SHS

EARTH SCIENCE
Module 3, Quarter 1, Week 1
Earth Science
Grade 11/12 Module 3 Quarter 1, Week 1
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: GERLIE C. GUBATAN, MT-I

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, EdD, EPS in Charge of Science
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
 Earth Science
Module 3: Quarter 1 – Week 1
 Target

Rocks are made up of substances called minerals. Any naturally

occurring solid substance with a definite chemical composition is called a
mineral.
This learning material will provide you with information and activities
that will help you understand the common rock forming minerals that are
necessary to support life.
As you proceed with the lessons and activities in this learning material,
you may encounter some difficulties. Take your time in answering them. Do
not proceed with the next lesson until you are done with the previous topic.
In case you need a little assistance, please do not hesitate to ask your parents
or elder siblings as well as your teacher’s help. Remember, learning is
enjoyable when we both learn together.

After going through this learning material, you are expected to:

Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and

chemical properties S11ES-Ib-5

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer the
crossword puzzle on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.

4
 Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following

activity. Have fun and good luck!

Directions: Word Search. Locate and Cross 20 words.

5
 Discover

Minerals themselves are made up of one or a number of chemical elements with a

definite chemical composition. Minerals cannot be broken down into smaller units
with different chemical compositions in the way that rocks can.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

There are several different mineral properties which must be identified and defined.
1. Luster- refers to how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral.
2. Hardness – it is the ability of mineral to resist scratching.
Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, developed a hardness scale over 100
years ago. The hardest mineral known, diamond, was assigned the number 10. It is
called the Mohs Hardness Scale. It ranks the order of hardness of minerals and some
common objects. The Mohs Scale of Hardness measures the scratch resistance of
various minerals from a scale of 1 to 10, based on the ability of a harder
material/mineral to scratch a softer one.

MINERAL MOHS RELATIVE SCRATCH TEST OTHER FACTS

HARDNESS SCALE
Talc 1 It flakes easily when Softest known
scratched by a mineral. Used in
fingernail. talcum powder.
Gypsum 2 A fingernail can easily Ingredient of
scratch it. plaster
Calcite 3 A fingernail cannot Used in cement
scratch it, but a copper
penny can.
Fluorite 4 A steel nail can easily Used in toothpaste
scratch it.
Apatite 5 A steel nail can scratch Mineral in bone
it.
Feldspar 6 Cannot be scratched by Ingredient in glass,
a steel nail, but it can etc.
scratch glass.
Quartz 7 Can scratch steel and Used in glass
glass easily.
Topaz 8 Can scratch quartz. Gemstone
Corundum 9 Rubies and
Can scratch topaz.
Sapphires
Diamond 10 Hardest known
A diamond can scratch
mineral. Woman’s
all other substances.
best friend
3. Crystal Form Habit – refers to the characteristic shape of a mineral unit which are
visible (either an individual crystal or a group of crystal).
4. Color – one of the most obvious characteristic of a mineral, but generally not the
most useful diagnostic feature. Minerals are colored because certain wave lengths

6
are absorbed and the color results from the combination of those wave lengths that
reach the eye.
5. Streak – is the mineral’s color in powdered form. It can be useful for identifying
metallic and earthy minerals. Non-metallic minerals usually give a white streak
because are very light-colored. Other minerals may have very distinctive streaks.
Hematite- for example, always gives a reddish-brown streak no matter what type of
luster it displays.
6. Cleavage – it is the ability of a mineral to break along preferred planes.
The number of cleavage planes in a mineral may also aid its identification. Cleavage
typically occurs in either one, two, three, four or six dimensions. The tendency of a
Mineral to break evenly along its weakest plane. Fracture - Mineral breaks unevenly
or irregularly.
7. Specific Gravity – is the “ heaviness” of a mineral. It is defined as number that
expresses the ratio between the weight of a mineral and the weight of a mineral and
the weight of an equal volume of water. Water has a specific gravity of “1”.
8. Others – magnetism, odor, taste, tenacity, reaction to acid, etc.
For example magnetite is strongly magnetic; sulfur has distinctive smell; halite is
salty; calcite fizzes with acid as with dolmite but in powdered form; etc.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

