Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.

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WHAT IS AUTO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM?

AUTO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM – The main function is to generate,

store and supply the electric current to various systems of the
vehicle. It operates the electrical components/parts in vehicles.
Vehicles consist battery, starter and alternator.
This Module covers different competencies that a Senior High
school student like you ought to possess, namely:
1. Electrical Fundamentals
2. Service Automotive Battery
3. Service Starting System
4. Service Ignition System
5. Service Charging System
These 5 competencies are covered separately in 5 learning
outcomes. As shown below, each learning outcome is directed to the
attainment of one or more performance standard:

COMPETENCY 1: ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS

LO 1 – Understand the importance of proper safety procedures

when working with electrical system.
LO 2 – Explain Basic Theories of Electricity.
LO 3 – Calculate Voltage, Current and Resistance using Ohm’s
Law.
LO 4 – List the types of circuits.

COMPETENCY 2: SERVICE AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY

LO 1 – Test Automotive Battery.

LO 2 – Remove and Replace Battery.
LO 3 – Service and Charge Battery.
LO 4 – Jump start vehicle.

COMPETENCY 3: SERVICE STARTING SYSTEM

LO 1 – Describe the construction of a starter motor.

LO 2 – Explain the basic operation of starter motor.
LO 3 – Perform Starting system diagnosis.
LO 4 – Remove, Service and install starting system.

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HOW DO YOU USE THIS MODULE?

This module has five competencies. Each competency has the

following parts:
• Learning Outcomes
• Performance Standards
• Materials/Resources
• Learning Experience
• Definition of Terms
• What Do You Already Know?
• What Do You Need to Know?
• How Much Have You Learned?
• How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
• How Well Did You Perform?
• References

To get the most from this module, you need to do the following:

1. Begin by reading and understanding Learning Outcomes

and Performance Standards. These will tell you what
you should know and be able to do at the end of this
module.
2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pre-test
then check your answer against the answer key. If you
get 99 to 100 percent of the items correctly, you may
proceed to the next lesson. This means that you need
not to go through the lesson because you already know
what it is all about. If you fail to get 99 to 100
percent correctly, go through the lesson again and
review specially those items which you failed to get.
3. Do the required learning activities. Begin with one
or more information sheets. An information sheet
contains important notes or basic information you need
to know. After reading the information sheet, test
yourself on how much you have learned by means of
self-check. Refer to the answer key for correction.
Do not hesitate to go back to the information sheet
when you do not get all the test items correctly. This
will ensure your mastery of basic information.

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4. Demonstrate what you learned by doing the

Activity/Operation/Job Sheet directs you to do.
5. You must be able to apply what you have learned in
another activity or in a real-life situation.
6. Accomplish the scoring table for you to know how well
you performed.

Each Learning outcome also provides you with references and

definition of key terms for your guide. They can be of great help.
Use them fully.

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LO 1. Understand the importance of proper safety

procedures when working with electrical system.

LO 2. Explain Basic Theories of Electricity and

Magnetism.
LO 3. Understand the automotive electrical
system.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
ATOMS – are made up of neutrons, protons and electrons.

CONDUCTOR – it allows the electric current to flow through it.

INSULATOR – it prevents the electric current to flow through it.

SHORT CIRCUIT – is a circuit that has developed a path to the

source of power before it reaches the load in the circuit.

CAPACITOR – is used to store electricity.

ALTERNATOR – is a generator that produces an alternating current.

AMMETER – an instrument for measuring electric current in amperes.

BATTERY – an electro-chemical device that stores electrical

energy.

COIL – an electrical device consisting of a length of wire arranged

in a coil for converting the level of a voltage, producing a
magnetic field, or adding inductance to a circuit.

CURRENT – a flow of electricity which results from of electric

charge, usually measured in amperes.

ELECTRON – a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative

electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier
of electricity in solids.

GROUND – return path of current in the circuit.

FUSE – a safety device consisting of a strip of wire that melts

and breaks an electric circuit if the current exceeds a safe level.

OHM – unit of electrical resistance, expressing the resistance in

a circuit transmitting a current of one ampere when subjected to
a potential difference of one volt.

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LEARNING OUTCOME 1:
Understand the importance of proper
safety procedures when working with
electrical system.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
• General electrical safety rules are
implemented.
• Know the different hazards and risks
in the shop.

MATERIALS/RESOURCES:

1. Rags
2. Discharged Capacitor
3. Fire Extinguisher
4. Foam
5. Solvents
6. Safety Goggles

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LEARNING
EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES:

LEARNING OUTCOME 1: Understand the importance of proper

safety procedures when working with electrical system.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read the attached

information sheet no. 1
on safety precaution with
electricity.

2. Answer self-check 1.1 • Try to answer the self-

check without looking at
the information sheet.

3. Compare your answer to

the answer key 1.1

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WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Let us determine how much you already know about safety

precautions with electricity. Take this Test.
PRETEST LO 1
DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions by writing the letter of the
best answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Oily rags may catch fire without a spark or flame by

__________.
a. OVERFILLING THE SAFETY CONTAINER.
b. LEAVING THE RAGS IN A PILE ON THE FLOOR.
c. SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION.
d. ALL OF THE ABOVE

2. In order to be safe in the shop, you must ____________.

a. USE PROPER TOOLS FOR THE JOB.
b. WORK IN A DUMP AND WET AREAS.
c. REMOVE EQUIPMENT GROUNDS.
d. USE ADAPTERS TO DEFEAT GROUND CONNECTIONS.

3. Your health or the environment may be damaged by a

hazardous material if it is _______________.
a. IMPROPERLY ORDERED. c. IMPROPERLY HANDLED.
b. IMPROPERLY PURCHASED d. ALL OF THE ABOVE

4. Failure to remove a ring or bracelet before going to work

could a short circuit which would give you ___________.
a. A SEVERE BURN.
b. A SIGN OF TROUBLE IN THE CIRCUIT.
c. AN ELECTRIC SHOCK.
d. NONE OF THE ABOVE

5. The most common cause of accidents in the shop is

____________.
a. DEFECTIVE PARTS.
b. FAILURE TO FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS.
c. DEFECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
d. FAILURE WORKMANSHIP.

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WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Read the information sheet 1.1 below very

well then, find out how much you can remember
and how much you have learned by doing self-
check.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WITH ELECTRICITY

Electric devices and circuits can
be dangerous. Safe practices are
necessary to prevent shock, fires,
explosions, mechanical damage and
injuries resulting from the careless
or improper use of tools.
Perhaps the greatest hazard is
electric shock. Electricity affects
body in overriding brain impulses and
contracting muscles.
Therefore, a current through the
human body in excess of 10 mill amperes
can paralyze the victim and make it
possible for the person to let go of a “live” conductor.

Safe electrical practices will protect you and those around

you. Study and know the following rules:

1. Do not work when you are tired or taking medicine that

makes you drowsy.
2. Do not work in poorly lighted areas.
3. Do not work in damp or wet areas.
4. Use approved tools, equipment and protective devices.

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5. Do not work if you or your clothes are wet.

6. Remove all rings, bracelets and similar metal items.
7. Never assume that a circuit is off. Check it with a device
or piece of equipment that you are sure is operating
properly.
8. Don’t tamper with safety devices. Never defeat an
interlock switch. Verify that all interlocks operate
properly.
9. Keep tools and equipment in good condition. Use the
correct tool for the job.
10. Verify that capacitors have discharged. Some capacitors
may store a lethal charge for a long time.
11. Do not remove equipment grounds. Verify that all grounds
are intact.

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12. Do not use adapters that can defeat ground connections.

13. Use only approved fire extinguisher. Water can conduct

electric current and increase the hazards and damage. for

the most electrical fires. Foam types may also be used in
some
14. Follow directions when using solvents and other
chemicals. They may explode, ignite or damage electrical
circuits.
15. Certain electronic components affect the safe performance
of equipment. Always use the correct replacement parts.
16. Use protective clothing and safety glasses.
17. Do not attempt to work on complex equipment or circuits
without proper training. There may be many hidden dangers.

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18. Some of the best safety information for electrical and

electronic equipment is the literature prepared by the
manufacturer. Find it, read it, and use it.
19. When possible, keep one hand in your pocket while working
with electricity. This reduces the possibility of your
body providing an electrical path through the heart.

Any of the preceding rules could be expanded. As your study

progresses, you will learn many of the details concerning proper
procedures. Learn them well because they are the most important
information available. Remember always practice safety, your life
depends on it.

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HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

SELF CHECK 1.1

DIRECTIONS: List at least 10 electrical hazards in the shop and
include how they affect the work.

POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN THE SHOP HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE WORK?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

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HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE

YOU LEARNED?

DIRECTIONS: Write down the related safety issues that you have
encountered at work.

IDEAS FOR NEW

RELATED SAFETY HOW WAS THE ISSUE SOLUTIONS TO
ISSUES HANDLED? MITIGATE THE SAFETY
ISSUE.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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LEARNING OUTCOME 2:
Explain Basic Theories of
Electricity and Magnetism.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
• Explain electricity in terms of
electrons, and what makes electrons
move.
• Explain Principles of Electricity and
Ohm’s Law
• Describe the Laws of Magnetism and
electromagnetism.
• Understand the types of Current.

MATERIALS/RESOURCES:

• WIRES
• MAGNETS
• BATTERY
• BULB
• METAL STRIP
• SWITCH

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LEARNING
EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES:

LEARNING OUTCOME 1: Explain Basic Theories of

Electricity and Magnetism.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read the attached

information sheet no.
2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4
on safety precaution
with electricity.

2. Answer self-check 2.1, • Try to answer the self-

2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 check without looking
at the information
sheet.

3. Compare your answer to

the answer key 2.1,
2.2, 2.3 and 2.4

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WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW:

Let us determine how much you already know about preparing and
using Hand Tools. Take this Test.

PRETEST LO 2
DIRECTIONS: Answer each question by writing the letter of the
best answer on the space provided.

