ETB-45 Paye2/2

INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE

OPERATING
the stuey
specifically for
has been designed
OMEGA TYPE ETB-45 Experimental Training Board boards carne g
on these
Practical experience
Two Stage R-C Coupled Transistor Amplifier.
educative value for Science and Engineering
Students.

OBJECT
Transistor Ampifier:
Study of the characteristics Stage R-C Coupled
of Two
01 Study of the overload characteristics of the amplifier.
well as the cascade amplifier.
02 Study of the frequency response of the individual as
of cascade
individual stages as well as that
aicuiate the output and input impedance of the
amplifier.
FEATURESS
The board of consists of the following built in parts:
01 12V D.C. IC regulated Power Supply internally connected.

02 Two PNP transistors.

03 Adequate no. of other electronic components.
04 Mains ON/OFF switch, Fuse and Jewel ight.
05 The unit is operative on 230V 10% at 50H2 A.C. Mains.
both ends 4mm spring loaded plug
06 Adeguale no. of patch cords stackable from rear

length % meter
are provided at appropriate places
on panel for
terminai/sockets
O Good
Quality, reliabie

connections/observation of waveforms.
OTHER APPARATUS REOUIRED
01 Decade Audio Frequency Gerer ator Omega type A0- 301
02 A.C. Milivoltmeter COMEGA TYPE ACV 25
03 Decade Resistance Box Omega TypeDRBC 115

04 Cathode Ray Oscilioscope 1SHiz

INTRODUCTION
When more ampification is requred than that can te supplied by a single stage, additional stages are
joined to form a composite or cascade or mulistage ampifer Vacuum tube stages and FET stages
can easily te conmected in cascade because of ther sduting properties, transistors, on the other
hand, because of their finite mput resistanoe, present a considerable oad to preceding circuitry, and
therefore warrant specia altetion
The performarce of a singie stage can be evatualed easly ty taking into account the coupling
networks and their eflecis upon gan, regueney response and impedtance leveis The probilem at
hand is to recombine the tamation's avaiatie for a single stage ampifier and evaiuate the
pertormance of a mullistage ampifier From the point of view of over ail requirements the mutistage
amplifier must join a particuiar saurce to a partieuiar kad and provide he required ampifcatiorn over
the desired frequeney range
Now as when the question of cascadng two stages comes we have gota variety of ways to cascade
the two siages An merstaie anstormer may be used to connect the two stages Here the DC
isoialton between the colector of the 1st stage and the base of he 2nd stage is atomatically effected
withoul any tpecial precaulion Buat in trarnsformer couping the advantage of small size of ransistor is
lost when a bulky couplng ranslomer used The other way is the direct couping of the two stages
But this has the diaadvantage of dsturbing the DC conditions as the de colector potential of the 1st
slage is directly transmitled to the base af the foliowing stage Hence in aimost all small signal
amplifiers capacilance coupling s used to isoiale the de betweern the collector of the 1st stage and

OME LR OME GA ELECTRONICS, JAIPUR 302 006 (INOIA)

 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETB-45 Page3/3

the base of the following stage. This capacitive coupling has of course the disadvantage of ing to

a certain extent of the low

frequency response of the amplifier.
the overall performance of
owilanalyze considered. Now we
multistage amplifier, individual stages are
take the gain and impedance characteristlics of the amplifier and see how they are evaluated in
principle. rom the analysis of a single stage amplifier we know the expressions for input impedance,
Ouput impedance and gain of the single stage amplifier. Now to calculate the gain of the cascade
amplier, if we follow from the 1st stage, we calculate the gain of the 1st stage and go to the
SuUDsequent stage, calculate the gain and multiply the two gains to get the over all gain of the cascade
amplifier
B apparently here, we are neglecting the loading of the 1st stage by the following stage which is
appreciable in transistor amplifier. The gain we have calculated for the 1st stage is corrected so far as
t is isolated, but once it is connected to the following stage the gain of this stage decreases
appreciably because of the loading effect and this has to be taken care of in calculating the gain of the
CaScade amplifier. To take care of this, we proceed backwards starting from the last stage. First we
calculate the gain of the last stage and also its input impedance and this is the effective load on the
previous stage and gain of the previous stage is calculated by taking the effective load of the circuit as
the parallel combination of the collector resistance of this stage and the input impedance of the
Olowing stage. Then the product of the gain of the individual stages thus calculated, gives the overall
gain of the cascade amplifier. In calculating the input impedance also, the load of the amplifier comes
into picture and hence in the calculation of the input impedance also, we proceed backwards to take
into account the
loading of the following stage.
But in calculating the output impedance the source resistance comes into picture and the source
resistance of the 2nd stage is the output impedance of the 1st stage and hence for the calculating of
the output impedance of the 1st stage and take this as the source resistance for the following stage
and then calculate the output impedance of the second stage, which is the effective output impedance
of a two stage
amplifier
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Fig.1 shows two stages of an RC Coupled amplifier. A coupling capacitor Cc is used to connect the
output of first stage to the base (i.e. input) of the second stage and so on. As the coupling from one
stage to next is achieved by a coupling capacitor followed by a connector to a shunt resistor,
therefore, such amplifiers are called resistance -capacitance coupled amplifiers.
The resistances R1, R2, and Re form the biasing and stabilisation network. The emitter bypass
capacitor offers a low reactance path to the signal. Without it, the voltage gain of each stage would be
lost. The coupling capacitor Cc transmits AC
signal but block DC. This prevents DC interference
between various stages and the shifting of operating point.
When AC signal is applied to the base of the first transistor, it appears in the amplified form across its
collector load Rc. The amplified signal developed across Rc is given to base of next
stage through
coupling capacitor Cc. The second stage does further amplification of the signal in this way, the
cascaded (one after another) stages amplify the signal and the overall gain is considerably increased.
It may be mentioned here that total gain is less that the product to the gains of individual stages. It is
because when a second stage is made to follow the first stage. The effective load resistance of the
first stage is reduced due to the shunting effect of the input resistance of second stage. This reduces
duue to the shunting effect of the input resistance of second stage. This reduces the gain of the stage
which is loaded by the next stage.

