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Probability Exercises in Discrete Mathematics

This document contains 8 problems related to probability and discrete mathematics. Problem 1 asks to calculate probabilities related to coin tosses. Problem 2 constructs an outcome table and calculates probabilities related to a coin toss and dice roll. Problem 3 calculates probabilities related to randomly selecting an integer between 1 and 20. Problem 4 calculates probabilities related to dice sums. Problem 5 constructs a tree diagram and calculates probabilities related to randomly selecting colored discs from a bag. Problems 6-8 calculate additional probabilities related to births, student studies, and dice rolls.

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11 views2 pages

Probability Exercises in Discrete Mathematics

This document contains 8 problems related to probability and discrete mathematics. Problem 1 asks to calculate probabilities related to coin tosses. Problem 2 constructs an outcome table and calculates probabilities related to a coin toss and dice roll. Problem 3 calculates probabilities related to randomly selecting an integer between 1 and 20. Problem 4 calculates probabilities related to dice sums. Problem 5 constructs a tree diagram and calculates probabilities related to randomly selecting colored discs from a bag. Problems 6-8 calculate additional probabilities related to births, student studies, and dice rolls.

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qwer
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Discrete Mathematics First City University College

TUTORIAL 5
1. A coin is tossed 3 times. Determine the probability that the outcome is
a) 2 heads first and then a tail;
b) 2 heads and a tail (in any order);
c) 2 tails and a head (in any order);
d) no heads.

2. A coin is tossed and dice is rolled. Construct a table to show all the equally outcomes.
Then, determine the probability that when this experiment is carried out once
a) the coin will show a head;
b) the dice will land with the 5 uppermost;
c) the coin will show a tail and the uppermost face of the dice is even;
d) the coin will show a tail and the uppermost face of the dice is prime;
e) the coin will show a head and the uppermost face of the dice is 4.

3. An integer is picked at random from the integers from 1 to 20 inclusive.


A is the event ‘the integer is a multiple of 3’
B is the event ‘the integer is a multiple of 4’
Find
a) P(A)
b) P(B’)

4. Two ordinary fair cubical dice are thrown. Find the probability that
a) the sum of the numbers on the dice is 3
b) the sum of the numbers on the dice exceeds 9
c) the dice show the same number
d) the numbers on the dice differ by more than 2

5. A bag contains 5 coloured discs: 2 red, 1 yellow and 2 green. A disc is randomly selected
from the bag, the colour of the disc is noted and the disc is returned to the bag. This
process is then repeated one more time. Construct a tree diagram to assist you on finding
the possible outcomes. Then, determine the probability that the first disc drawn out will be
a) red;
b) not red;
c) blue;Determine the probability that the two discs drawn out will be
d) two reds;
e) a red and then a yellow;
f) a red and a yellow in any order;
g) two of the same colour.
(Redo the above questions by assuming that the first drawn disc is not returned to the bag)

Prepared by NSMN 1
Discrete Mathematics First City University College

6. On a particular day a country hospital has three babies born, one in the morning, one in the
afternoon and one in the evening. Using B for boy and G for girl, show the sample space
for the 8 possible sex sequences are equally likely to determine the probability that
a) the babies were all boys;
b) the babies were two girls and a boy (in any order);
c) the babies were two girls and a boy (arriving in this order);
d) the afternoon baby was a girl;
e) the morning and evening babies were both girls.

7. Of the first year Biology students at a college, 36 study Chemistry, 60 study Biology and
10 study both Chemistry and Biology. A first year student is selected at random to represent
the college at a conference. Find the probability that the student studies
a) Chemistry, given that the student studies Biology.
b) Biology, given that the student studies Chemistry.

8. A fair normal six sided dice is rolled once. Determine


a) P(3);
b) P(3 | odd number);
c) P(3 | even number);
d) P(even number | 3);
e) P(2 | a number < 4);
f) P(not a 2 | a number < 4);
g) P( a number < 2 | a number < 4);
h) P(a number >3 | even number).

Prepared by NSMN 2

Common questions

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With 2 red, 1 yellow, and 2 green discs, calculate the probability of drawing two discs of the same color: [(2/5) * (1/4)] for reds, [0] for yellow as there is only 1, and [(2/5) * (1/4)] for greens. Thus, the probabilities are 1/10 for the reds and greens, summing to 1/5 .

Consider each pair (a, b) such that |a-b| > 2. Possible pairs include (1,4), (1,5), (1,6); (2,5), (2,6); and (3,6), plus their reverse pairs. Total is 12 from 36, giving probability 1/3 .

To find the probability, first identify the integers from 1 to 20 that are multiples of 3: {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}, totaling 6. The total number of integers from 1 to 20 is 20. Thus, the probability is 6/20 or 3/10 .

To find this probability, compute the favorable outcomes where the sum exceeds 9: (4,6), (5,5), (5,6), (6,4), (6,5), and (6,6), making 6 combinations. Since each die has 6 sides, there are 6 * 6 = 36 possible outcomes. The probability is therefore 6/36 or 1/6 .

Comprising numbers {2, 4, 6}, two exceed 3: {4, 6}. Therefore, P(>3|even) = 2/3 .

There are 10 students who study both subjects and 36 students who study Chemistry. Thus, the probability that a Chemistry student also studies Biology is 10/36 or 5/18 .

The sample space consists of the outcomes from both the coin (Head or Tail) and the die (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). There are 2 * 6 = 12 possible outcomes. The favorable outcomes for a tail and even number are: (T, 2), (T, 4), and (T, 6), which are 3 outcomes. Thus, the probability is 3/12 or 1/4 .

The odd numbers on a six-sided die are 1, 3, and 5, totaling 3. Only one of these is a 3, so the probability is 1/3 .

For the sex sequence with equally likely boy or girl births, each event has a probability of 1/2. The probability for all being boys is (1/2) * (1/2) * (1/2) = 1/8 .

To determine the probability of 2 heads followed by a tail in three coin tosses, consider each coin toss as an independent event, each having two possible outcomes (Head or Tail). The sequence 'HHT' has one favorable outcome. The probability of each outcome (Head or Tail) is 1/2, so the overall probability for 'HHT' is (1/2) * (1/2) * (1/2) = 1/8 .

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