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GPF Regeneration Process Overview

The document describes the exhaust system of an Ingenium I4 2.0L petrol engine, focusing on the gasoline particulate filter (GPF). [1] The GPF traps particulate matter from the exhaust to reduce emissions. [2] It can regenerate through passive regeneration during normal driving or active regeneration controlled by the PCM when particulate levels are high. [3] The instrument cluster displays warnings to notify the driver when active regeneration is needed.

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106 views11 pages

GPF Regeneration Process Overview

The document describes the exhaust system of an Ingenium I4 2.0L petrol engine, focusing on the gasoline particulate filter (GPF). [1] The GPF traps particulate matter from the exhaust to reduce emissions. [2] It can regenerate through passive regeneration during normal driving or active regeneration controlled by the PCM when particulate levels are high. [3] The instrument cluster displays warnings to notify the driver when active regeneration is needed.

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© All Rights Reserved
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PUBLISHED: 06-JUL-2018

2019.0 XE (X760), 309-00C


EXHAUST SYSTEM - INGENIUM I4 2.0L PETROL

DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

COMPONENT LOCATION

ITEM DESCRIPTION

1 Pre catalyst Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S)

2 Catalytic converter

3 Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF)

4 Post GPF HO2S

5 Exhaust back-pressure sensor connection

6 Post catalyst HO2S


7 Exhaust back-pressure sensor

OVERVIEW

The Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) is used to decrease the particulate emissions from the petrol
engine exhaust system. For additional information, refer to: Exhaust System (309-00C, Description
and Operation).

DESCRIPTION

GASOLINE PARTICULATE FILTER

The Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) is located in the exhaust system after the catalytic converter. The
GPF traps the particulates in the exhaust gases from combustion process of the petrol engine. The GPF
has a core made from cordierite in a steel container.

The GPF traps exhaust gas particulates that are too large to pass through the GPF filter. The trapped
particulates are mainly carbon and hydrocarbons. These particulates require heat and oxygen to
enable the GPF to regenerate.

The GPF is designed to last for the life of the vehicle.

EXHAUST BACK-PRESSURE SENSOR


ITEM DESCRIPTION

1 Exhaust back-pressure sensor

2 Connection to exhaust system

3 Vent hose

4 Electrical connection

The primary purpose of the exhaust back-pressure sensor is to monitor the back-pressure in the
exhaust system to prevent damage to the engine. However if very high levels of exhaust back-
pressure are identified. The output of the exhaust back-pressure sensor is used to start the active
regeneration of the Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF).

The exhaust back-pressure sensor is mounted on a bracket at the rear of the cylinder head. The
exhaust back-pressure sensor sends a pressure signal to the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) via
harwired connections.

The exhaust back-pressure sensor has 2 hoses connected. The hoses are for:

Vent hose to the atmosphere

Connection pipe to the exhaust system for the exhaust back-pressure.


The vent hose must be kept clear of obstructions and fluid ingress. Any obstruction or contamination
of the vent hose can cause the exhaust back-pressure sensor to provide incorrect data to the PCM.

The exhaust back-pressure sensor has a 3 pin electrical connector. The 3 pin connector has the
following electrical connections:

A 5V reference voltage from the PCM

A digital exhaust back-pressure signal to the PCM

A ground connection.

OPERATION

REGENERATION

The accumulation of particulate matter in the Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) will decrease the
exhaust gas flow through the exhaust system. The decrease in exhaust gas flow and increased
exhaust back- pressure will reduce the engine's performance and efficiency if the GPF does not
regenerate.

For the GPF to regenerate there needs to be 2 conditions:

There must be sufficient oxygen in the exhaust gases to allow the particulate matter to oxide.

The exhaust system temperature is high enough for the particulate matter to react with the oxygen.

The GPF can be regenerated by 2 methods:

Passive regeneration

Active regeneration.

PASSIVE REGENERATION

The Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) operation and regeneration will not affect the operation of the
engine when the vehicle is driven normally. Passive regeneration of the GPF occurs when the vehicle is
driven normally.

The exhaust gas temperature of a gasoline engine is typically a lot higher than diesels. The exhaust
gas temperature is between 300°C and 500°C (572°F and 932°F) during urban driving and up to 700°
C (1292°F) during continuous load situations (motorway driving). However unlike diesels when a
gasoline engine is loaded the exhaust gas contains very little oxygen.

When the drivers remove their foot from the accelerator pedal the Powertrain Control Module (PCM)
temporarily ceases fuel injection. The air then passes through the combustion chambers of the engine
without combustion increasing the oxygen content of the exhaust gas. As the exhaust system is
already at suitable temperature for regeneration, the additional oxygen may be utilized to regenerate
the GPF by oxidizing the particulate matter.

