DISCIPLINE IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE

By: Jean Mark Almariego [Link] - the scientific study of humans

and their cultures in the past and present time.
CHAPTER 1: Defining Social Sciences and The basis for such study is based on social,
Applied Social Sciences biological sciences and humanities.

Social sciences - any discipline or branch of [Link] - the statistical study of

science that deals with human behavior in its populations, fundamentally of humans. It is
social and cultural aspects. The social sciences dedicated to analyzing any type of dynamic
include cultural (or social) anthropology, population that changes over time or space.
sociology, social psychology, political science,
and economics. The social sciences are a vast [Link] - An umbrella term that refers to past
filed of scientific studies that investigate human events, as well as to memory, discovery,
societies and the different forces that work within collection, organization, presentation and
them. This fields examine how people interact interpretation of information about these events.
and develop culture. A systematic study of human past events in
order to understand the meaning, dynamics, and
Branches of Social Sciences relationship of the causes and effects of events
in the development of societies.
[Link]- A social science mainly related to
the study and analysis of the production, Applied social sciences - Branch of study that
distribution and consumption of goods and applies the different concepts, theoretical
services. models, and theories of the social science
disciplines to help understand society and the
[Link] Science - the social science that deals different problems and issues.
with the study of government systems, the
analysis of political activities, political thoughts 1. Counseling - The service offered to the
and political behavior. individual who is suffering from a problem
and needs professional help to overcome it.
[Link] - Comes from the Greek and Counseling therefore is a more specialized
means literally, “description of the Earth". It is service requiring training in personality
the field of social science, in charge of the study development and handling exceptional
of the lands, the characteristics, the inhabitants groups of individuals. Counseling involves
and the phenomena of the Earth. two individuals one seeking help and other a
professionally trained person helped solved
[Link] - the science that studies and problems to orient and direct him towards a
analyzes the individual's behavior and mental goal.
processes, encompassing all aspects of
conscious and unconscious experience, as well 2. Social Work - an academic discipline
as thinking. and profession that concerns itself with
individuals, families, groups and
[Link] -The study of social behavior or communities in an effort to enhance social
society, including its origins, development, functioning and overall well-being. Social
organization, networks and institutions, functioning refers to the way in which people
systematic study of people’s behavior in perform their social roles, and the structural
institutions that are provided to sustain
them.

3. Communication Studies - An academic

discipline that deals with processes of
groups. It is derived from the latin word “socio” human communication. There are three
which means “people together” and Greek word types of communication: verbal, involving
“logos” which means “the study of.” listening to a person to understand the
 meaning of a message; written, in which a
message is read; and nonverbal
communication involving observing a person Freud stressed that the first five years of life are
and inferring meaning. The discipline crucial to the formation of adult personality. The
encompasses a range of topics, from face- ID (Pleasure Principle) must be controlled in
to-face conversation to mass media outlets order to satisfy social demands; this sets up a
such as television broadcasting. conflict between frustrated wishes and social
Communication studies, in line with Cultural norms. The EGO (Reality Principle) and
Studies, also examines how messages are SUPEREGO (Moral Principle) develop in order
interpreted through the political, cultural, to exercise this control and direct the need for
economic, semiotic, hermeneutic, and social gratification into socially acceptable channels.
dimensions of their contexts. Gratification centers in different areas of the
body at different stages of growth, making the
conflict at each stage psychosexual.

PSYCHOLOGY IN A NUTSHELL Fixation – is the tendency to stay at a particular

stage. The individual is troubled by the conflict
Psychology is universally viewed today as that characterizes that stage and seek to reduce
the Science or Scientific Study of Behavior it by means of the behavior characteristics of
and Mental Processes. Psychology came that stage.
from the Greek words “Psyche” or Soul and
“Logos” or Study. Psychology is then Oral Stage (0-1 year)
defined as the “Study of the Soul”.
In the first stage of personality development, the
By understanding Psychology, you may libido is centered in a baby's mouth. It gets much
able to describe, understand, predict, and satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its
control or modify behavior and mental mouth to satisfy the libido, and thus its id
processes. demands. Which at this stage in life are oral, or
mouth orientated, such as sucking, biting, and
breastfeeding.

