INSTITUTEOFAERONAUTICALENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad-500043

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

TUTORIAL QUESTION BANK

Course Name : EXPERIMENTAL AERODYNAMICS

Course Code : AAE509
Class : VI Semester
Branch : AERO
Year : 2019 – 2020
CourseCoordinator : [Link] Kumar Mohanta, Professor
Course Faculty : [Link] Kumar Mohanta, Professor

OBJECTIVES

To meet the challenge of ensuring excellence in engineering education, the issue of quality needs to be addressed,
debated and taken forward in a systematic manner. Accreditation is the principal means of quality assurance in higher
education. The major emphasis of accreditation process is to measure the outcomes of the program that is being
accredited.

In line with this, Faculty of Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad has taken a lead in incorporating
philosophy of outcome based education in the process of problem solving and career development. So, all students of
the institute should understand the depth and approach of course to be taught through this question bank, which will
enhance learner’s learning process.

I. COURSE OBJECTIVES (COs):

The course should enable the students to:
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics experiments, their need in comparison with numerical computation and
I theoretical studies.
Develop concepts of flow similarity and evaluate the loss coefficients of wind tunnel components.
II Analyze the concept of force and moment measurements using wind tunnel balance and extrapolate it to
new balance development.
III Summarize various techniques for pressure, velocity, temperature measurement and flow visualization

II. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLOs):

At the end of the course, the student will have the ability to:

CLO Code CLO’s Description

AAE509.01 CLO 1 Wind tunnel experimental test and measuring techniques

Development of wind tunnel experimental test
AAE509.02 CLO 2
Types of Wind tunnels and their requirements will help the students to design and
AAE509.03 CLO 3
application
Wind tunnels for industrial and various applications apart from aerospace
AAE509.04 CLO 4
requirements
 CLO Code CLO’s Description
Requirements for quality assurance in testing methodology
AAE509.05 CLO 5
Experimental requirements and design constraints
AAE509.06 CLO 6

AAE509.07 CLO 7 Wind tunnel quality and performance

Source of errors and correction methodology
AAE509.08 CLO 8

AAE509.09 CLO 9 Usage and need of wind tunnel balance

AAE509.10 CLO 10 Models mounting techniques

Various techniques used in wind tunnels for flow visualization
AAE509.11 CLO 11

AAE509.12 CLO 12 Schlieren system and set up

Merits and demerits of various flow visualization techniques
AAE509.13 CLO 13

AAE509.14 CLO 14 Right tools and techniques for required flow speed
Flow measurements techniques for steady
AAE509.15 CLO 15
Flow measurements techniques for unsteady flow
AAE509.16 CLO 16
Usage of electronic device and transducer
AAE509.17 CLO 17
Usage of hot wire Anemometry
AAE509.18 CLO 18
Usage of electronic device and transducer
AAE509.19 CLO 19
Flow visualisation of subsonic and supersonic flow
AAE509.20 CLO 20