Mixtures are groups of molecules that can be separated by physical means.
Compounds are groups of molecules with a definitive arrangement, and can only be
separated by chemical means. Minerals can be classified according to their
chemistry, that is, their chemical composition. Theses classes are:
1. Native Elements Class- minerals composed of metals, their alloys and
nometals.
Examples: Metals – Chromium
Non-Metals – Doamond, Graphite
Metalloids – brass, iron-nickel
2. Carbonates Class – minerals composed of carbonates, nitrates and borates
Examples: Carbonates : Aragonites (CaCO3), cerussite (Pb CO3), Calcite (Ca
CO3)
Nitrates: Nitratine (NaNO3), Niter (KNO3)
Borates: borax (Na2B2O7.10H2O), boracite
3. Halides Class - minerals composed of anions of halogens (Cl, F, Br, I)
Examples: atacamite [Cu2Cl(OH)3], camalite [KMgCl3.6H2O], halite (NaCl)
4. Oxides Class- minerals containing oxides and hydroxides
Examples: Oxides:cuprite (Cu2O), hematite (Fe2O3), ice (H2O}
Hydroxides: manganite [MnO(OH)], gibbsite
5. Phosphate Class – minerals containing phosphates, arsenates, vanadates,
antimonates
Examples: Phosphates: apatite, cornetite, torbernite
Vanadates: carnotite, vanadinite
Arsenates: adamite, roselite, liroconite
Antimodates: bindheimite, cyanophyllite
6. Silicates Class – minerals composed of silicate tetrahedron (SiO4)
Examples: andalusite, Bertrandite, Neptunite
7. Sulfates Class: minerals composed of sulfates, sulfides, chromates,
molybdates, selenates, selenites, tellurates, tellurites and tungstates,

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 Examples: alunite, barite, epsomite, polyhalite
8. Sulfides Class- minerals composed of sulfides, selenides, tellurides, arsenides,
antimonides, bismuthides and sulfosalts
Examples: bornite, cubanite, pyrite, jordanite
SOME OF THE COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS ALONG WITH THEIR
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

COMMON ROCK- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL ROCK-

FORMING PROPERTIES FORMING
MINERAL

[Link] Characteristics: It is the most silicon occur as

abundant mineral on earth’s dioxide(SiO2) major
crust. component
Hardness: 7 of rocks like
Specific Gravity: 2.66 plutonic
Color: It is transparent to igneous,
translucent in nature and its sedimentar
colour varies from white and
[Link] y and
z grey to smokey
metamorph
Cleavage: Does not exhibit
and thus not break into a ic rocks.
regular flat faces.
Luster: Crystals are vitreous
(glass-like), massive form is
dull or waxy.
Streak: white
[Link] Characteristics: It is the most Potassium occurs as
common rock forming Aluminum major
mineral Hardness: 6 Silicate component
Specific Gravity: 2.7 of igneous
Color: Typically off-white or rocks ( like
shades of red, orange and in quartz
brown, occasionally green. diorite,
[Link]
Cleavage: One perfect pumice)
[Link]/minerals- cleavage and good cleavage and
database/feldspar/
that meet at nearly 90°
sedimentar
Luster: Crystals are vitreous
y rocks (like
(glass-like) to porcelaneous
(porcelain like) in
Streak: White sandstone)
[Link] Characteristics: It is soft and silicates of found in
readily affected by aluminum with granitic
atmosphere and chemicals potassium pegmatite
Hardness: 2.5 (e.g.
Specific Gravity: 3 Muscovite,
Color: Colorless transparent a white
Cleavage: It has perfect mica)
[Link]
cleavage, causing it to easily
[Link] break into thin sheets.
Luster: Pearly to vitreous
Streak: White

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[Link] Characteristics: dark Silicate found in
coloured mineral many types
Hardness: 5.5 of igneous
Specific Gravity: 3.2 and
Color: Usually black, dark metamorph
green, dark brown ic rocks.
Cleavage: Two directions
[Link]
intersecting at 124 and 56
[Link] degrees
Luster: Vitreous
Streak:White, colorless
[Link] Characterisitics: CaCO3. It is
It is the leading constituent of extremely
limestone and marble common
Hardness: 3 and found
Specific Gravity: 2.7 throughout
Color: Usually white but also the world in
colorless, gray, red, green, sedimentar
[Link]
blue, yellow, brown, orange y,
s/[Link] Cleavage: Perfect, metamorph
rhombohedral, three ic and
directions
igneous
Luster: Vitreous
rocks
Streak: White