1. Electrons flowing in the same direction are called

________.
a. NUCLEUS c. VOLTAGE
b. MAGNETISM d. ELECTRIC CURRENT

2. A/An _________ is used to measure the current flow through

a circuit.
a. OHMMETER c. AMMETER
b. VOLTMETER d. MULTIMETER

3. _________ is the flow of electrons in one direction only.

a. DIRECT CURRENT c. INDIRECT CURRENT
b. ALTERNATING CURRENT d. NONE OF THE ABOVE

4. _________ is used to measure the voltage or potential

difference, between two points.
a. OHMMETER c. AMMETER
b. VOLTMETER d. MULTIMETER

5. Voltage is _________.
a. CURRENT FLOW. c. ELECTRICAL PRESSURE.
b. RESISTANCE TO CURRENT FLOW d. AMPERES FLOW

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WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Read the information sheet 2.1 below very

well; then, find out how much you can remember
and how much you have learned by doing self-
check.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.1

ELECTRICITY
The electric ignition system
supplies the sparks that ignite the
compressed air-fuel mixture in the
engine cylinders. This makes the
engine run and produce power to move
the car. To get the engine running,
the electric starting motor must
crank the engine until it starts.
The battery supplies the power for
cranking.

Electric current is a flow of

electrons. Just like water flows in
a pipe, electrons flow in a wire. The electrons come from atoms.
Everything in the world is made of atoms. There are about a hundred
different kinds of atoms. Atoms of one kind grouped together are
called an element. The atoms of certain elements join together in
chemical reactions such as combustion.
One basic difference among the atoms is the number of
electrons that circle the center or nucleus of the atom. For
example, an atom of the gas hydrogen has only one electron circling
its nucleus. The copper atom has 29 electrons circling its nucleus.

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ATOMS
Atoms are very small.
Electrons are even smaller. It
takes a hundred thousand billion
(100,000,000,000,000) electrons,
side by side, to measure a single
inch. All matter is composed of
molecules, and each molecule, and
each molecule contains two or more
atoms. Atoms, in turn, are made of
neutrons, protons and electrons.
It is the arrangement of these
particles that makes materials
such as liquids, solids and gases differ from one another.
The core of the atom, called the nucleus, contains protons
and neutrons. Protons have positive charge, and neutrons are
neutral,
meaning that they have no electric charge. Electrons have a
negative charge and rotate around the nucleus of the atom. Atoms
are normally having an equal number of protons and electrons and,
therefore, an equal number of positive and negative electric
charges.
These charges cancel each other out, resulting in an atom
with no positive or negative electric charge. When an atom has
more protons than electrons, it is positively charged. When an
atom has more electrons than protons, it is negatively charged.

MEASURING ELECTRICITY

Electricity is measured in two

ways:

1. By the amount of current

(electrons) flowing. This
measurement is in amperes (or
amperage).

2. By the electrical pressure

(difference of potential)
between two points that makes
the electrons move. This
measurement is in volts (or
voltage).

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Amperage is measured by an ammeter. Voltage is measured by a

voltmeter connected into a circuit. The ammeter is connected into
the circuit to measure the current (amperage) flowing. The
Voltmeter is connected across the circuit. It measures the
electrical pressure (voltage) that is forcing the current.

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

Conductors allow current to

flow. Insulators prevent current
from flowing. In the electrical
system, conductors carry (conduct)
current to devices that run on
electric current. There are
various sizes of conductors,
usually covered with insulation.
The conductors are wires of copper
or similar metal twisted together
to make cables. A cable is more
flexible than a single wire of the
same size.

The insulation covering the

cables prevents the current from
flowing in the wrong direction. If
the insulation fails, current
could take a shortcut through the
metal of the car body or frame.
This is a short circuit. It can
cause trouble and damage.

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HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

SELF CHECK 2.1

DIRECTION: Match the column A with the column B. Write your answers
on the space provided.

Column A

_____ 1. It is the flow of

electrons.
_____ 2. It allows the current
flow. Column B
_____ 3. It is measured by an
ammeter. a. INSULATORS
_____ 4. It prevents the b. VOLTMETER
current flow from c. NUCLEUS
flowing. d. ATOM
_____ 5. It measures the e. POSITIVELY CHARGED
electrical pressure f. ELECTRICITY
(voltage) that is g. CONDUCTORS
forcing the current. h. AMPERAGE
_____ 6. It is the smallest i. VOLTAGE
particle of a matter. j. NEGATIVELY CHARGED
_____ 7. It is measured by a k. PROTONS
voltmeter connected
into a circuit.
_____ 8. When an atom has more
electrons than
protons.
_____ 9. When an atom has more
protons than
electrons.
_____ 10. The core of the atom,
called the _______.

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WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Read the information sheet 2.2 below very

well; then, find out how much you can remember
and how much you have learned by doing self-
check.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2

UNITS OF ELECTRICITY
There are three basic units of measurement used to measure
electricity. Each unit of measurement is named after a famous
experimenter in electricity: the amp after Frenchman Andre M.
Ampere, the volt after Italian Alessandro Volta, and ohm after
German Georg Simon Ohm.

CURRENT (AMPERES) is the rate of flow of electrons through a

conductor. Current is measured in units called amperes or amps,
which is often abbreviated with the letter “A”. For instance, the
quantity 3 amperes would be abbreviated as 3 A. In other
electrical-related work, electrical drawings, diagrams and
mathematical formulas, the letter “I” is used to represent current.
Small amounts of current can be measured in mill amperes, which is
abbreviated mA. One mill ampere of current is equal to one-
thousandth of an ampere, or 0.001 A of current.

VOLTAGE (VOLTS), whenever a positive charge and negative

charge are positioned close to each other, a force is produced
between the two charges. This force is called electrical potential.
Electrical potential is simply the difference in electric charge
between the two opposing terminals. Electrical potential can also
be thought of as the amount of electrical pressure in an electrical
system. The bigger the difference between two opposing charges,
the greater the electrical potential will be. Voltage is a
measurement of the amount of electrical potential in a circuit.
Voltage is measured in units called volts, which is often

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abbreviated with the letter “V”. For instance, the quantity 12

volts would be abbreviated 12 V. In electrical diagrams and
mathematical formulas, the letter “E” usually represents voltage.

RESISTANCE (OHMS) is a force of opposition that work against

the flow of electric current in a circuit. Resistance is measured
in units called ohms, which is often abbreviated with Greek letter
omega, represented by the symbol Ω. In electrical diagrams and
mathematical formulas, the letter “R” is usually used to represent
resistance. A service manual may tell you, for example, that the
resistance you should be able to measure between the leads on a
charging system stator should be .2 Ω. Note that we will discuss
charging systems, their components, specifications, and how to
measure circuit quantities in more detailed.

OHM’S LAW
Ohm’s Law relates the current, voltage and resistance
circuit. The law says that current flow is directly proportional
to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. This
means if pressure (voltage) increases more current (electrons)
will flow. If resistance (ohms) increases, less current will flow.
This is shown in the formula:

I = E/R
Where:
I is current, in amperes (A)
E is electromotive force (voltage), in volts (V)
R is resistance, in ohms (Ω)

VOLTAGE (VOLT)
E
I R
CURRENT (AMPERE)
RESISTANCE (OHM)
A circuit draws a current of 3 amperes from a 12 volts battery.
How much resistance is in the circuit?

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SOLUTION:

Given:

I = 3 A

E = 12 V

R = ?

To solve this equation, simply install the known measurement in

the formula as follows:

Resistance (R) = 12 (E) divided by 3 (I) Answer: 4 ohms

If E is unknown, cover it with a finger and the formula becomes:

UNKNOWN (VOLTAGE)

I x R
I R
If I is unknown, cover it with a finger and the formula
becomes:

E E
UNKNOWN (CURRENT)
R R
If R is covered with a finger, the formula is:

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E UNKNOWN (RESISTANCE)
E
I
I

You should note that as the resistance in a circuit increases,

the current decreases. Conversely, if the resistance in a circuit
decreases, the current increases. All circuits are designed to
carry a particular amount of current.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. A small light bulb is connected to a 6 V battery and draws 2

A of current. What is the resistance of the bulb?

STEP 1: List the values that are known and the value that is
unknown and asked for in the question.
GIVEN:
VOLTAGE = 6 V
CURRENT = 2 A
RESISTANCE = ?
STEP 2: Since R is unknown, cover R and you E divide it by I.

R = E/I
STEP 3: Place numbers in for E and I and divide to find R.

R = 6/2
ANSWER: R = 3 Ω
2. Determine the amount of current going through a 6 Ω resistor
with a voltage of 24 V.
STEP 1: List the values that are known and the value that is
unknown and asked for the equation.

GIVEN:

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VOLTAGE = 24 V
CURRENT = ?
RESISTANCE = 6 Ω

STEP 2: Since I is unknown, cover I and you see E/R.

I = E/R
STEP 3: Place the numbers in for E and R and divide to find
I.
I = 24/6
ANSWER: I = 4 A
3. A starter motor with an operating resistance of 3 Ω is
connected to a voltage source. The current in the circuit is
4 A. What is the voltage of the source?
STEP 1: List the values that are known and the value that is
unknown and asked for in the question.
GIVEN:
VOLTAGE = ?
CURRENT = 4 A
RESISTANCE = 3 Ω
STEP 2: Since E is unknown, cover E and you see I x R.
E = I x R
STEP 3: Place the numbers in for I and R and multiply to find
E.
E = 4 X 3
ANSWER:
E = 12 V
4. A 12-volt car battery pushes charge through the headlight
circuit resistance of 10 ohms. How much current is passing
through the circuit?
STEP 1: List the values that are known and the value that is
unknown and asked for in the question.

GIVEN:
VOLTAGE = 12 V
CURRENT = ?
RESISTANCE = 10 Ω

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STEP 2: Since I is unknown, cover I and you see E/R.

I = E/R
STEP 3: Place the numbers in for E and R and divide to find
I.

I = 12/10
ANSWER: I = 1.2 A

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HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

SELF CHECK 2.2

DIRECTION: Fill in the blanks and write your answer on the space
provided.