TUTORIAL QUESTION BANK

Blooms Course Course

S No QUESTION Taxonomy Outcomes Learning
Level (CO) Outcomes

UNIT– I
FUNDAMENTALS OF EXPERIMENTS IN AERODYNAMICS
Part - A(Short Answer Questions)
1 Define the main objectives of aerodynamic experiments. Remember CO 1 AAE509.1
Explain the procedure of selecting model for aerodynamic CO 1
2 Understand AAE509.2
observations.
Explain Classify various types of wind tunnel used for CO 1
3 Understand AAE509.3
Aerodynamic studies.
4 What are the basic principles for wind tunnel selection? Understand CO 1 AAE509.3
5 What do you mean by model scaling? Understand CO 1 AAE509.5
6 What do you mean by a transonic wind tunnel? Remember CO 1 AAE509.4
 7 What are the scaling parameters? Remember CO 1 AAE509.3
8 Explain the term dynamic similarity. Remember CO 1 AAE509.5
9 Explain the term geometric similarity. Remember CO 1 AAE509.5
What are the various area of aerodynamic experiments CO 1
10 Remember AAE509.5
are employed.
Part - B (Long Answer Questions)
Write the significance of aerodynamic experiments in CO 1
1 Remember AAE509.6
comparison to numerical analysis and theoretical solution.
Briefly, describe the method of observation for aerodynamic CO 1
2 Understand AAE509.8
experiments.
3 Discuss the scaling laws used in aerodynamic modelling. Remember CO 1 AAE509.5
Write the importance of scale down model and it’srelation to CO 1
4 Remember AAE509.5
prototype.
5 Explain Buckingham pi theorem with example Understand CO 1 AAE509.5
Suggest the methodology on model design and CO 1
6 Remember AAE509.10
relatedprecaution.
Write the parameters used on scaling law. Explain CO 1
7 Understand AAE509.5
aboutgeometrical similarities.
What are the significance of similarity parameters? CO 1
8 Explainany one parameter and its relation with Understand AAE509.5
experimentation.
Suggest some outcome from aerodynamic testing in relation CO 1
9 Understand AAE509.6
to design of airplane.
What are the essential conditions to be satisfied for CO 1
10 theresults to be carried from the model to the prototype? Remember AAE509.5
Are there any limitations or preconditions involved?
Part - C (Problem Solving and Critical Thinking Questions)
1 What are the different types of supersonic wind tunnel? Analyze CO 1 AAE509.3
Consider a Boeing 747 airliner cruising at a velocity of 885 CO 1
km/h at a standard altitude of 11.58 km, where the freestream
pressure and temperature are 20.712 kPa and 216.67K,
respectively. A one-fiftieth scale model of the 747 is tested in
2 a wind tunnel where the temperature is 239K. Calculate the Evaluate AAE509.5
required velocity and pressure of the test airstream in the
wind tunnel such that the lift and drag coefficients measured
for the wind-tunnel model are the same as for free flight.
Assume that both μ and a are proportional to T1/2
3 Discuss the classification of wind tunnels in detail. Evaluate CO 1 AAE509.3
An open jet test-section of a subsonic wind tunnel expands CO 1
freely into a still environment. The test-section length is 1.5
times the diameter of the contraction cone exit. The friction
4 coefficient for the free jet is 10 times that of the closed throat Evaluate AAE509.2
with smooth wall. If the friction coefficient of the smooth
wall is 0.008, determine the increase of loss when the jet is
open, treating the jet as a cylindrical duct.
Explain the dynamic similarity between a wind tunnelmodel CO 1
and the prototype to be flight-tested. What are theessential
5 conditions to be satisfied for the results to becarried from the Remember AAE509.3
model to the prototype? Are there anylimitations or
preconditions involved?
An open circuit subsonic wind tunnel of test-section 1.2 m X
6 0.9 m is run by a 110 kW motor. If the test-section speed is Evaluate CO 1 AAE509.2
90 m/s, calculate the energy ratio of the tunnel. Also, find the
 total loss in the tunnel in terms of test-section kinetic energy.
Take the air density as the standard sea level value.
Define the following non-dimensional numbers: force CO 1
coefficient, Euler number, Reynold’s number and moment
7 Remember AAE509.2
coefficient. How do the model scale effects influence the
wind tunnel test results?
8 List industrial domain where wind and fluid tunnels are used. Evaluate CO 1 AAE509.4
Determine the minimum possible diffuser contraction ratio CO 1
and the power required for a two-stage compressor to run a
9 closed-circuit supersonic tunnel at M = 2.2. The efficiency of Evaluate AAE509.3
the compressor is 85 percent, p01 = 4 atm, T0 = 330K and
ATS = 0.04m2.