As such the oxidation of the particulates in the GPF passive regeneration mode requires no
intervention from the driver or the PCM.
ACTIVE REGENERATION

Under normal driving conditions passive regeneration of the Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) is
sufficient to

Ensure that the GPF soot load does not become excessive

And as such does not restrict the flow of exhaust gases in the exhaust system. Some driving styles
may cause problems with the passive regeneration of the GPF.

Examples of the driving styles that may cause problems with the passive regeneration of the GPF are:

When the engines are run for long periods with the vehicle stationary. Under these conditions the
exhaust system temperatures will not get sufficiently high to enable passive regeneration of the GPF.

Repeated cold starts and short distance drives without warming the engine. These conditions can
lead to soot accumulation in the GPF, and short distance drives will not get sufficient temperature to
enable passive regeneration.

Driving the vehicle at continuous high loads (for example towing at high speeds) for long periods
without the pedal lift off. Under these conditions can cause insufficient oxygen in the exhaust gases
and hence does not enable passive regeneration of the GPF.

When these operating conditions be present for sustained period,

The PCM will determine that the GPF soot load has exceeded a threshold value

A GPF warning indicator will be shown and associated textual messages will be displayed in the
Instrument Cluster (IC) message center.

The driver should follow the displayed messages in the IC message center to enable the active
regeneration of the GPF.

The Powertrain Control Module (PCM) controls the active regeneration of the GPF. The PCM may
increases either/or both the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas and the temperature of the exhaust
system. The active regeneration of the GPF can take up to 20 minutes to reduce the GPF soot load to
a low value.

The active regeneration function responds differently depending on the level of soot load held within
the GPF and recognizes are 6 different ranges of soot load.

The 6 different ranges are defined as follows:

Low GPF soot load


GPF regenerated

Active regeneration is not enabled.

Passive regeneration may occur.

Less than 50% GPF soot load


Active regeneration is not enabled.

Passive regeneration may occur.

More than 50% and less than high level 1 (100%) GPF soot load
Active regeneration is enabled.
Passive regeneration may occur.

No warning messages are displayed in the IC.

More than high level 1 (100%) and less than high level 2 (125%) GPF soot load
Amber GPF Part Full message is displayed in the IC.

Driver should follow the IC message center instructions in order to facilitate the active
regeneration by the PCM.

Active regeneration is enabled.

Passive regeneration may occur.

More than high level 2 (125%) and less than high level 3 (150%) GPF soot load
Red GPF Full message is displayed in the IC.

Driver should follow the IC message center instructions in order to facilitate the active
regeneration by the PCM.

PCM limits the engine torque output.

Active regeneration is enabled.

Passive regeneration may occur.

More than high level 3 (150%) GPF soot load


Red triangle warning indicator is displayed in the IC.

"Restricted Performance" warning message is displayed in the IC message center.

PCM operates the engine in 'limp home mode' and as such limits the engine torque output to
30% of the maximum.

No active regeneration is possible during the driving.

Passive regeneration is still possible.

Service regeneration needs to be enabled by the retailer in idling. Normally after the end of the
service regeneration, soot is regenerated and IC displays the green message, stating GPF is
cleaned.

If the idle regeneration does not clears the soot completely due to very low ambient, then the
following can be done by the retailer. Recycle the ignition, and confirm that there is no restricted
performance message displayed on the IC. Now the retailer can drive the vehicle and enable
another active service regeneration during drive, this increases the regeneration rates. By
recycling the ignition, if the restricted performance message is still displayed on the IC, then the
retailer needs to activate another active service regeneration in idling.

INSTRUMENT CLUSTER

The Instrument Cluster (IC) displays warning indicator - system status and messages in the IC
message center for the Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF). Th IC receives messages from the Powertrain
Control Module (PCM) via High Speed (HS) Controller Area Network (CAN) chassis bus connections.

Instrument Cluster Gasoline Particulate Filter Warning Indicator - System Status


ITEM DESCRIPTION

1 - Amber Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) soot load is part full (between high level 1 and high level 2)

2 - Green The GPF has been regenerated by active regeneration and the GPF soot load is low

3 - Red GPF is full (soot load between high level 2 and high level 3)

4 - Red Engine has entered restricted performance (soot load is more than high level 3)

Amber Gasoline Particulate Filter Warning Indicator - System Status (Number 1)

Active regeneration of the GPF is required.


The driver should follow the IC message center instructions to enable active regeneration of the GPF
by the PCM. The IC message center will alternate between a warning and an instruction message.

NOTE:

When safe to do so, the driver to drive the vehicle close to 80 km/h (50 mph). Driving at a
higher speed increases the exhaust temperature, and the active regeneration provides oxygen
to burn the soot in the GPF.