1. Electric current is measured in _________.

2. Voltage is commonly defined as ___________.
3. Ohm’s law states that __________________________________.
4. Resistance is measured in ___________.
5. __________ is the rate of flow of electrons through a
conductor.
6. __________ is a force of opposition that work against the
flow of electric current in a circuit.
7. What is the mathematical equation if voltage is unknown?
________.
8. What is the mathematical equation if current is unknown?
________.
9. What is the mathematical equation if resistance is unknown?
_________.
10. Answer: E = 12 V I = 6 A R = _____

DIRECTION: Read and analyze the problem carefully. Answer the

following question and show your solutions.

1. A circuit contains 1.5-volt battery and a bulb with a

resistance of 3 ohms. Calculate the current.

2. A light bulb has a resistance of 5 ohms and a maximum current

of 10 A. How much voltage can be applied?

3. A light bulb carries 0.5 A when 4 volts is impressed across

it. What is the resistance of the filament in the light bulb?

4. How much current flows through a 16-volt battery that has a

resistance of 5.1 ohms?

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5. If a light bulb uses 2 A of current at a voltage of 120 volts.

What is the resistance value?

WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Read the information sheet 2.3 below very

well; then, find out how much you can remember
and how much you have learned by doing self-
check.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.3

TYPES OF CIRCUIT
SERIES CIRCUIT is a circuit that has only one path of current
to flow back to its source. In a series circuit, if one light bulb
burns out, the whole circuit shuts down because there is no path
for the electricity to continue to flow. Series circuit is a
circuit in which resistor are arranged in a chain, so the current
has only one path to take. The current is the same through each
resistor.

R1 R2

R3
NEGATIVE POSITIVE

CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES CIRCUIT

1. The total resistance of the circuit is found by simply adding
up the resistance values of the individual resistors:

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TOTAL RESISTANCE = R1 + R2 + R3

EXAMPLE:

R1 6Ω R2

4Ω RT = R1 + R2 + R3
R3
RT = 4 + 6 + 3

3Ω RT = 13 Ω

24 V

2. In a series circuit, the current is the same for all of the

elements.

TOTAL CURRENT = I 1 = I 2 = I 3
EXAMPLE:

4Ω 6Ω R3

3Ω
24 V

In finding the current in a series circuit you have to

apply the Ohm’s Law and substitute each given value:

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VT = V1 + V2 + V3 I = E/R
VT = 7.4 + 11.1 + 5.5 I = 24/13
VT = 24 volts I = 1.846 Amperes

In a series circuit, all current in each resistor are

equal.

TOTAL CURRENT = I 1 = I 2 = I 3
3. In a series circuit, the voltage is the sum of the voltage
drops of the individual components (resistance units).

In finding the voltage drop in each resistor you have to

apply the Ohm’s Law and substitute each given value:

E1 = I1 X R1 E2 = I2 X R2 E3 = I3 X R3
E 1 = 1.846 X 4 E 2 = 1.846 X 6 E 3 = 1.846 X 3
E 1 = 7.4 Volts E 2 = 11.1 Volts E 3 = 5.5 Volts

To check if the total voltage is correct with given

voltage, just add all the voltage drop in each resistor.

GIVEN:
TOTAL RESISTANCE = 13 Ω
VOLTAGE = 24 VOLTS

THEREFORE:
VOLTAGE = 24 Volts
CURRENT = 1.846 Amperes
TOTAL RESISTANCE = 13 Ohms

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

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1. Find the total equivalent resistance in the following

circuit.

20 Ω 10 Ω
R1 R2
40 Ω
R3
STEP 1: Use the formula in finding the
total resistance in the circuit.
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
STEP 2: Substitute the value of each resistor using the
formula in finding total resistance.

RT = 20 + 10 + 40
STEP 3: Add all the resistance value in each resistor in
the circuit.

RT = 70 Ω
2. For the following circuit:
2.1 Find the total resistance.
2.2 Find the current.
2.3 Find the voltage drop from the 10 Ω resistor.

20 Ω 10 Ω
R1 R2

R3
40 Ω

12 V

SOLUTION FOR 2.1 (Find the total resistance)

STEP 1: Use the formula in finding the total resistance

in the circuit.

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RT = R1 + R2 + R3
STEP 2: Substitute the value of each resistor using the
formula in finding total resistance.

RT = 20 + 10 + 40

STEP 3: Add all the resistance value in each resistor in

the circuit.

RT = 70 Ω
SOLUTION FOR 2.2 (Find the current)

STEP 1: Use the formula in finding the current in the

circuit.
I = E/R
STEP 2: Substitute the given values in the formula in
finding current.
I = 12/70
STEP 3: Divide the value of the voltage and the total
resistance.
I = 0.1714 A
SOLUTION FOR 2.3 (Find the voltage across 10 Ω resistor)

STEP 1: Using Ohm’s law use the formula in finding the

voltage across 10 Ω resistor.

E = I x R
STEP 2: Substitute the given values in the formula in
finding voltage across.
E = 0.1714 X 10
STEP 3: Multiply each given values.
E = 1.714 v

3. For the following circuit:

3.1 Find the total resistance.
3.2 Find the current.
3.3 Find the voltage drop in each resistor.

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R3
R2

5 Ω 3 Ω
7 Ω
R1 2 Ω

R4

24 Volts

SOLUTION FOR 3.1 (Find the total resistance)

STEP 1: Use the formula in finding the total resistance
in the circuit.
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4

STEP 2: Substitute the value of each resistor using the

formula in finding total resistance.

RT = 2 + 5 + 3 + 7

STEP 3: Add all the resistance value in each resistor in

the circuit.

RT = 17 Ω

SOLUTION FOR 3.2 (Find the current)

STEP 1: Use the formula in finding the current in the

circuit.

I = E/R
STEP 2: Substitute the given values in the formula in
finding current.

I = 24/17

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STEP 3: Divide the value of the voltage and the total

resistance.

I T = 1.412 Amperes

SOLUTION FOR 2.3 (Find the voltage drop in each resistor)

RESISTOR 1:
STEP 1: Using Ohm’s law, use the formula in finding the
voltage drop in resistor one.

V1 = IT X R1
STEP 2: Substitute the given values in the formula in
finding current.
V 1 = 1.412 X 2
STEP 3: Multiply the value of the total current and the
value of resistor one.

V 1 = 2. 824 Volts
RESISTOR 2:
STEP 1: Using Ohm’s law, use the formula in finding the
voltage drop in resistor two.

V2 = IT X R2
STEP 2: Substitute the given values in the formula in
finding current.

V 2 = 1.412 X 5
STEP 3: Multiply the value of the total
current and the value of resistor two.

V 2 = 7.06 Volts
RESISTOR 3:
STEP 1: Using Ohm’s law, use the formula in finding the
voltage drop in resistor three.

V3 = IT X R3

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STEP 2: Substitute the given values in the formula in

finding current.

V 3 = 1.412 X 3
STEP 3: Multiply the value of the total current and the
value of resistor three.

V 3 = 4.236 Volts
RESISTOR 4:
STEP 1: Using Ohm’s law, use the formula in finding the
voltage drop in resistor four.

V4 = IT X R4
STEP 2: Substitute the given values in the formula in
finding current.
V 4 = 1.412 X 7
STEP 3: Multiply the value of the total current and the
value of resistor four.
V 4 = 9.88 Volts
THEREFORE:
If we are going to check for the total voltage, we just simply
add all of the voltage drop in each resistor.
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4
VT = 2.824 + 7.06 + 4.236 + 9.88
VT = 24 volts

PARALLEL CIRCUIT is a circuit that has more than one path

back to the source of power. In a parallel circuit, if a light
bulb burns out, it will not have any effect on the other bulbs
because they each have a separate return path to the source of
power.

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BATTERY

CHARACTERISTICS OF A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

1. In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same for all the

elements. The mathematical equation would be:

V = V1 = V2 = ... Vn

2. The current in each individual resistor is found by Ohm’s

law. Factoring out the voltage gives:

1 + 1 + … 1
ITOTAL = V
R1 R2 RN
EXAMPLES:

R1 R2 R3

2 Ω 5 Ω 3 Ω

24 Volts

STEP 1: Use the given formula in finding the total current in

a parallel circuit.
1 + 1 + … 1
ITOTAL = V
R1 R2 RN

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STEP 2: Substitute the given values in the formula in finding

the total current.
1 + 1 + 1
ITOTAL = 24
2 5 3

STEP 3:

Get the LCD or the Least Common Denominator of the equation:

15 + 6 + 10
ITOTAL = 24
30
31
ITOTAL = 24
30

Since 24 and 30 is divisible by 6, just simplify the equation.

31
ITOTAL = 24
30
31
ITOTAL = 4
5

124
ITOTAL =
5
STEP 4: Divide 124 to 5 to find the total
current in the circuit.

ANSWER: ITOTAL = 24.8 Amperes

3. Resistance, to find total resistance of all components add

the reciprocals of the resistances of each component and take
the reciprocal of the sum. Total resistance will always be
less than the value of the smallest resistance.

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R1 5 Ω R3

2 Ω R2 3 Ω

24 Volts

1 1 1 1 1
= + + + … +
RTOTAL R1 R2 R3 RN
For example, on the given circuit how to get the total
resistance of the circuit.

STEP 1: Use the given formula in finding the total resistance

in a parallel circuit.

1 1 1 1
= + +
RTOTAL R1 R2 R3

STEP 2: Substitute the given values in the formula in finding

the total resistance and simplify the equation.
1 1 1 1
= + +
RTOTAL 2 5 3
Cross multiply,

1 31 1 31
= =
RTOTAL 30 RTOTAL 30
31
RTOTAL =
30
The total Resistance is:
RTOTAL = 1.033 Ohms

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

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1.
R1 R2 FIND FOR THE:
6 Ω 6 Ω TOTAL RESISTANCE = ?
TOTAL CURRENT = ?
12 Volts

If there are two resitor and their value are the same, used
this equation to solve for the total resistance.

