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Understanding Simpson's 3/8 Rule

Simpson's rule is a numerical integration method used to approximate the definite integral of a function. It is more accurate than other methods like the trapezoidal rule. Simpson's rule formula for n+1 equally spaced subdivisions is given. Simpson's 3/8 rule is based on cubic interpolation rather than quadratic and its formula is presented. An example calculates the integral of an exponential function from 0 to 2 using Simpson's 3/8 rule and compares the result to the exact value, demonstrating its accuracy even with just one interval.

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Anik Ahamed
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38 views6 pages

Understanding Simpson's 3/8 Rule

Simpson's rule is a numerical integration method used to approximate the definite integral of a function. It is more accurate than other methods like the trapezoidal rule. Simpson's rule formula for n+1 equally spaced subdivisions is given. Simpson's 3/8 rule is based on cubic interpolation rather than quadratic and its formula is presented. An example calculates the integral of an exponential function from 0 to 2 using Simpson's 3/8 rule and compares the result to the exact value, demonstrating its accuracy even with just one interval.

Uploaded by

Anik Ahamed
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Simpson’s rule is one of the numerical methods which is used to evaluate the definite integral.
Usually, to find the definite integral, we use the fundamental theorem of calculus, where we have to
apply the antiderivative techniques of integration. However, sometimes, it isn’t easy to find the
antiderivative of an integral, like in Scientific Experiments, where the function has to be determined
from the observed readings. Therefore, numerical methods are used to approximate the integral in
such conditions. Other numerical methods used are trapezoidal rule, midpoint rule, left or right
approximation using Riemann sums. Here, we will discuss Simpson’s rule formula, 1/3 rule, 3/8 rule
and examples.

Simpson’s Rule Formula


Simpson’s rule methods are more accurate than the other numerical approximations and its formula
for n+1 equally spaced subdivision is given by;
Where n is the even number, △x = (b – a)/n and xi = a + i△x
If we have f(x) = y, which is equally spaced between [a, b] and if a = x0, x1 = x0 + h, x2 = x0 + 2h ….,
xn = x0 + nh, where h is the difference between the terms. Or we can say that y0 = f(x0), y1 = f(x1), y2 =
f(x2),……,yn = f(xn) are the analogous values of y with each value of x.

Simpson’s 3/8 Rule


Another method of numerical integration is called “Simpson’s 3/8 rule”. It is completely based on the
cubic interpolation rather than the quadratic interpolation. Simpson’s 3/8 or three-eight rule is given
by:

∫ab f(x) dx = 3h/8 [(y0 + yn) + 3(y1 + y2 + y4 + y5 + …. + yn-1) + 2(y3 + y6 + y9 + ….. + yn-3)]

This rule is more accurate than the standard method, as it uses one more functional value. For 3/8
rule, the composite Simpson’s 3/8 rule also exists which is similar to the generalized form. The 3/8
rule is known as Simpson’s second rule of integration.

Simpson’s Rule Example


Using the Simpson’s 3/8 rule with n=3 calculate I s 2and compare with the exact
integral of the function f(x) =e x on the interval(0,2) . Find the value of h  so that
the error is less then 0.001.
SOLUTION

It is important to note that n defines the number of intervals on which a cubic


polynomial is defined. Each interval has a width of 3h Since n=1 the spacing h
can be calculated as :
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b−a 2−0
h= = =0.6667
3n 3

Therefore, x 0=0, x l 1=0.6667, x r 1 =1 and x 1 =2.0 . The values of the function at these
points are given by:

f(x ¿¿ 0)¿ =e 0 =1.00 f(x ¿¿ l1)¿ =e 0.6667=1.94773

f(x ¿¿ r 1)¿= e 1.333 f(x ¿¿ 1)¿= e 2 = 7.3891

According to the Simpson’s 3/8 rule we have:

I s 2 =3h\8 (f( x ¿¿ 0)¿ +3f(x ¿¿ l1)¿ + f¿ ¿))

3∗0.6667
= (1+3*1.94773 +3*3.79367+7.3891)
8

=6.403

Which is already a very good approximation to the exact value of I =6.38906


even though only 1 interval was used.
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Discussion: Simpson's 3/8 rule, also called Simpson's second rule, requires one more function
evaluation inside the integration range and gives lower error bounds, but does not improve on order
of the error.
Simpson's 1/3 and 3/8 rules are two special cases of closed Newton–Cotes formulas.
In naval architecture and ship stability estimation, there also exists Simpson's third rule, which has
no special importance in general numerical analysis, see Simpson's rules (ship stability).
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