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Python - Variable Types

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store

values. This means that when you create a variable you reserve
some space in memory.

Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates

memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory.
Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables, you can
store integers, decimals or characters in these variables.

Assigning Values to Variables

Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve
memory space. The declaration happens automatically when you
assign a value to a variable. The equal sign (=) is used to assign
values to variables.

The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the

variable and the operand to the right of the = operator is the value
stored in the variable. For example −

Live Demo
#!/usr/bin/python

counter = 100 # An integer assignment

miles = 1000.0 # A floating point
name = "John" # A string

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print counter
print miles
print name

Here, 100, 1000.0 and "John" are the values assigned to counter,
miles, and name variables, respectively. This produces the
following result −

100
1000.0
John

Multiple Assignment
Python allows you to assign a single value to several variables
simultaneously. For example −

a = b = c = 1

Here, an integer object is created with the value 1, and all three
variables are assigned to the same memory location. You can
also assign multiple objects to multiple variables. For example −

a,b,c = 1,2,"john"

Here, two integer objects with values 1 and 2 are assigned to

variables a and b respectively, and one string object with the
value "john" is assigned to the variable c.

Standard Data Types

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The data stored in memory can be of many types. For example, a

person's age is stored as a numeric value and his or her address
is stored as alphanumeric characters. Python has various
standard data types that are used to define the operations
possible on them and the storage method for each of them.

Python has five standard data types −

Numbers
String
List
Tuple
Dictionary

Python Numbers
Number data types store numeric values. Number objects are
created when you assign a value to them. For example −

var1 = 1
var2 = 10

You can also delete the reference to a number object by using the
del statement. The syntax of the del statement is −

del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]

You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using the del
statement. For example −

del var

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del var_a, var_b

Python supports four different numerical types −

int (signed integers)

long (long integers, they can also be represented in octal
and hexadecimal)
float (floating point real values)
complex (complex numbers)

Examples
Here are some examples of numbers −

int long float complex

10 51924361L 0.0 3.14j

100 -0x19323L 15.20 45.j

-786 0122L -21.9 9.322e-36j

080 0xDEFABCECBDAECBFBAEl 32.3+e18 .876j

-0490 535633629843L -90. -.6545+0J

-0x260 -052318172735L -32.54e100 3e+26J

0x69 -4721885298529L 70.2-E12 4.53e-7j

Python allows you to use a lowercase l with long, but it is

recommended that you use only an uppercase L to avoid
confusion with the number 1. Python displays long

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integers with an uppercase L.

A complex number consists of an ordered pair of real

floating-point numbers denoted by x + yj, where x and y
are the real numbers and j is the imaginary unit.

Python Strings
Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set of characters
represented in the quotation marks. Python allows for either pairs
of single or double quotes. Subsets of strings can be taken using
the slice operator ([ ] and [:] ) with indexes starting at 0 in the
beginning of the string and working their way from -1 at the end.

The plus (+) sign is the string concatenation operator and the
asterisk (*) is the repetition operator. For example −

Live Demo
#!/usr/bin/python

str = 'Hello World!'

print str # Prints complete string

print str[0] # Prints first character of the string
print str[2:5] # Prints characters starting from 3rd to 5th
print str[2:] # Prints string starting from 3rd character
print str * 2 # Prints string two times
print str + "TEST" # Prints concatenated string

This will produce the following result −

Hello World!
H

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llo
llo World!
Hello World!Hello World!
Hello World!TEST

Python Lists
Lists are the most versatile of Python's compound data types. A
list contains items separated by commas and enclosed within
square brackets ([]). To some extent, lists are similar to arrays in
C. One difference between them is that all the items belonging to
a list can be of different data type.