R1 X R2
RT =
R1 + R2
STEP 1: Substitute the given values in the formula in finding the
total resistance and simplify the equation.

6 X 6
RT =
6 + 6

36
RT =
12
TOTAL RESISTANCE = 3 Ω

Since we have the value of the total resistance and voltage, using
ohm’s law we can find the value of the total current in the circuit.

VT
IT =
RT

STEP 1: Substitute the given values in the formula in finding the

total current and simplify the equation.

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12
IT =
3

IT = 4 Amperes

THEREFORE:
The total resistance in the circuit is 3 Ω and the total
current is 4 amperes.

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SELF CHECK 2.2

DIRECTION: Analyze the following circuits. Solve for the unknown
values and show your solutions.

1.
6 Ω
FIND FOR THE:
2 Ω
R2
TOTAL RESISTANCE = ?
R1
TOTAL CURRENT = ?

12 Volts

R2 FIND FOR THE:

2.
6 Ω TOTAL RESISTANCE = ?
5 Ω
TOTAL CURRENT = ?
R1 7 Ω R3 VOLTAGE DROP
R1 = ?
R2 = ?
24 Volts
R3 = ?

3.
5 Ω 2 Ω 6 Ω FIND FOR THE:
R1 R2 R3 TOTAL RESISTANCE = ?
TOTAL CURRENT = ?
24 Volts

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4.
60 Ω 60 Ω
FIND FOR THE:
R1 R2
TOTAL RESISTANCE = ?
TOTAL CURRENT = ?
24 Volts

5. R2
5 Ω
4 Ω FIND FOR THE:
6 Ω
TOTAL RESISTANCE = ?
R4 TOTAL CURRENT = ?
R1
R3 VOLTAGE DROP
7 Ω
12 Volts
R1 = ?
R2 = ?
R3 = ?
R4 = ?

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WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Read the information sheet 2.3 below very

well; then, find out how much you can remember
and how much you have learned by doing self-
check.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.3

MAGNETISM

Magnetism is a class of
physical phenomena that are
mediated by magnetic
fields. Electric currents and
the magnetic moments of
elementary particles give rise
to a magnetic field, which acts
on other currents and magnetic
moments. Magnetism is one
aspect of the combined
phenomenon
of electromagnetism.
Magnetism was first
discovered in the ancient
world, when people noticed that lodestones, naturally magnetized
pieces of the mineral magnetite, could attract iron. The
word magnet comes from the Greek term magnetis lithos, "the
Magnesian stone, lodestone." In ancient
Greece, Aristotle attributed the first of what could be called a
scientific discussion of magnetism to the
philosopher Thales of Miletus, who lived from about 625 BC to
about 545 BC.

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An understanding of the relationship between electricity and

magnetism began in 1819 with work by Hans Christian Orsted, a
professor at the University of Copenhagen, who discovered by the
accidental twitching of a compass needle near a wire that an
electric current could create a magnetic field. This landmark
experiment is known as Orsted's Experiment. Several other
experiments followed, with André-Marie Ampère, who in 1820
discovered that the magnetic field circulating in a closed-path
was related to the current flowing through a surface enclosed by
the path. Carl Friedrich Gauss. Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix
Savart, both of whom in 1820 came up with the Biot–Savart
law giving an equation for the magnetic field from a current-
carrying wire. Michael Faraday, who in 1831 found that a time-
varying magnetic flux through a loop of wire induced a voltage,
and others finding further links between magnetism and
electricity. James Clerk Maxwell synthesized and expanded these
insights into Maxwell's equations, unifying electricity,
magnetism, and optics into the field of electromagnetism. In
1905, Albert Einstein used these laws in motivating his theory
of special relativity requiring that the laws held true in
all inertial reference frames.

ELECTROMAGNETISM

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic

field is produced by an electric current. The magnetic field
disappears when the current is turned off. Electromagnets usually
consist of a large number of closely spaced turns of wire that
create the magnetic field. The wire turns are often wound around
a magnetic core made from
a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such as iron; the
magnetic core concentrates the magnetic flux and makes a more
powerful magnet.

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The main advantage of an

electromagnet over a permanent
magnet is that the magnetic
field can be quickly changed
by controlling the amount of
electric current in the
winding. However, unlike a
permanent magnet that needs no
power, an electromagnet
requires a continuous supply
of current to maintain the
magnetic field.

Electromagnets are widely used as components of other

electrical devices, such as motors, generators, relays,
solenoids, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines, scientific
instruments, and magnetic separation equipment. Electromagnets
are also employed in industry for picking up and moving heavy iron
objects such as scrap iron and steel. Electromagnetism was
discovered in 1820.

TYPES OF MAGNET

1. BAR MAGNETS - are rectangular

piece of the object. It is
made up of iron, steel or any
other ferromagnetic substance
or ferromagnetic composite,
having

permanent magnetic properties. The magnet has two poles: a

north and a south pole

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2. HORSESHOE MAGNETS - are

magnets made in the shape of
a horseshoe. At the ends of
its legs, the magnet has two
magnetic poles close
together. This shape creates
a strong magnetic
field between the poles. It
is one type of permanent
magnet, meaning that it stays
magnetized, as opposed to an electromagnet, the magnetic
field of which can be started and stopped. The purpose of
a horseshoe magnet's shape is to place the poles as close
together as possible.

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SELF CHECK 2.3

DIRECTION: Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter that
corresponds to your choice and write your answers on the space
provided.

1. A __________ is a type of magnetism in which the magnetic

field is produced by an electric current.

a. MAGNET c. BAR MAGNET

b. HORSESHOE MAGNET d. ELECTROMAGNETISM

2. __________ is a magnet made in the shape of a horseshoe. At

the ends of its legs, the magnet has two magnetic poles close
together.

a. MAGNET c. BAR MAGNET

b. HORSESHOE MAGNET d. ELECTROMAGNETISM

3. __________ is a rectangular piece of the object. It is made

up of iron, steel or any other ferromagnetic substance or
ferromagnetic composite, having
permanent magnetic properties.

a. MAGNET c. BAR MAGNET

b. HORSESHOE MAGNET d. ELECTROMAGNETISM

4. __________ is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated

by magnetic fields.

a. MAGNETISM c. ELECTRICITY
b. ELECTROMAGNETISM d. STATIC ELECTRICITY

5. __________ are widely used as components of other electrical

devices, such as motors, generators, relays,
solenoids, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines,
scientific instruments, and magnetic separation equipment.

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a. MAGNETS c. BAR MAGNETS

b. HORSESHOE MAGNETS d. ELECTROMAGNETISM

6. Electromagnetism was discovered in ___________.

a. 1870 c. 1830
b. 1820 d. 1850

7. The magnetic field disappears when the current is ________.

a. TURNED ON c. TURNED OFF

b. INCREASES d. DECREASES

8. Magnetism was first discovered in the ancient world, when

people noticed that lodestones, naturally magnetized pieces
of the mineral called ____________.

a. MAGNETITE c. OCRE
b. CRYSTAL d. LOADSTONE

9. The word magnet comes from the Greek term ____________.

a. MAGNETIS LITHOS c. MAGNUS

b. MAGNESIA d. MILETUS

10. Who is the father of electricity?

a. MICHAEL FARADAY c. THALES OF MILETUS

b. ALEXANDRO VOLTA d. ISAAC NEWTON

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WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Read the information sheet 2.4 below very

well; then, find out how much you can remember
and how much you have learned by doing self-
check.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.4

TYPES OF CURRENT
An electric current is the total of flow of electric charge
past a point or region. An electric current is said to exist when
there is a net flow of electric charge through a region. Electric
charge is carried by charged particles, so an electric current is
a flow of charged particles.

Electric current comes in two varieties; alternating current

and direct current, abbreviated as AC and DC.

1. DIRECT CURRENT – is the

one directional or
unidirectional flow
electric charged. An
electrochemical cell is a
prime example of DC power.
Direct may flow through a
conductor such as a wire,
but can also flow through
semiconductors,
insulators or even through
a vacuum as in electro or

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ion beams. A term formerly used for this type of current was
galvanic current. The direct current has many uses from the
charging of the batteries to large power supplies for
electronic systems, motors and more. Very large quantities of
electrical energy provided via direct current are used in
smelting of aluminum and other electrochemical processes.

2. ALTERNATING CURRENT – is an
electric current which
periodically reverses
direction in contrast to
direct current which flows
only in one direction.
Alternating current is the
form in which electric power
is delivered to businesses
and residences and it is the
form of electrical energy
that consumers typically use
when they plug kitchen appliances. The usual wave form of the
alternating current in most electric power circuits is a sine
wave whose positive half period corresponds with positive
direction of the current and vice versa.

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SELF CHECK 2.3

DIRECTION: Read the sentences below. Answer the following

questions and write yours answers on the space provided.

1. Why is alternating current better than direct current?

2. Why is alternating current used over direct current?

3. What is direct current used for?

4. Where do we use alternating current and direct current?

5. What are the differences of alternating current and direct

current?

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LEARNING OUTCOME 3:
Understand the automotive
electrical system.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
• Know the functions of Automotive
Electrical System and its components.
• Describe the purpose and uses of
electrical symbols and wiring
diagram.
• Name the circuit protection device
and explain the operation and repair
of each.
• Demonstrate the use of jumper wires,
test lights and meters in diagnosing
electrical troubles.

• BATTERY • VOLTMETER
• PHILLIP • RESISTOR
SCREW • CONNECTORS
• WIRES • FUSE
• MULTI- • CIRCUIT BREAKER
TESTER • FUSIB
• AMMETER

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Let us determine how much you already know about safety

precautions with electricity. Take this Test.

PRETEST LO 3
DIRECTION: Answer each question by writing the letter of the best
answer on the space provided.