Avoid driving excessively at very high speeds or close to rated power condition to prevent GPF from
over filling. Driving at very high loads or close to rated power condition will not enable active
regeneration. During these drives if there is no pedal lift off, passive regeneration will not be enabled.
Hence leading to increased soot filling of the GPF.

If the driver follows the instructions to regenerate the GPF, the amber GPF warning indicator - system
status will change to green after a period of time. The text message in the IC message center will
change to "Exhaust filter self-cleaning complete". The GPF soot load will now be low and the active
regeneration of the GPF will be stopped by the PCM.

If the driver does not follow the instructions in the IC message center the soot load in the GPF may
continue to increase. Passive regeneration of the GPF can continue to reduce the soot load if the
conditions in the GPF allow.

By incorporating few pedal lift off on normal daily driving, at least from 50 km/h. The driver can avoid
future occurrences of amber message or GPF filling. This enables frequent passive regeneration and
maintains lower soot in the GPF.

Normally during the following driving situations the pedal is lift off and thus enables passive
regeneration:

Downhill drives

Brakes applied to stop the vehicle (for example at signal lights).

Red Gasoline Particulate Filter Warning Indicator - System Status (Number 3)

Active regeneration of the GPF is required.

The driver should follow the IC message center instructions to enable active regeneration of the GPF
by the PCM. The IC message center will alternate between a warning and an instruction message.

The PCM reduces the maximum available engine power output.

NOTE:

When safe to do so, the driver to drive the vehicle close to 80 km/h (50 mph). Driving at a
higher speed increases the exhaust temperature, and the active regeneration provides oxygen
to burn the soot in the GPF.

Avoid driving excessively at very high speeds or close to rated power condition to prevent GPF from
over filling. Driving at very high loads or close to rated power condition will not enable active
regeneration. During these drives if there is no pedal lift off, passive regeneration will not be enabled.
Hence leading to increased soot filling of the GPF.

If the driver follows the instructions to regenerate the GPF, the red GPF warning indicator - system
status will change to green after a period of time. The text message in the IC message center will
change to 'Exhaust filter self-cleaning complete'. The GPF soot load will now be low and the active
regeneration of the GPF will be stopped by the PCM.

If the driver does not follow the instructions in the IC message center the soot load in the GPF may
continue to increase. Passive regeneration of the GPF can continue to reduce the soot load if the
conditions in the GPF allow.

By incorporating few pedal lift off on normal daily driving, at least from 50 km/h. The driver can avoid
future occurrences of red message or GPF filling. This enables frequent passive regeneration and
maintains lower soot in the GPF.

Normally during the following driving situations the pedal is lift off and thus enables passive
regeneration:

Downhill drives

Brakes applied to stop the vehicle (for example at signal lights).

Red Triangle Warning Indicator - System Status (Number 4)

Active regeneration of the GPF is not possible.

The IC message center displays a warning message.

The PCM operates the engine in 'Limp home mode'. The PCM significantly limits the engine power
output.

CAUTION:

When the red warning triangle illuminates the vehicle should be driven with caution to the
nearest Jaguar Land Rover retailer for investigation and service regeneration.

EXHAUST BACK-PRESSURE SENSOR

The exhaust back-pressure sensor measures the exhaust system back-pressure and transmits the
data to the Powertrain Control Module (PCM). The PCM uses data from the exhaust back-pressure
sensor and other sensors to determine if any action is necessary to prevent engine damage. If the
PCM model determines that the exhaust back-pressure is excessive, the PCM will reduce the engine
torque output to protect the engine from damage.

The exhaust back-pressure sensor and data from other sensors can be used to commence an active
regeneration of the Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF). This is only triggered when the PCM model
indicates that the exhaust back-pressure is excessive from the exhaust gas volumetric flow rate data.

DIAGNOSTICS

The Powertrain Control Module (PCM) stores each fault as a Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC). The DTC
and associated environmental and freeze frame data can be read using a Jaguar Land Rover (JLR)
approved diagnostic equipment. The JLR approved diagnostic equipment can read real time sensor
data, the adaption values currently being employed and the current fuelling, ignition and idle speed
settings.

CONTROL DIAGRAM

A = HARDWIRED: AM = HIGH SPEED (HS) CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CAN) CHASSIS BUS

ITEM DESCRIPTION

1 Powertrain Control Module (PCM)

2 Instrument Cluster (IC)

3 Injector (quantity 4)

4 Coil (quantity 4)

5 Ground

6 Power supply

7 Post Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S)

8 Post catalyst HO2S

9 Pre catalyst HO2S


10 Exhaust back-pressure sensor

Common questions

Powered by AI

Different driving styles can significantly impact GPF regeneration. Passive regeneration is effective during normal driving with temperature conditions that facilitate soot oxidation. However, driving styles such as continuous idling, repeated short trips, or high-speed driving without throttle lift-off may impair this process. These conditions may not achieve the necessary exhaust temperatures or oxygen levels for passive regeneration, leading to GPF soot accumulation and requiring active intervention. Such scenarios highlight the need for diverse driving patterns to maintain optimal exhaust system function and avoid potential performance restrictions when passive methods alone are insufficient .