THEORIES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Freud said oral stimulation could lead to an oral
fixation in later life. We see oral personalities all
Psychosexual Stages of Development around us such as smokers, nail-biters, finger-
chewers, and thumb suckers. Oral personalities
Sigmund Freud, the Father of Psychoanalysis, engage in such oral behaviors, particularly when
believed that all human beings pass through a under stress.
series of psychosexual stages. Each stage is
dominated by the development of sensitivity in Anal Stage (1-3 years)
particular erogenous or pleasure -giving spot in
the body. More so each stage poses for The libido now becomes focused on the anus,
individuals a unique conflict that they must and the child derives great pleasure from
resolve before they go to the next higher stage. defecating. The child is now fully aware that
they are a person in their own right and that their
Freud (1905) proposed that psychological wishes can bring them into conflict with the
development in childhood takes place in a series demands of the outside world (i.e., their ego has
of fixed psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, developed).
latency, and genital.
Freud believed that this type of conflict tends to
Freud believed that life was built round tension come to a head in potty training, in which adults
and pleasure. Freud also believed that all impose restrictions on when and where the child
tension was due to the build-up of libido (sexual can defecate. The nature of this first conflict
energy) and that all pleasure came from its with authority can determine the child's future
discharge. relationship with all forms of authority.
Phallic Stage (3 to 5 or 6 years) Erikson’s (1959) theory of psychosocial
development has eight distinct stages, taking in
Sensitivity now becomes concentrated in the five stages up to the age of 18 years and three
genitals and masturbation (in both sexes) further stages beyond, well into adulthood.
becomes a new source of pleasure. The child
becomes aware of anatomical sex differences, Like Freud and many others, Erik Erikson
which sets in motion the conflict between erotic maintained that personality develops in a
attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear predetermined order, and builds upon each
which Freud called the Oedipus complex (in previous stage. This is called the epigenetic
boys) and the Electra complex (in girls). principle.

This is resolved through the process of During each stage, the person experiences a
identification, which involves the child adopting psychosocial crisis which could have a positive
the characteristics of the same sex parent. or negative outcome for personality
development. For Erikson (1963), these crises
Latency Stage (5 or 6 to puberty) are of a psychosocial nature because they
involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e.
No further psychosexual development takes psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e.
place during this stage (latent means hidden). social).
The libido is dormant. Freud thought that most
sexual impulses are repressed during the latent According to the theory, successful completion
stage, and sexual energy can be sublimated (re: of each stage results in a healthy personality
defense mechanisms) towards school work, and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues
hobbies, and friendships. are characteristic strengths which the ego can
use to resolve subsequent crises.
Much of the child's energy is channeled into
developing new skills and acquiring new Failure to successfully complete a stage can
knowledge, and play becomes largely confined result in a reduced ability to complete further
to other children of the same gender. stages and therefore a more unhealthy
personality and sense of self. These stages,
Genital Stage (puberty to adult) however, can be resolved successfully at a later
time.
This is the last stage of Freud's psychosexual
theory of personality development and begins in
puberty. It is a time of adolescent sexual
experimentation, the successful resolution of
which is settling down in a loving one-to-one
relationship with another person in our 20's. Sta Basic
Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual ge Psychosocial Crisis Virtue Age
pleasure, rather than self-pleasure like during
the phallic stage.

For Freud, the proper outlet of the sexual instinct 1. Trust vs. Mistrust Hope 0-
in adults was through heterosexual intercourse. 1½
Fixation and conflict may prevent this with the
consequence that sexual perversions may
develop.
2. Autonomy vs. Will 1½ -
For example, fixation at the oral stage may Shame 3
result in a person gaining sexual pleasure
primarily from kissing and oral sex, rather than
sexual intercourse.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose 3-5
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial
Development
 The child is developing physically and becoming
more mobile, and discovering that he or she has
4. Industry vs. Compete 5- many skills and abilities, such as putting on
Inferiority ncy 12 clothes and shoes, playing with toys, etc. Such
skills illustrate the child's growing sense of
independence and autonomy.

5. Identity vs. Role Fidelity 12 - 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5 years)

Confusion 18
Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of Erik
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.
During the initiative versus guilt stage, children
6. Intimacy vs. Love 18 - assert themselves more frequently.
Isolation 40
These are particularly lively, rapid-developing
years in a child’s life. According to Bee (1992), it
is a “time of vigor of action and of behaviors that
7. Generativity vs. Care 40 - the parents may see as aggressive."
Stagnation 65
During this period the primary feature involves
the child regularly interacting with other children
at school. Central to this stage is play, as it
8. Ego Integrity vs. Wisdom 65+ provides children with the opportunity to explore
Despair their interpersonal skills through initiating
activities.