[Link] Characteristics:A mineral magnesium Metamorph

(dolomite) and a Rock carbonate with ic rocks like
(dolostone) chemical dolomitic
Hardness: 3.5-4 composition as marble and
Specific Gravity: 2.8-2.9 CaMg(CO3)2 few
Color: sedimentar
[Link]
Cleavage: It has three y rocks
s/[Link] directions of a perfect have
cleavage. dolomite as
Luster: Crystal are the major
vitreous(glass-like) to pearly,
constituent
massive form is dull
Streak: White
[Link] Characteristics: are defined Silicate abundant
by their chemical in igneous
composition and crystal and
structure. metamorph
Hardness: 5-6 ic rocks
Specific Gravity: 3.2-3.5 rare in
[Link] Color: usually dark green, sedimentar
als/silicate-class/chain- dark brown or black but some y rocks
silicate-subclass/pyroxene-
group-minerals/augite/ varieties are white to light
green.
Cleavage:Two directions that
meet at nearly right angles
(87° and 93°) uneven fracture
Luster: Vitreous (glass-like) in

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 dark colored samples can be
mistaken as metallic
Streak:White, greenish white
or gray
[Link] Characteristics: Fe, Mg, and Al common in
forms crystal that are ions substitue metamorph
typically long and prismatic freely for one ic and
Hardness: 5-6 another igneous
Specific Gravity: 3-3.4 rocks minor
Color: Dark green, dark constituent
[Link]
brown s
[Link]/minerals- Cleavage:Two directions that
database/amphibole/
meet at 56 and 124 degrees
uneven fracture Luster:
Vitroeus (glassy) to dull
opaque
Streak:white to gray
[Link] Characteristics: commonly common in
May people are familiar with contains metamorph
this because it is the mineral magnesium ic and
of a very popular gemstone and iron igneous
known peridot. An abundant silicate rocks
mineral in Earth’s mantle. A minerals

[Link]
constituent of many
s/[Link] meterites.
Hardness: 6.5-7
Specific Gravity: 3.2-4.3
Color: Pale olive green to
yello-green occasionally
brown
Cleavage: Poor cleavage in
two directions at 90°
Luster: Massive or
transparent to translucent
crystals with a glassy luster
Streak: White

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 Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to

master and strengthen the basic concepts you have
learned from this lesson.

Enrichment 1 Fill Me
Directions: Based on the given information on the physical and chemical
properties of the common rock forming minerals, complete the table below.
Use a separate sheet for your answers
Properties Quartz Pyroxene Mica Olivine Feldspar
of Common
Rock
forming
Minerals
Hardness
Color
Specific
Gravity
Luster
Streak
Cleavage
Chemical
Composition
Assessment 1
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly. Use a separate sheet for
your answers.
1. Why do different minerals have different shapes?
2. Why do some minerals sparkle?
3. How can the same mineral be so many colors?

Enrichment 2 Recognize Me!

Directions: Identify the pictures of the common rock forming minerals given
below. Use a separate sheet for your answers.

1. 2.
_________________ _________________

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3. 4.
_________________ _______________

5. 6.
__________________ _________________

7. 8.
__________________ __________________

9.
__________________
Assessment 2. Give the characteristics of the identified picture above. Use a
separate sheet for your answers.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9

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Enrichment 3. Match Up
Directions: Match Column A to Column B. Use a separate sheet for your
answers
COLUMN A COLUMN B
_______ 1. Streak A. refers to how light is reflected from the surface
of a mineral
_______ 2. crystal habit B. the mineral’s color in powdered form
_______ 3. Color C. heaviness” of a mineral
_______ 4. Hardness D. refers to the characteristic shape of a mineral
Unit which are visible
_______ 5. Talc E. ability of a mineral to break along preferred
planes
_______ 6. Specific gravity F. one of the most obvious characteristic of a
mineral, but generally not the most useful
diagnostic feature
_______ 7. Diamond G. ability of mineral to resist scratching
_______ 8. Cleavage H. softest known mineral
_______ 9. luster I. NaCl
_______ 10. Halite J. Hardest known mineral
Assessment 3 Research Me
Directions: Give the seven characteristics of the minerals listed below. Use a
separate sheet for your answers.
Characteristics Gold Iron Nickel Chromite Copper
Luster
Cleavage
Color
Hardness
Crystal habit
Streak
Specific
Gravity

Great job! You have understood

the lesson.
Are you now ready to
summarize?

13
 Deepen

At this point, do the activity on reading and making of poster.