10 Briefly explain the types of non-dimensionless number. Evaluate CO 1 AAE509.3

UNIT-II
WIND TUNNEL EXPERIMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS
Part – A (Short Answer Questions)
1 What is function of diffuser? Remember CO 2 AAE509.6
2 What is function of effuse/contraction? Remember CO 2 AAE509.6
3 Classify the wind tunnels. Understand CO 2 AAE509.6
4 What are the merits and demerits of open circuit? Remember CO 2 AAE509.7
5 Define Energy Ratio. Remember CO 2 AAE509.7
6 Draw neat sketch of low speed wind tunnel. Remember CO 2 AAE509.3
7 What are sources of error and uncertainties in wind tunnel? Understand CO 2 AAE509.8
8 What is solid blockage? Remember CO 2 AAE509.8
9 What is wake blockage? Remember CO 2 AAE509.8
10 What is meant by zero lift drag? Remember CO 2 AAE509.10
11 What are the causes of streamline curvature? Understand CO 2 AAE509.10
Part - B (Long Answer Questions)
What is understood by the term low speed wind tunnel in CO 2
aerodynamic testing? Describe with brief details through
1 Understand AAE509.3
sketches and plots, various types of low speed wind tunnels
based upon the details of the flow in test section.
2 What are the classifications of wind tunnel? Understand CO 2 AAE509.3
Discuss in detail the effect of flow quality in wind tunnel CO 2
3 Remember AAE509.7
performance.
What are the components of low speed wind tunnel?Explain CO 2
4 Understand AAE509.3
in detail any two of them.
What are the design requirements and constrictions of Low CO 2
5 Understand AAE509.5
speed wind tunnels?
Discuss about the construction of Low speed windtunnels. CO 2
6 Understand AAE509.5
Explain in detail the loss coefficients in them.
Explain the purpose of the following: CO 2
a) Diffuser
b) straighteners
7 Remember AAE509.5
c) honeycombs
d) contraction cone and
e) turning vanes
8 What is boundarylayer correction in the test sectiondesign of Analyze CO 2 AAE509.11
 wind tunnels?
With a neat illustration, explain the objective ofcalibration of CO 2
a wind tunnel. In what way the calibrationprocedure for a
9 Remember AAE509.11
supersonic tunnel different from that of a subsonic wind
tunnel.
Discuss the causes, estimation and correction ofstreamline CO 2
10 curvature. Understand AAE509.10
Discuss in detail the wind tunnel corrections and theneed for CO 2
11 Analyze AAE509.11
wind tunnel corrections.
Discuss in detail the corrections on airspeed and CO 2
12 Understand AAE509.11
dynamicpressure.
Part – C (Problem Solving and Critical Thinking)
1 Explain the losses in subsonic wind tunnel. Understand CO 2 AAE509.5
Derive the equation for test section speed in low CO 2
2 Evaluate AAE509.5
speedwind tunnel and draw the corresponding curve
Explain the operation, merits, demerits and application of CO 2
3 Understand AAE509.4
any three special purpose wind tunnels.
On what factors does the pressure loss in a constant area cross CO 2
4 Evaluate AAE509.5
section duct depend on?
On what factors does pressure loss in a diffuser depend on? CO 2
5 Evaluate AAE509.8
Explain it qualitatively.
On what factors does pressure loss in a Honeycomb & CO 2
6 Evaluate AAE509.8
screens depend on? Explain it qualitatively.
Determine the running time for a Mach 2 blowdown wind CO 2
tunnel with test-section cross-section of 300 mm X300 mm.
The storage tank volume is 20 m3 and the pressure and
temperature of air in the tank are 20 atm and 250C,
7 Remember AAE509.6
respectively. The tank is provided with a heat sink material
inside. Take the starting pressure ratio required for Mach 2.0
to be 3.0, the loss in pressure regulating valve (PRV) to be 50
percent, and the polytropic index n = 1.0.
Why a drive system is required in a wind tunnel? Why Can’t CO 2
8 the wind tunnel have a sustained flow with just a convergent- Evaluate AAE509.3