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)
Erikson's fourth psychosocial crisis, involving
Is the world a safe place or is it full of industry vs. inferiority occurs during childhood
unpredictable events and accidents waiting to between the ages of five and twelve.
happen? Erikson's first psychosocial crisis
occurs during the first year or so of life (like Children are at the stage where they will be
Freud's oral stage of psychosexual learning to read and write, to do sums, to do
development). The crisis is one of trust vs. things on their own. Teachers begin to take an
mistrust. important role in the child’s life as they teach the
child specific skills.
During this stage, the infant is uncertain about
the world in which they live. To resolve these It is at this stage that the child’s peer group will
feelings of uncertainty, the infant looks towards gain greater significance and will become a
their primary caregiver for stability and major source of the child’s self-esteem. The
consistency of care. child now feels the need to win approval by
demonstrating specific competencies that are
If the care the infant receives is consistent, valued by society and begin to develop a sense
predictable and reliable, they will develop a of pride in their accomplishments.
sense of trust which will carry with them to other
relationships, and they will be able to feel secure 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
even when threatened.
During adolescence, the transition from
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years) childhood to adulthood is most important.
Children are becoming more independent, and
Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the begin to look at the future in terms of career,
second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of relationships, families, housing, etc. The
psychosocial development. This stage occurs individual wants to belong to a society and fit in.
between the ages of 18 months to approximately
3 years.
The fifth stage is identity vs. role confusion, and As we grow older (65+ yrs) and become senior
it occurs during adolescence, from about 12-18 citizens, we tend to slow down our productivity
years. During this stage, adolescents search for and explore life as a retired person.
a sense of self and personal identity, through an
intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, It is during this time that we contemplate our
and goals. accomplishments and can develop integrity if we
see ourselves as leading a successful life.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adult)
Erikson described ego integrity as “the
Intimacy versus isolation is the sixth stage of acceptance of one’s one and only life cycle as
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial something that had to be” (1950, p. 268) and
development. This stage takes place during later as “a sense of coherence and wholeness”
young adulthood between the ages of (1982, p. 65).
approximately 18 to 40 yrs.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
During this period, the major conflict centers on
forming intimate, loving relationships with other Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with Piaget's
people. (1932) theory of moral development in principle
but wanted to develop his ideas further.
During this period, we begin to share ourselves
more intimately with others. We explore He used Piaget’s storytelling technique to tell
relationships leading toward longer-term people stories involving moral dilemmas. In
commitments with someone other than a family each case, he presented a choice to be
member. considered, for example, between the rights of
some authority and the needs of some
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle deserving individual who is being unfairly
adulthood) treated.

Generativity versus stagnation is the seventh of Level 1 - Pre-conventional morality

eight stages of Erik Erikson's theory of
psychosocial development. This stage takes At the preconventional level (most nine-year-
place during middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65 olds and younger, some over nine), we don’t
yrs). have a personal code of morality. Instead, our
moral code is shaped by the standards of adults
People experience a need to create or nurture and the consequences of following or breaking
things that will outlast them, often having their rules.
mentees or creating positive changes that will
benefit other people. Authority is outside the individual and reasoning
is based on the physical consequences of
We give back to society through raising our actions.
children, being productive at work, and
becoming involved in community activities and • Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment
organizations. Through generativity we develop Orientation. The child/individual is good in order
a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. to avoid being punished. If a person is punished,
they must have done wrong.
Success leads to feelings of usefulness and
accomplishment, while failure results in shallow • Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange. At this
involvement in the world. stage, children recognize that there is not just
one right view that is handed down by the
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (old age) authorities. Different individuals have different
viewpoints.
Ego integrity versus despair is the eighth and
final stage of Erik Erikson’s stage theory of Level 2 - Conventional morality
psychosocial development. This stage begins at
approximately age 65 and ends at death.
At the conventional level (most adolescents and professional help discover meaning, cope with
adults), we begin to internalize the moral life’s stresses, and adjust to new environments.
standards of valued adult role models.
As cases of psychological and mental
Authority is internalized but not questioned, and
health increase and the situation of social
reasoning is based on the norms of the group to
which the person belongs. dysfunction expands, counseling becomes vital.
This chapter introduces you to the discipline of
counseling. If you are interested in knowing this
profession, then this is your chance to have a
feel of what it is, of who its clientele are, of
where its work settings are, and how it works.

COUNSELING
- According to Nystul 2003, Counseling is
basically an art and science wherein you
endeavor to weigh the objective and
subjective facet of the counseling
process.
- Counseling as Ast is the subjective
dimension of counseling.
- Counseling as Science is the Objective
dimension of counseling.
- Based on the Guidance and Counseling
act of 2004, Guidance and Counseling is
a profession that implicates the
application of an integrated approach to
the development of a well-functioning
individual.