OMEGA ELECTRONICS, JAIPUR-302 006 (INDIA)

OMEGA
 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETB-45 Page4/4

4TERNV
180

1OMED 18V

FC.17
177

OUTPU
OMD 16V

K2

R
40mV 220E 47 D 20E 7MFD
25V

Fig 1
g.2. shows the
frequency response of
drops off at low (<50Hz) and typical RC Coupled amplifier. It is clear that
a

high (>20KHz) frequencies whereas It is uniform over voltage gain

range (50Hz to 20KHz). This mid-frequency
behaviour of the amplifier is
01 At briefly explained below.
low frequencies («50Hz)
The reactance of
coupling capacitor Cc is quite high and hence
one stage to the next vary small part of signal will pass from
stage. Moreover, Ce cannot shunt the
of its emitter resistance RE
large reactance at low
frequencies. These two factors cause
effectively because
frequencies. a
falling off voltage gain at low
02 At High frequencies (>20KHz):
The reactance of
coupling capacitor Cc is very small and it
the loading effect of rnext behaves as a short circuit. This increases
stage and serves to reduce the
capacitive reactance of base-emitter voltage gain. Moreover,
at high
the current junction is low which increases the base
current.
frequency
amplification factor B. Due to these two This reduces
frequency. reasons, the voltage gain off at drops high
03 At
mid-frequencies (50Hz to 20KHz) :
The effect of
coupling capacitor in this
frequency range is such so as to maintain a uniform
gain. Thus, as the frequency
increases in this range, reactance voltage
increase the gain. of CC decrease which
However, at the same time, lower reactance tends to
and hence lower means higher
loading of first stage
gain. These two factors almost cancel each
frequency. other, resulting in a uniform gain at mid

50 Hz 20 KHz
Fig.(2)
ADVANTAGES
01 It has excellent frequency response. Ihe gain is constant over the
audio frequency
is the region of most importance for speech, music etc. range which
02 It has lower cost since it employs resistors and capacitors.

03 The circuit is very compact as the moaern resistors and

capacitors are small and extremely lisht

OMEGA OMEGA ELECTRONICS, JAIPUR-302 006

(INDIA)
 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETE 45 Pages
D1SADVANTAGES
o u p i e d amplifiers have
low voltage and power gain it s because
e d by the
input of each of stage to the
the low resist
preceding stage decrease the effective oa
resistance (Rac) and hence the
gain
02 They have the
tendency to become noisy wilth age,
a e matching is poor t is because the output impedance of RC
particularly in moist
Caates
coupled amplfier s

everal thundred ohms whereas that of a speaker is only a few ohms Hence, nue power w De

transferred to the speaker

APPLICATIONS
ne aOupled amplifiers have excellent audio fidelily over a wide range of frequency Therefore,

They are widely used as voltage amplifiers

OBJECT 01: STUDY OF THE CHARACTRISTICS OF TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER.

PROCEDURE
01 Connect sine wave generator between terminal marked I&G&Set it to minimum amplitude

02 Connect CRO between terminals marked A &G (studly of first stago)

03 Switch on power & adjust sine wave generator to 1KHz, 20 mVpp observe output & note down

Calculate gain of thls stago

Vo1 * * * * ' * * * * * * * ' * '

(1)
A ************

terminal
gonerator between B&G
04 Now calculate gain of second stage by connecting sine wave

&CRO between terminal O &G.

* (2)
Vo2 **************** *******
***************
d*e********
*************************

A2 V
*

shorting A 8& B, Connect

sine wave

05 Now calculate overall gain of RC Couple amplifler by

between |& G& CRO at O & G
generator

*
***ree**** ***
* * * * * * * * * * *
****
*********
* * ** * * * *

..(3)
****

Vo
* * * * * * ' * * * * * * * * * * * * ' * *

* * * * * * * * * *

***4 **

*****'****** ***
A '**

overall gain ol R-C coupled

Amplifier is
Theoretically the .(4)
**eeerrererre rsere
**d*1d***********d** ***** *******
**** **** ************t*
*1****dd*****d* *
****** ********** **dda"*1*
AyE = A Az .

first
load effect of second stage in
between equation 3
& 4 which is due to the
difference
See the

stage on output, this is the

of sinewave generator
till waveforn distortion occurs
increase anplitude
Now handle.
which the R-C coupled arnplifier can

maximum signal (vi)

JAIPUR-302 006 (INDIA)

OMEGAELECTRONICS,
ME GA U
 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETB-45 Page6/6

OBJECT-2: STUDY OF THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF THE INDIVIDUAL AS WELL AS

R-C COUPLE AMPLIFIER.

