7

SPS
Quarter 1 – Module 1:

BASIC BIOMECHANICAL
TERMINOLOGIES
Special Program in Sports – Grade 7
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Basic Biomechanical Terninologies
First Edition, 2020

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 7

SPS
Quarter 1 – Module 1:

BASIC BIOMECHANICAL
TERMINOLOGIES
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Special Program in Sports 7 Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Basic Biomechnical Terninologies.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
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This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
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into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
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them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Special Program in Sports 7 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Basic Biomechanical Terminologies!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
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Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

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check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip
this module.

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the lesson. This aims to help you discover
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What’s More This comprises activities for independent

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answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.
 What I Have This includes questions or blank
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lesson.

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retention of learned concepts.

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the module.

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 We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
the Basic Biomechanical Terminologies. The scope of this module permits it
to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
This module is shares about the Basic Biomechanical Terminologies. Every
module is designed for a weekly activity of the subject.

After going through this module, you are expected to define basic
biomechanical terminologies.

What I Know
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
A. Multiple Choice : Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Is a push or a pull.
A. Force C. Kinematics
B. Internal Forces D. External Forces
2. It is a process of a change in position.
A. Force C. Kinematics
B. Motion D. Power
3. Objects deform whenthey are subjected to external forces.
A. Stress C. Strain
B. Force D. none of the above
4. Combining the angular motions of our limbs can produce linear motions
of one or more body parts.
A. Angular Motion C. Linear Motion
B. General Motion D. Linear Kinematics
5. If an object exerts a force on another object, the other object exerts the
same force on the first object but in the opposite direction.
A. Newton’s Third law of Motion
B. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
C. Newton’s First law of Motion
D. None of the above.

B. TRUE OR FALSE. If the statement is true write T, if its false write F.

_____ 6. Energy is a term that has many meanings.
_____ 7. Kinetic energy is energy due to motion, whereas potential energy is
energy due to position.
_____ 8. A force is something that accelerates or deforms an object.
_____ 9. External Forces are those forces that act on an object as a result of
its interaction with the environment surrounding it.
_____10. Linear Motion is also referred to as translation.
 Lesson
Basic Biomechanical
1 Terminology

What’s In

Biomechanics has been defined as the study of the movement of living

things using the science of mechanics(Hatze,1974.) Mechanics is a branch of
physics that is concerned with the description of motion and how forces create
motion. Forces acting on living things can create motion, be a healthy
stimulus for growth and development or over load tissues, causing injury.
Biomechanics provides conceptual and mathematical tools that are necessary
for understanding how living things move and how kinesiology professionals
might improve movement or make movement safer.
 What’s New

MECHANICS

RIGID BODY
MECHANICS

STATICS DYNAMICS

KINEMATICS KINETICS

Figure 1

Refer to Figure 1. Schematic Diagram for Mechanics.

 What is It
Why Study
Biomechanics?

Objective:
After this activity, you should be able to define
biomechanical terminologies.

External Biomechanics External Forces and Their

Effects on the Body and Its Movement

Forces: Maintaining Equilibrium or Changing Motion

What Are Forces? Simply defined, a force is a push or a pull. Forces

are exerted by objects on other objects. Forces come in pairs: The force exerted
by one object on another is matched by an equal but oppositely directed force
exerted by the second object on the first—action and reaction. A force is
something that accelerates or deforms an object. In rigidbody mechanics, we
ignore deformations and assume that the objects we analyze do not change
shape. So, in rigid-body mechanics, forces do not deform objects, but they do
accelerate objects if the force is unopposed. Mechanically speaking,
something accelerates when it starts, stops, speeds up, slows down, or
changes direction. So a force is something that can cause an object to start,
stop, speed up, slow down, or change direction.
➲ Simply defined, a force is a push or a pull.
Internal forces are forces that act within the object or system whose
motion is being investigated.
 External forces are those forces that act on an object as a result of its
interaction with the environment surrounding it.

Linear Kinematics Describing Objects in Linear

Motion
Kinematics is the branch of dynamics concerned with the description
of motion.

What is motion? Can you define it? We might define motion as the action or
process of a change in position. Movement is a change in position. Moving
involves a change in position from one point to another. Two things are
necessary for motion to occur: space and time—space to move in and time
during which to move. To make the study of movement easier, we classify
movements as linear, angular, or both (general).

Linear motion is also referred to as translation. It occurs when all

points on a body or object move the same distance, in the same direction, and
at the same time. This can happen in two ways: rectilinear translation or
curvilinear translation.