1. ____________ produces electric energy in the alternator,

stores electric in chemical form in the battery and it
delivers electric energy from these sources on demand to any
other electrical component.
a. CHEMICAL ENERGY c. MECHANICAL ENERGY
b. ELECTRICAL ENERGY d. KINETIC ENERGY

2. ___________ is a drawing that uses various symbols to

represent the different devices in the electrical system.
a. ELECTRICAL SYMBOL c. WIRING DIAGRAM
b. PICTORIAL DIAGRAM d. DIAGRAM

3. ________ is a flat piece of insulating material with a series

of conducting strips printed on it.
a. PRINTED CIRCUIT d. CIRCUIT BREAKER
b. FUSE d. CONNECTOR

4. Group of wires are wrapped together with electrical tape or

flexible conduit to form a __________.
a. CIRCUIT c. WIRING HARNESS
b. DIAGRAM d. MOCK-UP

5. ____________ are used to check circuits or electric

components for voltage, continuity and grounds.
a. INSTRUMENT PANEL c. HARNESS
b. TEST LIGHTS d. CONNECTORS

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WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Read the information sheet 3.1 below very

well then, find out how much you can remember
and how much you have learned by doing self-
check.

INFORMATION SHEET 3.1

AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

The automotive electrical system does several jobs. It

produces electric energy in the alternator. It stores electric
energy in chemical form in the battery. And it delivers electric
energy from these sources on demand to any other electrical
components in the vehicle.
The electric energy cranks the engine to start it, supplies
the spark that ignites the air-fuel mixture so the engine runs,
and keeps the battery charged. These are the jobs performed by the
battery, starting, charging and ignition systems. All these
components use electric current. All may-be computer controlled.
And all are connected by insulated wires and the ground-return
system.

ELECTRIC-CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

An automotive wiring circuit contains

8 basic parts, these are:

1. A source of electric energy, such as

the battery or alternator. It stores
electrical energy and responsible
also by charging the battery.

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2. Conductors, which connect between

the source and the other components
in the circuit to provide a path
for the electric current.

3. Terminals, at ends of the

conductors which eliminate the
need for soldering together the
wires and components.

4. A circuit protector, such as fuse,

fusible link or circuit breaker to
open the circuit and stop current
flow when overheating caused by
excessive current begins to occur.

5. Connectors, such as single

connectors which join one pair of
terminals or multiple connectors
that conveniently connect and
disconnect two or more pairs of
terminals. Connectors usually have
a locking tang to prevent
separation unless the tang is
released.

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6. A switch, which opens and closes

the circuit to stop and allow
current flow. The main operation of
the switch is basically ON and OFF
operation.

7. A load, such as the starting motor

or headlights. The load is the
device in an electric circuit
that converts the electric energy
from the source into work.

8. Ground, or the return path to the source for the electric

current, which is usually the engine or metal chassis.

A wiring harness is a group of

wires wrapped together with
electrical tape or flexible conduit.
Multiple connectors make it easier
to remove and install than many
separate wires. The color of the
insulation identifies each wire in
the wiring harness.

A printed circuit is a flat piece

of insulating material with a series
of conducting strips printed on it.
When installed behind the instrument
cluster, the conducting strips carry
current to the various lights and
gauges. For example, when the
indicator bulbs are installed, the
contacts on the bulbs rest on the
metallic strips. This complete the
circuit.

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SELF CHECK 3.1

DIRECTION: Read each sentence carefully. Answer the following
questions and choose your answer from the box. Write your answer
on the space provided.
___________ 1. It is a group of wires wrapped together with
electrical tape or flexible conduit.
___________ 2. It opens and closes the circuit to stop and allow
current flow.
___________ 3. It is the device in which electric circuit converts
the electric energy from the source into work.
___________ 4. It is the return path to the source for the electric
current, which is usually the engine or metal
chassis.
___________ 5. It usually has a locking tang to prevent separation
unless the tang is released.
___________ 6. It connects the source and the other components in
the circuit to provide a path for the electric
current.
____________ 7. It is usually the battery or alternator.
___________ 8. It is usually located at ends of the conductors which
eliminate the need for soldering together the wires
and components.
___________ 9. It is used to open the circuit and stop current flow
when overheating caused by excessive current begins
to occur.
___________ 10. It produces electric energy in the alternator. It
stores electric energy in chemical form in the
battery. And it delivers electric energy from these
sources on demand to any other electrical components
in the vehicle.

TERMINALS CONNECTORS LOAD SOURCE WIRE

WIRING HARNESS GROUND PRINTED CIRCUIT

SWITCH CIRCUIT PROTECTO DIAGRAM

AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

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Read the information sheet 3.2 below very

well then, find out how much you can remember
and how much you have learned by doing self-
check.

INFORMATION SHEET 3.2

ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

An electrical symbol is a pictogram used to represent various

electrical and electronic devices or functions, such as wires,
batteries, resistors, and transistors, in a schematic diagram of
an electrical or electronic circuit.

The graphic symbols used for electrical components in circuit

diagrams are covered by national and international standards, in
particular:

1. IEC 60617 (also known

as British Standard BS 3939).

2. IEC 61131-3 - for ladder-

logic symbols.

3. JIC (Joint Industrial

Council) symbols as approved
and adopted by the NMTBA
(National Machine Tool
Builders Association). They have been extracted from the
Appendix of the NMTBA Specification EGPl-1967.

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4. ANSI Y32.2-1975 (also known as IEEE Std 315-1975 or CSA Z99-

1975).
5. IEEE Std 91/91a graphic symbols for logic functions (used in
digital electronics). It is referenced in ANSI Y32.2/IEEE Std
315.

6. Australian Standard AS 1102. (Based on a slightly modified

version of IEC 60617, Withdrawn without replacement with a
recommendation to use IEC 60617).

The number of standards leads to confusion and errors. Symbols

usage is sometimes unique to engineering disciplines and national
or local variations to international standards exist. For example,
lighting and power symbols used as part of architectural drawings
may be different from symbols for devices used in electronics.
Some symbols are widely used. Others are seen only occasionally.
A symbol may include the basic internal circuit in a device. Others
show only the connections to the device.

COMMON AUTO-ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

SYMBOLS
NAMES SYMBOLS

1. BATTERY

2. GROUND

3. NORMALLY OPENED SWITCH

4. NORMALLY CLOSED SWITCH

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5. WIRE

6. FUSE

7. CAPACITOR

8. LAMP

9. RESISTOR

10. AMMETER

11. VOLTMETER

12. CIRCUIT BREAKER

13. BATTERY

14. FUSIBLE LINKS

15. MOTOR

16. BUZZER

17. DIODE

18. FEMALE CONNECTOR

19. MALE CONNECTOR

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20. RELAY

21. COIL

22. CONDUCTORS

23. ALTERNATOR

24. TRANSISTOR

25. DC SOURCE

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WIRING DIAGRAM

A wiring diagram is a drawing or schematic that shows the

wires, connections and components in an electric circuit or system.
Various electrical symbols in the wiring diagram represent the
components. The correct wiring diagram should show each circuit or
system as it is on the car.
An electronic control system may be represented by a block
diagram. This is a drawing made up of boxes labeled with the
circuit or device functions. Lines representing the wiring connect
the boxes. The symbol for major component may be shown in the box.
A label solid state in the box means the component contains only
semiconductors. It has no mechanically-moving parts.
The ECM (Electronic Control Module) is usually in the center
of the block diagram. The source voltage may be shown as B + which
means the battery positive terminal. It is at the top of the
diagram. The ground is the connection to the battery negative
terminal. It is at the bottom of the diagram. Sensors and inputs
are to the left of the ECM. Actuators and outputs are to the right
of the ECM. Sensors and actuators may be tested and replaced.

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SELF CHECK 3.2

DIRECTION: Draw the auto-electrical symbols for each given
component. Write your answers on the space provided.

COMPONENT SYMBOL

1. RESISTOR

2. COIL

3. BATTERY

4. CAPACITOR

5. LAMP

6. GROUND

7. FUSE

8. WIRE

9. MOTOR

10. AMMETER

11. VOLTMETER

12. FUSIBLE LINKS

13. NORMALLY CLOSED SWITCH

14. MALE CONNECTOR

15. FEMALE CONNECTOR

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Read the information sheet 3.3 below very well

then, find out how much you can remember and how much
you have learned by doing self-check.

INFORMATION SHEET 3.3

CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICE

Circuit protection, at its simplest, is the intentional
addition of a weak link in an electrical circuit. This link will
be broken in the event of a fault whether that's high temperature,
excessive current or a short circuit in a conductor, thus
protecting the electrical circuit it's part of from damage. Fuses,
fusible links and circuit breaker are circuit protection devices.
They open the circuit to protect electrical and electronic devices
if high current starts to flow. This happens if a short or ground
develops. Then the fuse blows or the circuit breaker opens.

TYPES OF CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICE

1. FUSE - is an electrical safety device
that operates to provide overcurrent
protection of an electrical circuit. Its
essential component is a metal wire or
strip that melts when too much current
flows through it, thereby stopping or
interrupting the current. It is
a sacrificial device; once a fuse has
operated it is an open circuit, it must
be replaced or rewired, depending on
type. Fuses have been used as essential
safety devices from the early days of
electrical engineering. Today there are
thousands of different fuse designs

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which have specific current and voltage ratings, breaking

capacity and response times, depending on the application.
The time and current operating characteristics of fuses are
chosen to provide adequate protection without needless
interruption. Wiring regulations usually define a maximum
fuse current rating for particular circuits. Short circuits,
overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure are the
prime or some of the reasons for fuse operation. A fuse is an
automatic means of removing power from a faulty system.
2. Fusible links – are short length of
insulated wire connected in series in
a circuit. It is usually four gauges
sizes smaller than the wire it is
protecting. A fusible link may be
replaceable like a fuse or integrated
into the wires outside the wiring
harness. If excessive current flows,
the fusible link melts or blows. This protects the circuit
and connected electrical or electronic
devices from damage. Wiring harness
have several fusible links. In some
vehicles, they are in the feed wires
supplying current to all electrical
equipment except the starting motor. A
blown fusible link usually discolors
the insulation. Bare wire may be
sticking out and insulation may be bubbled or burned from the
heat.
3. Circuit Breaker – protect headlight and
sometimes wind-shield wiper circuits. One
type uses a bimetal thermostat. When
excessive current flows, the strip heats and
bends. this separates the contacts and
opens the circuit. The advantage of this
type of circuit breaker is it repeatedly
resets itself. When the metal strips cool,
it unbends and closes the contacts. If the
current is still excessive, the contact

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opens again. In the headlight circuit, this causes the lights

to flash on and off, warning the driver of trouble. The
flashing lights enable the driver to pull over to the side of
the road and stop.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PROBLEMS

The three-basic electric-current problems are the open
circuit, short circuit and
grounded circuit.