What you need:
White Carolina
Pentel Pen
Crayon
Pencil
What you have to do:
1. Read the uses of the following common rock-forming minerals found in
the Philippines.
2. Read the rubric prior to begin your poster to see the requirements.
3. Make a poster on how these common-rock forming minerals used in
our daily lives.
Quartz is primarily used in the manufacture of glass. Other
important uses of quartz include 1) as gemstone; 2) as abrasive material for
sand blasting and scouring cleansers; 3) in foundry work as grinding media
and grit for sanding and sawing; 4)in the petroleum industry; 5)as flux in the
smelting of metals and in the manufacture of rubber, paint and putty; 6)as
filter media and roofing granules;7) as filters, frequency controls and timers;
8)essential component of cellular phones, watches, clocks, game consoles,
television sets, computers, navigational instruments and other similar
products and 9) as lenses and windows in lasers for optical grade quartz
variety. Mica is ideal as an electrical insulator in high temperature power in
aluminum plants, blast furnace, defense systems, heater boiler and flat iron.
Mica is found in capacitors, in diaphragms for oxygen breathing equipment,
in marker dials for navigation compasses, optical filter, and pyrometers, in
stove and kerosene-heater windows, and circuit breaker. Feldspar is
commonly used in ceramics, pottery and glass industries. It is utilized as
glaze in dinnerware, enamel ware, bathroom and building tiles and as a flux
that lowers the melting temperature of other material/s. It is also a
component in soaps, abrasives, bond for abrasive wheels, cements, concretes
insulating materials, fertilizers, poultry grit, tarred roofing materials and as
a sizing (or filter) material in textiles and paper Calcite is used in the
construction industry as a raw material; in steel and glass industries as an
acid neutralizer, in pharmaceutical industry as an ingredient of antacid
tablet, in the animal industry as food additive; and in the mining industry as
absorbent of harmful gasses emitted by fossil fuels and as reducer of coal
dust in the air. It is a component of paints, as cleaning and whitening agent
and as abrasive in toothpaste.

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RUBRIC FOR POSTER-MAKING

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1

Graphics – Several of the One or two of The No graphics

Originality graphics used the graphics graphics are made by the
on the poster used on the made by the student are
reflect a poster reflect student, but included.
exceptional student are based
degree of creativity in on the
student their creation designs or
creativity in and/or ideas of
their creation display. others.
and/or
display.

Required The poster All required All but 1 of Several

Elements includes all elements are the required required
required included on elements elements
elements as the poster. are included were
well as on the missing.
additional poster.
information.

Attractiveness The poster is The poster is The poster The poster

exceptionally attractive in is is
attractive in terms of acceptably distractingly
terms of design, layout attractive messy or
design, layout, and neatness. though it very poorly
and neatness. may be a bit designed. It
messy. is not
attractive.

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 Gauge

Directions: Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet for your
answers. Write only the letter of the best answer for each test item.
1. Which property is least useful when identifying a mineral?
A. Color B. Crystal Habit C. Luster D. Streak
2. Which of the following describes luster?
A. It is a rock’s color.
B. It describes how hard a mineral is.
C. It describes the way the surface of a mineral reflects light.
D. It is the color of the powder left behind when a rock is rubbed against a
streak plate.
3. Which property of a mineral breaks along smooth, flat surface?
A. Cleavage B. Hardness C. Intrusive D. Streak
4. If you want to try and identify a mineral you could use what type of
test?
A. You could ask your teacher
B. You could break a mineral
C. You could throw it against the wall
D. One test you could do would be to test the hardness of the mineral
5. If you want to determine a mineral’s luster, what would you do?
A. Look at the color of the mineral
B. Look up the density of the mineral
C. Determine if it is metallic or non- metallic
D. Use a magnet to see if the mineral has magnetic properties
6. How would you perform the hardness test?
A. Pick it up in your hand and see if it is solid then it is hard.
B. Try and hit it with a hammer, if it doesn’t break then it passed the
Test
C. Start with the hardest material you have then work your way
backwards
D. Use the Mohs Hardness Scale to identify a mineral. You scratch the
mineral with different materials to determine its level.
7. Moh’s Hardness scale runs from 1-10. If a mineral has a hardness of
8-9 what would that tell you about the mineral’s hardness?
A. It is easy to scratch You could scratch it with your fingernail.
B. The scale doesn’t go up to 8 or 9.
C. It is not easily scratched and is high on the hardness scale.
D. The hardness can’t be determined if you have 8 or 9.
8. You are trying to identify two different minerals that are clear. What
test would NOT be helpful in identifying the minerals?
A. Determining if the mineral has cleavage or fracture
B. The streak test because the streak will mostly be colorless

16
 C. Finding the hardness of the minerals using the hardness test
D. Determine if the mineral has luster
9. Is it important to conduct more than one test to identify an unknown
mineral?
A. Yes because minerals can’t be identified
B. No, because all you need to know is if the mineral has luster.
C. Yes, because 2 minerals can have the similar physical properties
like color or metallic luster
D. No, because all you need to know is the minerals color to be able to
identify an unknown mineral
10. According to Moh’s scale, which minerals properly correspond to the hardest
and least hard?
A. Hardest: apatite; least hard: talc
B. Hardest: diamond; least hard: talc
C. Hardest: apatite; least hard: flourite
D. Hardest: diamond; least hard: quartz