Angular motion is also referred to as rotary motion or rotation. It

occurs when all points on a body or object move in circles (or parts of circles)
about the same fixed central line or axis. Angular motion can occur about an
axis within the body or outside of the body. A child on a swing is an example
of angular motion about an axis of rotation external to the body. An ice-skater
in a spin is an example of angular motion about an axis of rotation within the
body. To determine whether or not a motion is angular, imagine any two
points on the object in question. As the object moves, are the paths that each
of these points follow circular? Do these two circular paths have the same
center or axis? If you imagine a line connecting the two imaginary points, does
this line continuously change orientation as the object moves? Does the line
continuously change the direction in which it points? If these conditions are
true, the object is rotating.

General Motion Combining the angular motions of our limbs can

produce linear motions of one or more body parts. When both the knee and
hip joints extend, you can produce a linear motion of your foot. Similarly,
extension at the elbow and horizontal adduction at the shoulder can produce
a linear motion of the hand. General motion is a combination of linear and
angular motions.

Classifying motion as linear, angular, or general motion makes the

mechanical analysis of movements easier.

Linear Kinematics
Now let’s examine linear motion in more detail. Linear kinematics is
concerned with the description of linear motion. Questions about speed,
distance, and direction are all inquiries about the linear kinematics of an
object.

Speed and Velocity

We can now describe an object’s position, and we have measures

(distance traveled and displacement) for describing its change in position, but
how do we describe how quickly something changes its position? When we
speak of how fast or slow something moves, we are describing its speed or
velocity. Both are used to refer to the rate of motion. You have probably used
both of these terms, perhaps interchangeably. Are speed and velocity the
same thing? Mechanically, speed and velocity are different. Speed is just rate
of motion. More specifically, it is the rate of distance traveled. It is
described by a single number only. Velocity is rate of motion in a specific
direction. More specifically it is the rate of displacement. Since
displacement is a vector quantity, so is velocity. Velocity has a magnitude
(number) and a direction associated with it.

➲ Speed is rate of motion; velocity is rate of motion in a specific

direction.

Linear Kinetics

Newton’s First Law of Motion: Law of Inertia

If no net external force acts on an object, that object will not move if it
wasn’t moving to begin with, or it will continue moving at constant speed in a
straight line if it was already moving.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration

Any time an object starts, stops, speeds up, slows down, or changes
direction, it is accelerating and a net external force is acting to cause this
acceleration.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Law of ActionReaction

If an object exerts a force on another object, the other object exerts the
same force on the first object but in the opposite direction.
 Work, Power, and Energy

What is work? There are many definitions for work. Webster’s New
World Dictionary uses almost one full column (half a page) to list all the
various definitions of work. In mechanics, however, work is the product of
force and the amount of displacement in the direction of that force (it is the
means by which energy is transferred from one object or system to another).
Work is the product of force and displacement.

What is energy? Like work, energy is a term that has many meanings.
In mechanics, energy is defined as the capacity to do work. There are many
forms of energy: heat, light, sound, chemical, and so on. In mechanics, we are
concerned primarily with mechanical energy, which comes in two forms:
kinetic energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy is energy due to motion,
whereas potential energy is energy due to position.

[Link] ability of an athlete to increase the displacement of an object

(or body part) while exerting a force affects performance in many skills.
Success in these skills thus requires the athlete to exert a large amount of
work on an object (or body part). In some sports, excelling requires not just
the ability to do a large amount of work, but also the ability to do that work
in a short time. Power is the mechanical term that describes this ability. Like
work and energy, power is another word that you have some familiarity with
and that has numerous meanings. In mechanics, power is the rate of doing
work, or how much work is done in a specific amount of time.

Torques and Moments of Force

 What Are Torques? The turning effect produced by a force is called a
torque. The torque produced by a force may also be called a moment of force.
Occasionally, this term is simplified further and shortened to moment. One
way to think of torque is to think of it as an angular or rotary force.

Angular Kinematics Describing Objects in Angular Motion

Angular kinematics is concerned with the description of angular

motion. Angles describe the orientation of two lines. Absolute angular position
refers to the orientation of an object relative to a fixed reference line or plane,
such as horizontal or vertical. Relative angular position refers to the
orientation of an object relative to a nonfixed reference line or plane. Joint
angles are relative, whereas limb positions may be relative or absolute.

