([Link]) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from [Link] ([Link]): … time=0.052 ms ping: web: Temporary failure in name resolution
64 bytes from [Link] ([Link]): … time=0.079 ms

ping [Link]
ping [Link]
PING [Link] ([Link]) 56(84) bytes of data.
PING [Link] ([Link]) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from [Link] ([Link]): ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
64 bytes from [Link] ([Link]): ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
Record Types
A web-server [Link]
AAAA web-server 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

CNAME [Link]- [Link]-server, [Link]-server


server
nslookup
nslookup [Link]
Server: [Link]
Address: [Link]#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name: [Link]
Address: [Link]
dig
dig [Link]
; <<>> DiG 9.10.3-P4-Ubuntu <<>> [Link]
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 28065
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 6, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;[Link]. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
[Link]. 245 IN A [Link]
[Link]. 245 IN A [Link]
[Link]. 245 IN A [Link]
[Link]. 245 IN A [Link]
[Link]. 245 IN A [Link]
[Link]. 245 IN A [Link]

;; Query time: 5 msec


;; SERVER: [Link]#53([Link])
;; WHEN: Sun Mar 24 04:34:33 UTC 2019
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 139

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