1. OPEN CIRCUIT – Its either the wire

has broken or a connection has
corroded or loosened. No current
flows.

OPEN CIRCUIT
2. SHORT CIRCUIT – The insulation may
have worn through and wires are
touching. Then the current takes the
short cut instead of following the
proper path. High current can flow
if the short is across a major feed
circuit. This usually blows the fuse
or fusible link. Burned out wires
and damaged components may result.

SHORT CIRCUIT

3. GROUNDED CIRCUIT – The insulation

wears through and the bare wire
contacts a grounded part of the
vehicle. A ground often causes a low
or discharged battery.

GROUNDED CIRCUIT

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SELF CHECK 3.3

DIRECTION: Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter that
corresponds to your choice. Write your answer on the space
provided.

1. ____________ the insulation wears through and the bare wire

contacts a grounded part of the vehicle. A ground often causes
a low or discharged battery.
a. OPEN CIRCUIT c. SHORT CIRCUIT
b. GROUNDED CIRCUIT d. NONE OF THE ABOVE

2. ____________ protects headlight and sometimes wind-shield

wiper circuits. One type uses a bimetal thermostat. When
excessive current flows, the strip heats and bends. this
separates the contacts and opens the circuit.
a. FUSE c. FUSIBLE LINKS
b. TRANSISTOR d. CIRCUIT BREAKER

3. ____________ is a short length of insulated wire connected in

series in a circuit. It is usually four gauges sizes smaller
than the wire it is protecting.
a. FUSE c. FUSIBLE LINK
b. TRANSISTOR d. CIRCUIT BREAKER

4. ____________ The insulation may have worn through and wires

are touching. Then the current takes the short cut instead of
following the proper path. High current can flow if the short
is across a major feed circuit. This usually blows the fuse
or fusible link. Burned out wires and damaged components may
result.
a. OPEN CIRCUIT c. SHORT CIRCUIT
b. GROUNDED CIRCUIT d. NONE OF THE ABOVE

5. ____________ is an electrical safety device that operates

to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit.
Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts
when too much current flows through it, thereby stopping or
interrupting the current.

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a. FUSE c. FUSIBLE LINKS

b. TRANSISTOR d. CIRCUIT BREAKER
6. ____________ Its either the wire has broken or a connection
has corroded or loosened. No current flows.
a. OPEN CIRCUIT c. SHORT CIRCUIT
b. GROUNDED CIRCUIT d. NONE OF THE ABOVE

7. ____________ is the intentional addition of a weak link in

an electrical circuit. This link will be broken in the
event of a fault whether that's high temperature, excessive
current or a short circuit in a conductor, thus protecting
the electrical circuit it's part of from damage.
a. CIRCUIT c. CIRCUIT PROTECTION
b. GROUNDED d. OPEN CIRCUIT

ESSAY: Answer each question.

8. What are the causes of electrical circuit problems?

9. How does it affect the circuit?
[Link] can you maintain the safety of the circuit?

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Read the information sheet 3.4 below very

well then, find out how much you can remember
and how much you have learned by doing self-
check.

INFORMATION SHEET 3.4

BASIC ELECTRICAL TROUBLE DIAGNOSIS

Troubleshooting an
electric circuit begins
with knowing how the
circuit should work. The
circuit wiring diagram in
the manufacturer’s service
manual will help learn
this. It serves as a road
map to guide you from part 44-WAY CONNECTOR
to part until you find the
trouble. This saves time
and prevent needless damage
to other electronic
components.

The wiring diagram does not give the component locations on

the vehicle. Other pages in the electrical-diagnosis section of
the service manual provide this information. Also included may be
basic system checks for each electrical device, troubleshooting
hints and a separate diagnostic chart for that system. Harness-
connector faces show the cavity or terminal locations in all
multiple connectors, such as the 44-way connector and the 50-way
connector disconnect.

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To use the wiring diagram, begin by tracing the circuit on

the diagram and then on the car. Start from the fuse or connector
closest to the power source.

A wiring diagram or schematic shows the

wires, connections and components in an
electric circuit or system. The
components are presented by symbols.

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ELECTRICAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS

1. JUMPER WIRE – is a length of
wire used as a temporary
connection between two points
in a circuit. It may have
alligator clips or various
terminals on the ends. A fused
jumper wire has a circuit
breaker or a fuse holder and
fuse in the wire. If excessive
current flows, the circuit-
breaker opens or the fuse blows RE
WI
R
to prevent further damage.
M PE
JU

JUMPER WIRES CAN BE USED IN THREE WAYS:

a. To check for poor grounds.
b. To supply current from a known current directly to the
load.
c. To bypass a wire or other part of the circuit.

For example:
1.1 You can use a jumper
wire to check a switch
that you suspect is
defective.
1.2 Identify the switch
terminals.
1.3 Then turn the switch on.
1.4 Touch the ends of the
jumper wire to the
switch terminals for the circuit you are testing. If
this causes the circuit or connected electric device to
operate, the switch is probably defective.

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CAREFUL!!!
Incorrect use of a jumper wire may damage electric and
electronic devices. Never bypass the load device in a circuit.
Excessive current will flow. The wire will overheat and could
cause a fire or burn you. Never use a jumper wire on a solid-
state device or printed circuit, unless specified in the
manufacturer’s service manual. Any sparks that occur may
cause high-voltage pulses which damage electronic modules and
other devices.

2. TEST LIGHTS – are used to check circuits or electric

components for voltage, continuity and grounds. There are two
types of test lights:

a. CIRCUIT-POWERED TEST LIGHT – A

12-volt test light has a 12-volt
bulb connected between a test
lead and a probe tip. Connect the
alligator clip on the end of the
test lead to ground. The bulb
lights when the tip contacts a
wire or terminal which voltage
is present.
Some test lights have very
small, sharp tip for piercing insulation. After piercing
the insulation, cover the hole with electrical tape or
silicone-rubber sealant. This prevents water or corrosion
from causing a short or other damage.

CAREFUL!!!
Know the circuit you are testing before using a 12-volt
test light. The additional current drawn by the test light
can damage some electronic devices.

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b. SELF-POWERED TEST LIGHT – or

continuity tester has a battery
in the handle. The battery
provides the voltage to light
the bulb when a complete
circuit exists between the test
lead and the probe. For
example, suppose a wire placed
between the probe and the lead
causes the bulb to light. This
shows the wire is unbroken and
has continuity. If the bulb does not light, the wire is
open. There is no continuity.

CAREFUL!!!
Never connect a self-powered test light to a live
circuit. Always disconnect the battery or isolate any
device or lead before checking it. The voltage in the live
circuit will burn out the 1.5-volt bulb in the test light.
Also, the battery in the test lamp may damage some
electronic devices by applying excessive voltage to them.

3. ELECTRIC METER – Electrical trouble diagnosis may require you

to know the voltage, amperage and resistance in the circuit.
A meter is an instrument that measures and records the
quantity or property of something that may be passing through
it. Most automotive electrical instrument are made of using
the voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter functions of a
multimeter.
An electric meter or multimeter has two leads or wires
with metal probes or clips on the ends. One lead is the
positive lead and is usually red. The other is the ground
lead and is usually black. The clips or probes connect the
meter to the circuit being tested.

TYPES OF ELECTRIC METER

1. Analog meter - the movement of the needle or pointer

indicates the reading. The analog meter requires
periodic calibration and may damage electronic
circuits. However, fluctuating or pulsating readings

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are more easily followed by watching the swinging of

the needle.

2. Digital meter – has a number display and should be

used on most electronic circuits. Always follow the
operating instructions for the meter to avoid damage
to the meter or the circuit being tested.

Taking measurements with digital multimeter. Turning the rotary

switch on the multimeter selects the desired function.

a. MEASURING VOLTAGE b. MEASURING AMPERAGE

c. MEASURING RESISTANCE

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SELF CHECK 3.4

DIRECTION: Read each sentence carefully. Answer what is being asked
and write your answers on the space provided.

__________ 1. It has a number display and should be used on most

electronic circuits. Always follow the operating instructions for the
meter to avoid damage to the meter or the circuit being tested.
__________ 2. These are used to check circuits or electric components
for voltage, continuity and grounds.
__________ 3. It is a length of wire used as a temporary connection
between two points in a circuit. It may have alligator clips or
various terminals on the ends.
__________ 4. It begins with knowing how the circuit should work. The
circuit wiring diagram in the manufacturer’s service manual will help
learn this.
__________ 5. It is the other term for electric meter.
__________ 6. It requires periodic calibration and may damage
electronic circuits. However, fluctuating or pulsating readings are
more easily followed by watching the swinging of the needle.
__________ 7. It is an instrument that measures and records the
quantity or property of something that may be passing through it.
__________ 8. A type of test light that the battery provides the
voltage to light the bulb when a complete circuit exists between the
test lead and the probe.
__________ 9. A type of test light that a 12-volt test light has a
12-volt bulb connected between a test lead and a probe tip. Connect
the alligator clip on the end of the test lead to ground.
__________ 10. It has a circuit breaker or a fuse holder and fuse in
the wire. If excessive current flows, the circuit-breaker opens or
the fuse blows to prevent further damage.

ANALOG METER DIGITAL METER JUMPER WIRE

TEST LIGHT FUSED JUMPER WIRE ELECTRIC METER

SELF-POWERED TEST LIGHT CIRCUIT-POWERED TEST LIGHT

TROUBLE SHOOTING MULTIMETER

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LO 1. Test Automotive Battery.

LO 2. Remove and replace Automotive Battery.