Internal Biomechanics
Internal Forces and
Their Effects on the Body and Its Movement

The movements of the body as a whole are determined by the external

forces that act on the body, but what about the internal forces that hold the
body together? How do these forces affect the body and its movement? These
questions are addressed in part II, most of which is devoted to the “bio-” part
of biomechanics.

Stress

The external forces that act on the body are resisted by internal forces
and cause deformation of the body. The amount of deformation produced is
related to the stress caused by the forces and the material that is loaded.

Strain

Objects deform when they are subjected to external forces. These

deformations may be large or small, depending on the nature of the material
and the stresses involved. Strain is the quantification of the deformation of a
material. Linear strain occurs as a result of a change in the object’s length.
Linear strain is produced by compressive or tensile stresses. Shear strain
occurs as a result of a change in the orientation of the object’s molecules.
 What’s More

ACTIVITY 1. Word Bank:

Biomechanics 1 st Newton’s Laws of Motion

External Biomechanics 2 nd Newton’s Laws of Motion

Internal Biomechanics 3 rd Newton’s Laws Of Motion

Force stress

Linear Kinematics strain

Linear Kinetics Skeletal system

Angular Kinematics Muscular system

Angular Kinetics Nervous system

Work Energy

Power Torques

DIRECTION : Fill in the missing letters in the box to come up with the
complete word/phrase. Choose your answer on the word bank above.
1. Is a push or a pull.
F R

2. Are forces that act within the object or system whose motion is being
investigated.

I E R F O S

3. Are those forces that act on an object as a result of its interaction with the
environment surrounding it.
E T R F E S
4. Is the branch of dynamics concerned with the description of motion.
K N E C S
5. Objects deform when they are subjected to external forces
S T N
6. The ability of an athlete to increase the displacement of an object (or body
part) while exerting a force affects performance in many skills
W E
7. The external forces that act on the body are resisted by internal forces
and cause deformation of the body.
T S S

What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY 2. THINK..THINK…

Clip Art

Answer the following question.

1. What have you observe on the picture shown above?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Why is force very important?
___________________________________________________________________________

WHAT I CAN DO

ACTIVITY 3 : EXPRESS YOURSELF!

Direction : You may have discovered through your analysis that an athlete
needs to improve their fitness. Working individually, complete the following
table, which requires you to assign methods to different components of
fitness.
COMPONENT OF FITNESS METHODS OF TRAINING
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE

Flexibility Stretching

Strenght

Muscular Endurance

Power

Speed
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of your answer.

1. It occurs when all points on a body or object move in circles (or parts of
circle)
A. Angular Motion C. Linear Motion
B. General Motion D. Speed
2. It occurs when all points on a body or object move the same distance, in
the same direction, and at the same time.
A. Angular Motion C. General Motion
B. Linear Motion D. Speed
3. Combining the angular motions of our limbs can produce linear motions
of one or more body parts.
A. Angular Motion C. General Motion
B. Linear Motion D. Speed
4. Is concerned with the description of linear motion.
A. Linear Kinematics C. Speed
B. Velocity D. Work
5. Is rate of motion.
A. Velocity C. Linear Kinematics
B. Speed D. Work
6. Newton’s First law of Motion : Law of Inertia ; Second Law of Motion : __
A. Law of Accelaration C. Law of ActionReaction
B. The art of balancing D. Law of law
7. Work : the product of force and displacement ; Energy : ____________
A. Is the rate of doing work C. Is a push or a pull
B. The capacity to do work D. none of the above
8. The turning effect produced by a force is called ______________
A. Turque C. Power
B. Stress D. Strain
9. _________ is the branch of dynamics concerned with the description of
motion.
A. Force C. Power
B. Kinematics D. Strain
10. Is a rate of motion in a specific direction.
A. Power C. Velocity
B. Strain D. Force

Additional Activities

What is the difference between Stress and Strain?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Answer Key

10. T
10.C 9. T
9. B
8. T
8. A Stress 7. 7. T
7. B
Power 6. 6. T
6. A
5. B Strain 5. 5. A
4. A Kinematics 4. 4. B
3. C External Forces 3. 3. C
2. B Internal Forces 2. 2. B
1. A Force 1. 1. A

Assessment What's More What I Know

References

- Fundamentals of Biomechanics (Second Edition)by: Duane Knudson

- Biomechanics of Sports and Exercise( Third Edition), Peter M. Mc
Ginnis, State University of New York, College of Cortland
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