The values stored in a list can be accessed using the slice

operator ([ ] and [:]) with indexes starting at 0 in the beginning of
the list and working their way to end -1. The plus (+) sign is the
list concatenation operator, and the asterisk (*) is the repetition
operator. For example −

#!/usr/bin/python

list = [ 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 ]

tinylist = [123, 'john']

print list # Prints complete list

print list[0] # Prints first element of the list
print list[1:3] # Prints elements starting from 2nd till 3rd
print list[2:] # Prints elements starting from 3rd element
print tinylist * 2 # Prints list two times
print list + tinylist # Prints concatenated lists

This produce the following result −

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['abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2]

abcd
[786, 2.23]
[2.23, 'john', 70.2]
[123, 'john', 123, 'john']
['abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2, 123, 'john']

Python Tuples
A tuple is another sequence data type that is similar to the list. A
tuple consists of a number of values separated by commas.
Unlike lists, however, tuples are enclosed within parentheses.

The main differences between lists and tuples are: Lists are
enclosed in brackets ( [ ] ) and their elements and size can be
changed, while tuples are enclosed in parentheses ( ( ) ) and
cannot be updated. Tuples can be thought of as read-only lists.
For example −

Live Demo
#!/usr/bin/python

tuple = ( 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )

tinytuple = (123, 'john')

print tuple # Prints the complete tuple

print tuple[0] # Prints first element of the tuple
print tuple[1:3] # Prints elements of the tuple starting from
print tuple[2:] # Prints elements of the tuple starting from
print tinytuple * 2 # Prints the contents of the tuple twice
print tuple + tinytuple # Prints concatenated tuples

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This produce the following result −

('abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2)

abcd
(786, 2.23)
(2.23, 'john', 70.2)
(123, 'john', 123, 'john')
('abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2, 123, 'john')

The following code is invalid with tuple, because we attempted to

update a tuple, which is not allowed. Similar case is possible with
lists −

#!/usr/bin/python

tuple = ( 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )

list = [ 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 ]
tuple[2] = 1000 # Invalid syntax with tuple
list[2] = 1000 # Valid syntax with list

Python Dictionary
Python's dictionaries are kind of hash table type. They work like
associative arrays or hashes found in Perl and consist of key-
value pairs. A dictionary key can be almost any Python type, but
are usually numbers or strings. Values, on the other hand, can be
any arbitrary Python object.

Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces ({ }) and values can be

assigned and accessed using square braces ([]). For example −

Live Demo

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#!/usr/bin/python

dict = {}
dict['one'] = "This is one"
dict[2] = "This is two"

tinydict = {'name': 'john','code':6734, 'dept': 'sales'

print dict['one'] # Prints value for 'one' key

print dict[2] # Prints value for 2 key
print tinydict # Prints complete dictionary
print [Link]() # Prints all the keys
print [Link]() # Prints all the values

This produce the following result −

This is one
This is two
{'dept': 'sales', 'code': 6734, 'name': 'john'}
['dept', 'code', 'name']
['sales', 6734, 'john']

Dictionaries have no concept of order among elements. It is

incorrect to say that the elements are "out of order"; they are
simply unordered.

Data Type Conversion

Sometimes, you may need to perform conversions between the
built-in types. To convert between types, you simply use the type
name as a function.

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There are several built-in functions to perform conversion from

one data type to another. These functions return a new object
representing the converted value.

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[Link]. Function & Description

1 int(x [,base])

Converts x to an integer. base specifies the base if x is

a string.

2 long(x [,base] )

Converts x to a long integer. base specifies the base if

x is a string.

3 float(x)

Converts x to a floating-point number.

4 complex(real [,imag])

Creates a complex number.

5 str(x)

Converts object x to a string representation.

6 repr(x)

Converts object x to an expression string.

7 eval(str)

Evaluates a string and returns an object.

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8 tuple(s)

Converts s to a tuple.

9 list(s)

Converts s to a list.

10 set(s)

Converts s to a set.

11 dict(d)

Creates a dictionary. d must be a sequence of

(key,value) tuples.

12 frozenset(s)

Converts s to a frozen set.

13 chr(x)

Converts an integer to a character.

14 unichr(x)

Converts an integer to a Unicode character.

15 ord(x)

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Converts a single character to its integer value.

16 hex(x)

Converts an integer to a hexadecimal string.

17 oct(x)

Converts an integer to an octal string.

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