test section- diffuser arrangement?
Is it not feasible to have a constant area test section with a CO 2
9 fan at the exit? Why has the present day convergent-constant Evaluate AAE509.6
area- diffuser configuration has evolved?
Find the test-section temperature for a hypersonic stream of CO 2
10 Evaluate AAE509.6
air at Mach 7 with stagnation temperature at 700 K.
UNIT-III
WIND TUNNEL BALANCE
Part - A(Short Answer Questions)
1 Explain the transonic wind tunnel with neat sketch. Remember CO 3 AAE509.3
Draw and depict the various parts of Supersonic wind CO 3
2 Understand AAE509.3
tunnel?
3 What is hypersonic wind tunnel? Understand CO 3 AAE509.3
How blow down wind tunnel is different from suction type CO 3
4 Understand AAE509.3
wind tunnel?
5 What are the losses in wind wind tunnels? Understand CO 3 AAE509.3
6 What are the advantages of Blow down type wind tunnels? Understand CO 3 AAE509.3
7 Draw and illustrate the various components of a shock tube? Remember CO 3 AAE509.3
8 Make a neat sketch of a shock tunnel? Remember CO 3 AAE509.3
 9 What are the disadvantages of Blow down type wind tunnels? Understand CO 3 AAE509.3
10 What are the classifications of wind tunnel? Remember CO 3 AAE509.3
11 List the types of loads measuring techniques in wind tunnel? Understand CO 3 AAE509.9
12 What is meant by wind tunnel balance? Understand CO 3 AAE509.9
13 Describe wind tunnel balance. Remember CO 3 AAE509.9
14 Why do we need load measurements? Understand CO 3 AAE509.9
15 What are the types of wind tunnel balances? Remember CO 3 AAE509.9
Part – B (Long Answer Questions)
Sketch the typical layout of a supersonic wind tunnel and CO 3
1 mark all the components and subsystems. What is starting Understand AAE509.3
problem in supersonic tunnels?
2 What is meant by subsonic and transonic speed regime? Remember CO 3 AAE509.3
3 What are the losses in supersonic tunnel? Remember CO 3 AAE509.8
Compare the difference between subsonic, supersonic and CO 3
4 Understand AAE509.3
hypersonic wind tunnel.
5 Explain six component balance with neat sketch? Evaluate CO 3 AAE509.9
Mention the features and characteristics of wind tunnel CO 3
6 Understand AAE509.9
balance.
Distinguish between internal and external wind tunnel CO 3
7 Understand AAE509.9
balances.
Briefly, explain how force measurements are carried out CO 3
8 Evaluate AAE509.9
using an external strain gauge balance?
Briefly, write the essential features of a strain gauge CO 3
9 Remember AAE509.9
basedSix-component internal wind tunnel balance.
Explain how the six components are measured using the CO 3
10 Evaluate AAE509.9
balance?
Part – C (Problem Solving and Critical Thinking)
Explain the operation, merits, demerits and application CO 3
1 Evaluate AAE509.3
ofsupersonic and aero acoustic tunnel.
2 Briefly, explain the special purpose hypersonic windTunnel? Evaluate CO 3 AAE509.3
3 Explain the operation Gun tunnel and Shock tunnel? Evaluate CO 3 AAE509.6
With a neat illustration, explain the objective of calibration CO 3
of a wind tunnel. In what way the calibration procedure for
4 Evaluate AAE509.7
a
supersonic tunnel different from that of a subsonic wind
tunnel.
What types of wind tunnel balances are used to ascertain CO 3
5 forces and moments on an airplane model in a low speed Evaluate AAE509.10
wind tunnel?
Describe the underlying principles of an external type wind CO 3
6 tunnel balance for measuring lift, drag and pitching moments Evaluate AAE509.10
over a finite span wing.
7 How wind tunnel balances are classified? Evaluate CO 3 AAE509.10
Explain wire type balance with neat sketch and mention the CO 3
8 Evaluate AAE509.10
merits and demerits?
Explain the functioning of shock tube and parameters that CO 3
9 Analyze AAE509.12
dictate the stagnation condition.
Explain the purpose of heater in the settling chamber and