(GOALS OF COUNSELING)

● Developmental Goals
● Preventive Goals
● Enhancement Goals
● Remedials Goals
● Exploratory Goals
● Reinforcement Goals
● Cognitive Goals
● Physiological Goals
LESSON 1: THE DISCIPLINE OF ● Psychological Goals
COUNSELING
DEVELOPMENTAL GOAL
(INTRODUCTION OF COUNSELING) - Assisting in meeting or advising the
client’s human growth and development.
Counseling as a profession evolved out
of the need for institutionalized services to assist PREVENTATIVE GOAL
and help individuals who are going through - It helps the client avoid some undesired
distress situations in life. Professionals in this outcomes.
industry, called counselors, assist those needing
ENHANCEMENT GOAL INSIGHT
- Enhance special skills and abilities - Awareness of the development and
history of emotional struggles resulting
REMEDIAL GOAL in a greater ability to exercise reasoned
- Assisting a client to overcome and treat control over your emotions and
an undesirable development. behavior.

EXPLORATORY GOAL RELATING WITH OTHERS

- Examining options, testing of skills, - Becoming Better able to form and
trying new and different activities, etc. maintain meaningful and satisfying
relationships with other people: for
REINFORCEMENT GOAL example, within the family or workplace.
- Helps clients in recognizing that what
they are doing, thinking and feeling is SELF-ACCEPTANCE
fine. - The development of a positive attitude
toward self, marked by an ability to
COGNITIVE GOAL acknowledge areas of experience that
- Involves acquiring the basic foundation had been the subject of self-criticism
of learning and cognitive skills. and rejection.

PHYSIOLOGICAL GOAL SELF-AWARENESS

- It involves acquiring the basic - Becoming more aware of thoughts and
understanding and habits for good feelings that had been blocked off or
health. denied, or developing a more accurate
sense of how self is perceived by others.
PSYCHOLOGICAL GOALS
- It aids in developing good social SELF-ACTUALIZATION
interaction skills, learning environment - Moving in the direction of fulfilling
control, and developing positive self- potential or achieving an integration of
concept. previously conflicting parts of self.

(OTHER GOALS OF COUNSELING) ENLIGHTENMENT

- Assisting the client to arrive at a higher
● Insight state of spiritual awakening.
● Relating with others
● Self-awareness
● Self-acceptance
● Self-actualization
● Enlightenment PROBLEM SOLVING
● Problem Solving - Finding a solution to a specific problem
● Psychological Education that the client had not been able to
● Acquisition of Social Skills resolve alone and acquiring a general
● Cognitive Change competence in problem-solving.
● Behavior Change
● Systematic Change PSYCHOLOGICAL EDUCATION
● Empowerment - Enabling a client to acquire ideas and
● Restitution techniques with which to understand
● Generativity and control behavior.
ACQUISITION OF SOCIAL SKILLS relationship, spiritually, ideology,
- Learning and mastering social and adolescent issues, loss,anger, stress,
interpersonal skills such as maintenance vocation, studies, and others.
of eye contact, turn taking in ● In FAMILY COUNSELING many issues
conversations, assertiveness, or anger are covered including divorce, family
control. dynamics, transitions in life,
miscommunication, jealousy, money
COGNITIVE CHANGE matters, parenting, remarriage, and
- The modification or replacement or others.
irrational beliefs of maladaptive patterns
associated with self-destructive ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
behavior. - The principle of autonomy might suggest
that if the client has given informed
BEHAVIOR CHANGE consent for the intervention to take
- The modification or replacement of place.
maladaptive or self-destructive patterns
of behavior. PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE
- Commitment to be fair goes beyond that
SYSTEMATIC CHANGE of the ordinary person.
- Introducing change into the way in that - The order to promote worth and dignity
social systems operate. of everyone, counselors are required to
be concerned with equal treatment for
EMPOWERMENT all individuals.
- Working on skills, awareness, and
knowledge that will enable the client to PRINCIPLE OF FIDELITY
take control of his or her own life. - It shares the presence of loyalty,
reliability, depend-ability, and action in
RESTITUTION good-faith.
- Helping the client to make amends for - The rule of confidentiality reveals the
previous destructive behavior. importance of fidelity.

GENERATIVITY (GENERAL MORAL THEORY)

- Inspiring in the person a desire and
capacity to care for others and pass on Drawing on virtues perspective also
knowledge and to contribute to the identified a set of personal qualities that all
collective good through political practitioners should possess: empathy, sincerity,
engagement and community work. resilience, respect, humility, competence,
fairness, wisdom, and courage.
(SCOPE OF COUNSELING)
( WAIT FOR THE UPCOMING TOPICS NA
● COUNSELING is a broad concept with HINDI KO NA ILALAGAY, WAIT ILALAGAY
diverse meaning and goals. KO PA MAMAYA )
● COUNSELING is necessary in almost
every aspect of a person’s life, from
cognitive, behavioral, systematic, social,
psychological, and others.
● In INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING many
issues are covered such as depression,
sexual abuse, anxiety, gender,