Passive regeneration of the GPF occurs when sufficient oxygen is present in the exhaust gases, and the exhaust system's temperature is high enough to allow the oxidation of trapped particulates. This process happens naturally during normal driving conditions as the exhaust gas temperatures are adequate for particulate matter oxidation, particularly when the driver lifts their foot off the accelerator, allowing more oxygen to enter the exhaust stream. Active regeneration, on the other hand, is initiated by the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) when passive regeneration is insufficient, such as in idling or low-speed conditions. This process involves deliberate adjustments by the PCM to increase oxygen levels and exhaust temperature to facilitate the GPF's cleaning .

The exhaust back-pressure sensor monitors exhaust system back-pressure, transmitting data to the Powertrain Control Module (PCM). If excessive back-pressure is detected, it warns of potential engine damage and initiates action, such as reducing engine torque output, to prevent harm. Moreover, this sensor data helps determine when active regeneration of the GPF should occur by indicating higher levels of particulates obstructing exhaust flow. Therefore, the sensor plays a crucial role in maintaining engine performance by regulating exhaust emissions and ensuring effective GPF function .

Active service regeneration is essential when standard passive and active methods do not sufficiently reduce GPF soot levels. This specialized process, performed by service personnel, involves operating the vehicle at specific conditions to increase exhaust temperature and oxygen availability further facilitating particulate oxidation. Typically conducted in a controlled environment, this procedure ensures thorough GPF cleaning when regular regeneration is inadequate due to extreme soot levels or environmental factors. Successful service regeneration not only restores vehicle performance but also prevents engine and GPF damage, highlighting its importance in comprehensive vehicle maintenance .

The Instrument Cluster (IC) manages the GPF condition by displaying system status through various warning indicators. It receives messages from the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) and conveys GPF soot load levels to the driver via colored warnings (amber for partial fill, red for full). These alerts guide the driver to take necessary actions regarding GPF regeneration. The IC also communicates when the GPF has been successfully cleaned, providing critical feedback to ensure the exhaust system operates efficiently and prolongs vehicle service life .

Ignoring Instrument Cluster warnings related to GPF can severely compromise vehicle performance. Escalating from amber to red warnings indicates increasing soot levels, which, left unaddressed, hinder exhaust flow, reducing engine efficiency and increasing emissions. Continued neglect results in the PCM activating limp home mode, cutting engine torque to 30%, dramatically reducing performance. This state necessitates immediate service intervention for regeneration as passive or active regimens fail under excessively high soot conditions. Hence, heeding IC warnings is essential to maintain optimal vehicle performance and prevent costly mechanical failures .

The Powertrain Control Module (PCM) facilitates active regeneration when passive methods are insufficient by making adjustments to exhaust conditions. It can increase the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas and elevate the exhaust system's temperature, creating a suitable environment for the particulate matter to oxidize and clean the GPF. Active regeneration is typically triggered when the soot load reaches threshold levels, indicated by different messages and warnings in the Instrument Cluster. It involves engine management strategies such as modifying fuel injection timing and exhaust flow to ensure thorough cleaning of the GPF .

The GPF's regeneration method significantly influences vehicle environmental impact by managing particulate emissions. Passive and active regeneration efficiently oxidize trapped particulates, primarily carbon and hydrocarbons, thus reducing harmful emissions that contribute to air pollution. By ensuring continuous particulate removal even under varying driving conditions, the regeneration system upholds emission regulations and diminishes environmental harm. Consequently, vehicles equipped with effective GPF systems positively impact air quality, underscoring the technology's role in promoting sustainable automotive practices .

The Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) in a petrol engine functions by trapping particulates within the exhaust gases from the combustion process. It is placed in the exhaust system after the catalytic converter, where it captures particulates too large to pass through the filter. The core of the GPF is made from cordierite, a ceramic material held within a steel container. Trapped particulates, primarily carbon and hydrocarbons, require heat and oxygen for regeneration, allowing the GPF to self-clean and maintain efficiency .

Jaguar Land Rover diagnostic equipment offers comprehensive capabilities, including the ability to read Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC), view real-time sensor data, and assess adaptation values currently in use. These features enable precise troubleshooting of GPF and engine management issues by providing insights into current operating conditions and historical data. This enhances maintenance precision, allowing service personnel to address specific problems and optimize engine performance and emission reduction strategies, directly contributing to vehicle reliability and service efficiency .

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