10 Remember CO 3 AAE509.11
second throat in the supersonic wind tunnel.
UNIT-IV
PRESSURE, VELOCITY & TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Part – A (Short Answer Questions)
1 What do you meant by LDA? Remember CO 4 AAE509.11
2 What do you meant by PIV? Remember CO 4 AAE509.11
3 What is hot wire anemometry? Remember CO 4 AAE509.18
4 What is data processing? Remember CO 4 AAE509.19
5 How pressure sensitive paints work? Evaluate CO 4 AAE509.16
6 Name few equipment to measure velocity Remember CO 4 AAE509.16
7 Name few equipment to measure pressure Apply CO 4 AAE509.14
8 Name few equipment to measure Temperature Remember CO 4 AAE509.15
9 How are the surface streamlines measured in wind tunnels? Evaluate CO 4 AAE509.15
10 How are the turbulence measured in wind tunnels? Understand CO 4 AAE509.18
Part – B (Long Answer Questions)
Describe the basis for the measurement of pressure CO 4
1 andInstruments used for the purpose. What are its advantages Remember AAE509.17
and applications? Illustrate with mathematical theory.
Explain how the surface streamlines measured in wind CO 4
2 Understand AAE509.14
tunnels.
Explain Turbulence intensitymeasurementsin wind tunnel test CO 4
3 Remember AAE509.14
section.
Explain how to measure velocity of flow using LDA CO 4
4 Understand AAE509.19
technique?
What is the basic principle behind hot wire CO 4
5 Remember AAE509.17
anemometer?What are its limitations?
Explain with a neat sketch the working of a hot CO 4
6 Understand AAE509.18
wireanemometer.
Describe Particle Image Velocimetry and explain itsworking CO 4
7 Apply AAE509.19
principle?
Describe the experimental setup, calibration andmeasurement CO 4
8 Remember AAE509.11
in Particle Image Velocimetry.
Describe various pressure transducers and their concepts CO 4
9 Remember AAE509.11
underlying their measurement.
10 Describe Pressure sensitive paints and their applications. Evaluate CO 4 AAE509.13
Part – C (Problem Solving and Critical Thinking)
What is meant by LDA? How is velocity measured of CO 4
1 Understand AAE509.15
flow using LDA technique?
What is meant by PIV? What are the limitations?Explain the CO 4
2 Remember AAE509.19
working principle of PIV?
What are the important assumptions in the principle of CO 4
3 operation of hot wire anemometry, thus limitations of this Remember AAE509.18
technique? Why l/d of the hot wire probe very large?
What is the basic principle behind hot wireanemometer? CO 4
4 What are its limitations? Explain with aneat sketch the Create AAE509.18
working of a hot wire anemometer.
Why are hot wire anemometers preferred for CO 4
measurement in the low velocity regimes?How are the
5 Evaluate AAE509.18
two modes of hot wire anemometry different from
each
other?
Explain the techniques used for CO 4
6 Create AAE509.16
Turbulencemeasurements in a wind tunnel.
Write notes on: CO 4
7 Evaluate AAE509.12
(a) setting Mach number in a transonic wind tunnel
 (b) Measurements of turbulence in tunnel.
Explain the techniques used for turbulence measurements in
a wind tunnel. level in a transonic wind
What is the purpose served by the seeding particles in LDA CO 4
8 measurements? Derive the classical equation connecting Evaluate AAE509.16
the
velocity and the Doppler frequency.
Why is the photo receiver in LDA system kept at small CO 4
9 angle to the direction of the incident beam?Differentiate Evaluate AAE509.16
between
the backward and forward scattering modes of LDA.
What component in LDA systems help determining the CO 4
10 direction of the flow?What is understood by the fringe model Remember AAE509.16
of LDA.
What are the advantages of laser Doppler anemometry CO 4
11 for velocity measurements?Compare and contrast LDA Remember AAE509.16
with
hotwire anemometry?
Describe the basis for the measurement of pressure and CO 4