Directions: Analyze the statements below. Write T if the statement is true

and F if the statement is false. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
_____ 1. Rock-forming minerals are the most abundant type present
in a particular rock.
_____ 2. Topaz is the hardest mineral.
_____ 3. Quartz is the most common rock-forming mineral.
_____ 4. Amphibole forms crystal that are typically long and prismatic.
______ 5. Dolomite a mineral and a rock.

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References
Printed Materials:
Commission on Higher Education. (2016). K-12 Basic Education Curriculum,
Teaching Guide for Senior High School Earth Science. Quezon City,
Philippines

Lopez, Christhotel C. et al. (2017). Earth Science for Senior High School.
Manila, Philippines: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Dela Pena, Jr. Renato A and Reyes, Angelico G. (2017). Earth Science. Pasay
City, Philippines: JFS Publishing Services

Websites:
Characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support Life. EarthScience Quexbook
Downloaded July 22, 2020 from
[Link]
n
Minerals. Retrieved July 24, 2020 from
[Link]

Geology of Gems. Retrieved July 24, 2020 from

[Link]

Mineral Group. Retrieved July 24, 2020 from

[Link]

Metallic Ores and Industrial Minerals in the Philippines. Retrieved July 24, 2020
from [Link]
images/[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
group-minerals/augite/
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

18
KEY ANSWER

Jumpstart

Enrichment 1 Fill Me

Properties of Quartz Pyroxene Mica Olivine Feldspar

Common Rock
forming
Minerals

Hardness 7 5-6 2.5 6.5-7 6

Color White and usually dark Colorless Pale olive green Typically off-
grey to green, dark transparent to yello-green white or shades
smokey brown or . occasionally of red, orange
black but brown and brown,
some occasionally
varieties are green.
white to light
green.

Specific Gravity 2.66 3.2-3.5 3 3.2-4.3 2.7

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 Luster Crystals are Luster: Pearly to Massive or Luster: Crystals
vitreous Vitreous vitreous transparent to are vitreous
(glass-like), (glass-like) in translucent (glass-like) to
massive dark colored crystals with a porcelaneous
form is dull samples can glassy luster (porcelain like)
or waxy. be mistaken
as metallic

Streak white White, White White White

greenish
white or gray

Cleavage Does not Two It has perfect Poor cleavage One perfect
exhibit and directions cleavage, in two cleavage and
thus not that meet at causing it to directions at good cleavage
break into a nearly right easily break 90°
regular flat angles (87° into thin
faces and 93°) sheets
uneven
fracture

Chemical Silica Silicates silicates of commonly Potassium

Composition Dioxide aluminum contains Aluminum
with magnesium Silicate
potassium and iron
silicate
minerals

Assessment 1
1. Why do different minerals have different shapes?
Most minerals occur naturally as crystals. Every crystal has an orderly, internal pattern of
atoms with distinctive way of locking new atoms into that pattern to repeat it again and again.
2. Why do some minerals sparkle?
They sparkle because light is reflected on their flat surfaces, which are where the mineral breaks
along its plane of cleavage.
3. How can the same mineral be so many colors?
Some minerals always have the same color, because of the presence of certain elements in the
mineral’s normal molecular structure.

Enrichment 2 Recognize Me!

1. Calcite
2. Hornblende
3. Dolomite
4. Feldspar
5. Pyroxene
6. Mica

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7. Quartz
8. Amphibole
9. Olivine

Assessment 2.
1. It is the leading constituent of limestone and marble
2. dark coloured mineral
3. A mineral (dolomite) and a Rock (dolostone)
4. It is the most common rock forming
5. are defined by their chemical composition and crystal structure.
6. It is soft and readily affected by atmosphere and chemicals
7. It is the most abundant mineral on earth’s crust.
8. forms crystal that are typically long and prismatic
9. May people are familiar with this because it is the mineral of a very popular gemstone known peridot.
An abundant mineral in Earth’s mantle. A constituent of many meterites.

Enrichment 3.
1. B
2. D
3. F
4. G
5. H
6. C
7. J
8. E
9. A
10. I

Assessment 3
Answer may vary according to their sources

Gauge
I. Multiple Choice
1.A
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. C
10.B
II. True or False
1.T
2.F
3.F
4. T
5. T

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