LO 3. Jump start vehicle.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

BATTERY CELL – It is the active unit of the battery.

BATTERY – It supplies electric current to operate the starting

motor and ignition system while starting the engine.

BATTERY HOLD DOWNS – Brackets that secure the battery to the

chassis of the vehicle.

BATTERY LEAKAGE TEST – Use to determine if current is discharging

across the top of the battery fuse.

BATTERY TERMINAL TEST – Checks for poor electrical connection

between battery cables and terminal.

BATTERY TERMINALS – Terminals at the battery to which the positive

and the negative battery cables are connected. The terminals maybe
post or threaded insert.

BATTERY CHARGER – An equipment used to charge battery capacity

given in ampere hours.

ELECTROLYTE – The liquid mixture of about 40 percent sulfuric acid

and 60 percent water in a fully charge lead-acid storage bottle.

CHARGE INDICATOR – is a built-in hydrometer. Its appearance shows

the condition and state-of-charge of the battery.

DEAD BATTERY – A battery that is so discharged that the engine

will not crank.

JUMP STARTING – It is starting an engine of a car that has a dead

battery by using a charged battery in another car.

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LEARNING OUTCOME 1:
Testing automotive battery.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
• Understand the battery construction
and principle of operation.
• Explain the ways of testing the
battery.
• Test automotive battery using
hydrometer.

MATERIALS/RESOURCES:

1. BATTERY
2. GLOOVES
3. WIRE
4. ALLIGATOR CLIP
5. COMBINATION WRENCH
6. PHILLIP SCREW
7. TEST LIGHT

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LEARNING
EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES:

LEARNING OUTCOME : Testing Automotive Battery.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read the attached • Try to answer the self-

information sheet no. 1 check without looking at
and 2 . the information sheet.

• Return demo.
2. Teaching demo on test
procedures.

• Answer the self-check

3. Answer self-check no. 1
within the list possible
and 2 to test your
time allotment.
knowledge and operation of
the battery.

4. Check your answer using

answer key LO 1.

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WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Let us determine how much you already know about safety

precautions with electricity. Take this Test.

PRETEST LO 1
DIRECTION: Select the correct, best or probable answer to each question.

1. The battery is an electrochemical device. This means the battery

_________.
a. Makes chemicals by electronic means.
b. Uses chemicals to provide electricity.
c. Has non-chemical plates.
d. Does not use an electrolyte.

2. The battery performs the following, EXCEPT ___________.

a. Supplies current to crank the engine.
b. Supplies current when the charging system cannot handle the
load.
c. Supplies the current to the ignition system with the engine is
off.
d. Supplies current to the ECM while the engine is off.

3. On a top-terminal battery, the negative terminal post is

__________.
a. Smaller than the positive terminal post.
b. The same size with the positive terminal post.
c. Larger than the positive terminal post.
d. None of the above.

4. To disconnect the battery, first __________.

a. Remove vent plugs.
b. Disconnect the insulated cable from the battery.
c. Disconnect the ground cable from the battery.
d. Put the transmission in park or reverse.

5. The time in minutes that a fully charged battery at 80○ F can

deliver 25 amperes is the ___________.
a. Charging rate
b. Reserve capacity
c. Cold-cranking rate
d. Ampere-hour rate

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Read the information sheet below 1.1 very well;

then, find out how much you can remember and how
much you have learned by doing self-check.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

BATTERY OPERATION

The automotive battery supplies electric current to operate

the starting electric current to operate the starting motor and
ignition system while starting the engine. It also acts as a
voltage stabilizer by supplying current for the lights, radio, and
other electrical accessories when the alternator is not handling
the load. In addition, the battery supplies a small current to the
volatile memory in the electronic control module (ECM) while the
ignition key is off.
The battery is an electrochemical device. It uses chemicals
to produce electricity. The amount of electricity it can produce
is

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limited. As the chemical in the battery are depleted, the battery

runs down and is discharged. It can be recharged by supplying it
with electric current from the vehicle alternator or from a battery
charger. The depleted chemicals are restored to their original
condition as the battery becomes recharged.

CHEMICALS IN THE BATTERY

The battery is a lead-acid storage battery. The chemicals in

it are sponge lead (a solid), lead oxide (a paste) and sulfuric
acid (a liquid). These three substances can react chemically to
produce a flow of current. The lead oxide and sponge lead are held
in plates grids to form the positive and negative plates. The grids
are made of lead with other elements such as calcium added.
The sulfuric acid is mixed with water to form the electrolyte.
This is the liquid in the battery. The electrolyte is about 60
percent water and 40 percent sulfuric acid in a fully-charged
battery. As the battery discharges, the electrolyte loses sulfuric
acid and becomes mostly water. This allows the weakened electrolyte
in a discharged battery to freeze in cold weather. That is why
battery should be kept fully charged during the winter months.

CUT AWAY 12-VOLT BATTERY SHOWING ITS INTERNAL CONSTRUCTION

BATTERY CONSTRUCTION
The battery case is molded
plastic. The plates are welded
to plate straps to form plate
groups. To make a battery cell,
a positive plate group fits into
a negative plate group. Porous
separators are placed between
the plates.
This prevents the battery
plates from touching while
allowing electrolyte to
circulate between the plate. The
assembly of the plate groups and
separators is an element. The
elements fit into compartments
in the battery case to favor cells. Heavy leads connectors attach

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to the cell terminals and connect the cells in series. A plastic

cover forms the top of the battery. Some batteries have openings
in the cover from when filler plugs or vent caps removed to add
water maintenance free batteries do not have removable caps.

WORKING SAFELY AROUND BATTERIES

Follow the safety cautions listed below when working with
batteries, testing or charging battery.
1. The sulfuric acid in the electrolyte is very corrosive. It
will eat holes in cloth. It can cause serious burn if it is
sets on your skin. It can make you blind if it gets into your
eyes. Wear eye protector when working with testing or charging
the battery. If you get battery acid in your skin, flush it
off at once with water. If you get battery acid (electrolyte)
into your eyes, flush them with water at once then go to the
school nurse, a doctor or hospital emergency room.
2. When disconnecting a battery, always disconnect the negative
or ground cable first.
3. If the battery vent holes are open before charging. Cover the
caps with a damp cloth. Discard the cloth after the battery
is charged.
4. Never lean over a changing battery.
5. Do not charge a frozen battery for maintenance-free battery
because the charge indicator dot shows light yellow or clear
the battery could explode.

TYPES OF BATTERY
1. ORDINARY WET (NOT MAINTENANCE-FREE) BATTERY – the caps
can be removed to check the battery state of charge and
add water if needed.

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CELL COVERS OR CAPS

POST TYPE TERMINAL

NOT MAINTENANCE-FREE BATTERY
2. MAINTENACE-FREE BATTERY – It requires no additional
water. The charge indicator in the top shows the state of
change.

CELL COVERS GENERALLY NON REMOVABLE

TERMINALS

MAINTENANCE-FREE BATTERY

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SELF CHECK 1.1

DIRECTION: Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter that

correspond to your choice and write your answer on the space
provided.

1. It supplies electric current to operate the starting electric

current to operate the starting motor and ignition system
while starting the engine.
a. BATTERY c. STARTER
b. ALTERNATOR d. DISTRIBUTOR
2. It requires no additional water. The charge indicator in
the top shows the state of change.
a. NOT MAINTENANCE-FREE c. MAINTENACE-FREE
b. DRY CELL d. WET CELL
3. It is mixed with water to form the electrolyte. This is the
liquid in the battery.
a. ELECTROLYTE c. ZINC
b. LEAD d. SULFURIC ACID
4. ___________ the caps can be removed to check the battery
state of charge and add water if needed.
a. NOT MAINTENANCE-FREE c. MAINTENACE-FREE
b. DRY CELL d. WET CELL
5. ___________ is about 60 percent water and 40 percent
sulfuric acid in a fully-charged battery.
a. ELECTROLYTE c. ZINC
b. LEAD d. SULFURIC ACID

ESSAY: Answer the following questions and write your answer on

the space provided.

1. What are the advantages of maintenance-free battery over

ordinary wet battery? Give at least three advantages.

2. What are the main functions of the battery in a vehicle?

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Read the information sheet below 1.2 very well;

then, find out how much you can remember and how
much you have learned by doing self-check.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.2

WAYS OF TESTING THE BATTERY

Batteries are tested in two ways, for state of change and

performance. The state of change of a vent – cap battery is
determined with the hydrometer. The built-in battery provides this
information. The battery load test indicates if the battery is
capable of performing its job.

1. HYDROMETER TEST - is used

to test the state of
charge of a battery cell.
This is performed by
measuring the density of
the electrolyte, which is
accomplished by measuring
the specific gravity of
the electrolyte. The
greater the concentration
of sulfuric acid, the
denser the electrolyte becomes.

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TWO TYPES OF HYDROMETER

1.1 BALL HYDROMETER – is

similar to the ball type
coolant hydrometer. Put the
rubber tube into the
electrolyte, then squeeze
and release the bulb.
Electrolyte will be drawn
into the tube. If all balls
float, the battery is fully
charged. If none, the battery is discharged. The more
balls that floats, the higher the battery state of
charge.

1.2 FLOAT HYDROMETER – is used

the same way it will float in the
electrolyte drawn in. Marks on
the float stem show the
electrolyte specific gravity.
This indicates the state of
charge, the more fully-charged
the battery, the higher the
float.

INDICATION IN HYDROMETER

SPECIFIC GRAVITY STATE OF CHARGE

1.265 – 1.299 FULLY CHARGED BATTERY

THREE TO FOUR MONTHS CHARGED

1.235 – 1.265
1.205 – 1.235 ONE-HALF CHARGED
1.170 – 1.205 ONE-FOURTH CHARGED
1.140 – 1.170 BARELY OPERATIVE
1.110 – 1.140 COMPLETELY DISCHARGED

Relationship between specific gravity and state of charge.