instruments used for the purpose. What are its advantages and
12 applications? Illustrate with theory and an example. It is Evaluate AAE509.11
desired to obtain pressure distribution of a rotating
circular cylinder kept in the test section of awind tunnel.
UNIT-V
FLOW VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES
Part - A (Short Answer Questions)
Write short notes on the classification of flow visualization
1 Evaluate CO 5 AAE509.13
Techniques.
2 What are optical flow visualization techniques? Remember CO 5 AAE509.13
3 What is surface flow visualization technique? Remember CO 5 AAE509.13
4 What is flow visualization techniques? Remember CO 5 AAE509.13
What are hydrogen bubble and smoke visualization CO 5
5 Remember AAE509.13
techniques?
6 What is the technique adopted to visualize Shock waves? Understand CO 5 AAE509.12
7 What is china clay visualization? Remember CO 5 AAE509.13
8 What are tufts? How are mini tufts better than tufts? Remember CO 5 AAE509.13
Draw a schematic of the schlieren system making use of CO 5
9 Understand AAE509.12
concave mirrors marking the components and the test section
10 What is Shadowgraph technique? Remember CO 5 AAE509.11
Why the bow shock visualized through shadowgraph has CO 5
11 Understand AAE509.13
bright and dark bands?
Part - B (Long Answer Questions)
1 Explain the classification of flow visualization techniques. Understand CO 5 AAE509.11
2 Explain the optical flow visualization techniques. Understand CO 5 AAE509.11
3 Explain surface flow visualization technique. Apply CO 5 AAE509.11
4 Explain the data flow visualization techniques. Remember CO 5 AAE509.11
5 Describe various flow field visualization techniques Remember CO 5 AAE509.11
Discuss the smoke and tuft grid techniques used for flow CO 5
6 Remember AAE509.12
Visualization.
7 Explain in detail schilerin technique. Create CO 5 AAE509.12
8 Explain in detail shadowgraphy technique. Remember CO 5 AAE509.12
How are the imagery of schlieren and shadowgraph different CO 5
9 Understand AAE509.12
in interpretation?
 10 Explain the interferometric principle. Understand CO 5 AAE509.12
Part – C (Problem Solving and Critical Thinking)
What are the requirements of tracer particles used for flow CO 5
1 visualization?Why tracer methods cannot be used for Evaluate AAE509.11
visualization of compressible flows?
What are the advantages of flow visualization methods? CO 5
2 What is the basic principle involved in the interferometer Evaluate AAE509.11
method of flow visualization?
What is the basic principle involved in the dye injection CO 5
3 Method of flow visualization? What are the limitations of Evaluate AAE509.13
dye injection method for flow visualization?
What is the need of flow visualization techniques? Briefly CO 5
4 Evaluate AAE509.14
explain the optical methods used for flow visualization
With neat illustration, explain the basic principles of CO 5
5 Schelieren method of flow visualization. What are the Evaluate AAE509.12
advantages and limitations of the method??
Explain the phenomenon of separation of flow over a 2D CO 5
wing with the help of liquid paraffin generated smoke
6 Evaluate AAE509.11
wire
technique with good sketches. What are its merits
over kerosene-generated smoke?
On what factors does the sensitivity of interferometer CO 5
7 Evaluate AAE509.15
depend?
Why the lenses/mirrors used in schlieren system has large CO 5
8 Evaluate AAE509.12
focal length.
What is Gladstone-Dale equation? How does it explain the CO 5
9 Evaluate AAE509.12
deflection of a lightRay in a compressible medium?
Differentiate the three optical methods schlieren, CO 5
10 shadowgraph and interferometry and their relative Evaluate AAE509.12
advantage
over each other

Prepared by: Dr. Prasanta Kumar Mohanta, Professor

HOD, AE