PROCEDURE
O1 Connect sine wave generator between l&G & CRO between A & G terminals.
02 Switch ON power & adjust amplitude of sine wave generator to 100 mVpp. Now vary input

frequèncy from 10Hz to 100KHz, note down frequency (at interval of 100Hz) & output in table 1.

S No Frequency V Vo Gain VV,

Table 1
03 Plot graph between frequency & gain.

Low
High
Cutt Off Cutt Off
Frequency Frequency

Fig.(3)
04 Repeat steps 2 by connecting sine wave generator between B & G & CRO between O & G
terminals.
05 Note down frequency& output of this same as table 1 & plot graph between frequency & gain.
06 Now short A & B & connect sine wave generator between 1 &G CRO between O & G terminals.
07 Repeat steps 2 &3.

OBJECT 03: CALCULATE INPUT & OUTPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL STAGES AS
WELL AS THAT OF R-C CoUPLED AMPLIFIER. CALcULATE INPUT IMPEDANCE
PROCEDURE
01 Make connection as per Fig.4 for measurement of input impedance of first stage.
02 Switch ON power & adjust sine wave generator to 1KHz & 100mVpp, measure the output voltage
by keep resistance value zero on decade box. Now vary resistance of decade box such that the
output becomes half of the output without series resistance (Zero resistance) is the input
impedance (decade bOx resistance).
03 Repeat steps 18 2 for second stages & calculate input impedance of second stage.
04 Now short A & B & repeat steps & 2 for R-C coupled Amplifier &calculate all
over input
impedance of R-C Coupled Amplifier.

OMEGA G OMEGA ELECTRONIcS, JAIPUR-302 006 (INDIA)

 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE
ETB-45 Page7/7

12V 1ROK
INTERNALLY
CONNECTED

DecadE
Bov

O 10MFD
16V
2K2
1
W
47MFD
INPUT 220E
25V
40mV

Fig. (4)
Calculate output Impedance
01 Make connection as Fig.5 for measurement of output impedance of first steps
02 Switch ON power & adjust sine wave generator to 1 KHz & 100mVpp Measure output voltage by
in the resistance of decade
keepingdecade box open circuit. Now connect decade box & vary
decade box. The value of
box such that the output becomes half of the amplitude without
resistance on decade box is the output impedance of first stage.
03 Repeat steps 1 & 2 for second stage & calculate & output impedance at second stage.

04 Repeat steps 1 &2 for RC Coupled Amplifier & calculate overall output impedance of RC coupled

amplifier

-12V 180K 4K7

INTERNALLY A
CONNECTED
BC-177

101MFD
16V
2K2 CRO Decade
Box

L47MFD
INPUT 15K 220E 25V
40mV

Fig(5)
REPORT SUGGESTIONS

01 Draw the overload characteristics of the individual stages and also when they are cascaded, by
observing wave shapes on C.R.O. i.e. the signal output Vs signal input of a waveform frequency

of 1KHz
output impedance of the individual stage and also the cascade amplifier
and
02 Measure the
the change in output impedance of the 2nd stage due to the
compare these values and observe
1st stage when cascaded.

OMEGA OMEGA ELECTRONICS, JAIPUR-302 006 (INDIA)|

 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETB-45 Page8/8

03 Measure the input impedance of the individual stages and also the cascade amplifler and
compare the input impedance of the 1st stage when it is not loaded by the 2nd stage to that of it
when it is cascaded to the 2nd stage
04 Take the frequency response of the individual stages and also the cascade anplifier and note the
effect of cascading on the frequency response.
05 Calculate the gain of the individual stages as also the cascade amplifier with the component
values used in the circuit and compare with that of the measured values.
06 Calculate the output and input impedance of the individual stages as also the cascade stage
theoretically and compare that with the measured values.
07 Account for the decrease of band width when the two stages are cascaded.

POWER SsUPPLY

15V AC D1-04 IN 4002 1 7812 -+12V At 100mA

100mA|
Ap1 AD2
C1 C2
1000MFD 1MFD
63V
63V
\SW
Ap3 D4
COM. GND

230V AC 10% AT 50Hz

REFERENCES
01 Transistor circuit analysis and design By: [Link].

02 Applied Electronics By G.K. MITHAL

LIST OF ACCESSORIES:
01 4mm-multipin patch cord 50 cm. Red... . ...SNOS.

02 4mm-multipin patch cord 50 cm. Black.. * * * *

.2Nos.

[Link] 07-06-2014

OMEGA ELECTRONIcS R-302 NDIA)

OME GA