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY STATE OF CHARGE

1.100 18 (-8.2)

1 (-7.2)
1.160
1.200 -17 (-27.3)
1.220 -31 (-35)
1.260 -75 (-59.4)
1.300 -95 (-70.5)

Specific gravities and freezing temperatures for battery

electrolyte

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SELF CHECK 1.2

DIRECTION: Complete the table.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY STATE OF CHARGE

1.
1.265 – 1.299
____________________________
THREE TO FOUR MONTHS CHARGED
2. _______________________
3.
1.205 – 1.235
____________________________
4. _______________________ ONE-FOURTH CHARGED
5.
1.140 – 1.170
____________________________
6.
1.110 – 1.140
____________________________

Relationship between specific gravity and state of charge.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY STATE OF CHARGE

18 (-8.2)
7.________________________
8. ____________________________
1.160
1.200 9. ____________________________
1.220 -31 (-35)
1.260 10. ___________________________
1.300 -95 (-70.5)

Specific gravities and freezing temperatures for battery

electrolyte

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Read the information sheet 1.3 below very well;

then, find out how much you can remember and how
much you have learned by doing self-check.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.3

TESTING AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY USING HYDROMETER

PROCEDURE: The teacher will discuss the procedure with the

student with the aid of pictures and actual battery.

1. Remove all battery vent

caps.

2. Check the electrolyte

level, it must be high
enough to withdraw the
correct amount of solution
into the hydrometer.

3. Squeeze the bulb and place

the pick-up tube into the
electrolyte of a cell.
Drawing electrolyte in the hydrometer

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4. Slowly release the bulb.

Draw in enough solution
until the float is freely
suspended in the barrel.
Hold the hydrometer in a
vertical position.

5. List the test result.

Specific gravity of electrolyte

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SELF CHECK 1.3

DIRECTION: A. List the procedure in testing automotive battery

using hydrometer in order.

1. ____________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________

B. ESSAY: Answer the question and write your answer on the space
provided.

1. What is the importance of testing the battery?

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LEARNING OUTCOME 2:
Remove and replace automotive
battery.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
• Understand the correct procedures in
connecting and disconnecting a
battery.
• Demonstrate the procedures in removing
and replacing a battery.
• Service and charge automotive battery.

MATERIALS/RESOURCES:

1. ENGINE MOCK-UP
2. BATTERY
3. CABLES
4. COMBINATION WRENCH
5. APRON
6. GLOOVES
7. SCREW DRIVER

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LEARNING
EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES:

LEARNING OUTCOME : REMOVE AND REPLACE AUTOMOTIVE

BATTERY.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read the attached • Answer the self-check

information sheet no. 1 within the list possible
and 2 . time allotment.

• Refer to the information

2. Answer self-check LO 2.1 sheet 2.1 and 2.2
and 2.2 to test your
knowlegde in the correct
procedures in
connecting/disconnecting a
battery.
• Return to demo
3. Check your answer to
answer key LO 2.1 AND 2.2

4. Teacher demo on removing

and replacing a battery.

5. Check your answer using

answer key LO 1.

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Read the information sheet below 2.1 very well;

then, find out how much you can remember and how much
you have learned by doing self-check.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.1

PROCEDURES IN CONNECTING/DISCONNECTING A BATTERY

1. Connect a memory holder (a 9-volt battery and adaptor) to the
cigarette lighter to keep the volatile memories alive while
the battery is disconnected from the vehicle. Follow the
manufacturer’s instruction to avoid overloading the 9-volt
battery.
2. Disconnect the ground cable clamp, use a combination wrench
or battery pliers.
3. Loosen the clamp ball then pull the clamp from the terminal.
4. Do not use other pliers or an open-end wrench. If the clamp
sticks, use a battery clamp puller, do not pry the clamp off
with the screw driver or pry bar. You might break the cover.
5. Disconnect the insulated cable from the battery.
6. Clean the terminals and cable clamp.
7. Detach the spring ring cable clamp squeeze a part the ends of
the rings with pliers.
8. Disconnect the insulated cable from the battery clean the
terminals and cable clamps loosen the hold-down clamps and
remove the battery.
9. Clean the battery tray and hold-down clamps if the parts are
metal, clean them with stiff brush on a solution of baking
soda and water.
10. Open the water drain holes in the bottom of the tray,
after rinsing and drying, paint the tray and other metal parts
with acid resistant paint.
11. When installing the battery, do not reverse the terminal
connections.

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12. Reconnect the insulated cable first then the ground

cable. Tighten the hold down-down clamps and do not over
tighten the clamps.

BE CAREFULL: Never install a

battery backward. The reverse
polarity may cause high current
flow which may damage
electrical components.

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SELF CHECK 2.1

DIRECTION: A. On the blank provided for, write the correct letter
of your choice.

1. In disconnecting the battery, the correct tools to be used

is _____?
a. BOX WRENCH c. BATTERY PLIERS
b. OPEN WRENCH d. A and C
2. The tool to be used to clamp the battery is _______.
a. BATTERY CLAMP PULLER c. SCREW DRIVER
b. PRY BAR d. B and C
3. In cleaning the corrosion and foreign materials on the
battery tray you must clean with ___________.
a. BRUSH WITH SODA AND WATER c. GASOLINE
b. OIL d. NONE OF THE ABOVE
4. To disconnect the battery first ___________.
a. REMOVE THE VENT PLUG
b. DISCONNECT THE INSULATED CABLE FROM THE BATTERY
c. DISCONNECT THE GROUND CABLE FROM THE BATTERY
d. PUT THE TRANSMISSION IN PARK OR REVERSE
5. When installing the battery, ___________.
a. DO NOT REVERSE THE TERMINAL CONNECTIONS
b. REMOVE THE VENT PLUG
c. PUT THE TRANSMISSION IN PARK OR REVERSE
d. NONE OF THE ABOVE
B. List the procedures in connecting/disconnecting a battery.
1. ___________________________________________________.
2. ___________________________________________________.
3. ___________________________________________________.
4. ___________________________________________________.
5. ___________________________________________________.
6. ___________________________________________________.
7. ___________________________________________________.
8. ___________________________________________________.
9. ___________________________________________________.
10. __________________________________________________.
11. __________________________________________________.
12. __________________________________________________.

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Read the information sheet 2.2 below very well;

then, find out how much you can remember and how much
you have learned by doing self-check.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2

REMOVING AND REPLACING AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY

PROCEDURES:

1. Prepare the tools and

materials needed in removing
the battery.

2. Place the fender cover on the

vehicle to protect the body
paint.

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3. Loosen the clamp bolt for the

negative cable using terminal
pliers and wrench of correct
size.

4. Use the terminal puller to

remove the cable from the
terminal. Do not pry the
cable off the terminal.

5. Locate the negative cable

away from the battery.
6. Loosen the clamp bolt for the
positive cable and use the
terminal puller to remove the
cable.
7. Disconnect the hold-down
fixture (if available).

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8. Using the battery lifting

clamp, remove the battery out
from the tray. Keep the
battery away from your body.
Wear protective clothing to
prevent acid spills onto your
hand.

9. Transport the battery to the

bench. Keep it away from your
clothes.

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SELF CHECK 2.2

DIRECTION:

A. List down the procedures in removing and replacing the battery

according to the proper sequence.

1. _____________________________________________________.

2. _____________________________________________________.

3. _____________________________________________________.

4. _____________________________________________________.

5. _____________________________________________________.

6. _____________________________________________________.

7. _____________________________________________________.

8. _____________________________________________________.

9. _____________________________________________________.

B. List down the tools and materials needed in removing and

installing the battery.

1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. ________________

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Read the information sheet 2.3 below very well;

then, find out how much you can remember and how
much you have learned by doing self-check.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.3

METHODS OF BATTERY CHARGING

1. SLOW CHARGE – the battery is given a charge of a few
amperes several hours.

2. QUICK OR TYPICAL – a 30-ampere charging rate up to 30

minutes.

For further charging, reduce

the charging rate to 20 amperes or
less for up to 3 hours longer.
Change a maintenance free battery
until the green dot appears. To
connect the charger a side
terminal battery, it may necessary
to install the bolts or adapters
in the terminal bolt holes. when
charging a battery in a vehicle,
disconnect the ground cable from
the battery. This protects electrical and electronics components
from the high charging voltage.

BE CAREFULL: Never connect the battery charge backward. The

reverse polarity may cause high current flow which would damage
the vehicle electrical equipment.

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WARNING: Quick or fast charging two battery requires the battery

be monitored at all times and the charging time must be controlled.
Do not fast charge a battery longer than two hours. Excessive fast
charging can damage the battery. Do not allow the voltage of a 12-
volt battery exceed 15.5 volts, also do not allow temperature rise
above 125 ‫ﹾ‬F.

CHARGE RATE
The charge rate required to recharge a battery depends on
several factors:

1. Battery capacity/high capacity batteries required longer

charging time.
2. State of charge
3. Battery temperature
4. Battery condition

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SELF CHECK 2.3

DIRECTION: Read each sentence carefully and answer each item. Write
your answers on the space provided.

1. A method of charging the battery is given a charge of a few

amperes for several hours.
a. SLOW CHARGE
b. FAST CHARGE
c. A and B
d. NONE OF THE ABOVE

2. For further charging reduce the charging rate to.

a. 20 AMPERES OR LESS UP TO 3 HRS.
b. 30 AMPERES OR MORE
c. 40 AMPERES OR LESS
d. A and B

3. A method of battery charging rate given 30 amperes charging

rate up to 30 minutes.
a. QUICK OR FAST CHARGE
b. SLOW CHARGE
c. A and B
d. NONE OF THE ABOVE

4. When charging a battery in a vehicle, first ___________.

a. DISCONNECT THE GROUND CABLE
b. DISCONNECT THE POSITIVE CABLE
c. A and B
d. NONE OF THE ABOVE

5. A reverse polarity can cause ________________.

a. DAMAGE TO THE CAR

b. DAMAGE TO THE BATTERY
c. DAMAGE THE BODY PAINT OF THE VEHICLE.
d. NONE OF THE ABOVE

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LEARNING OUTCOME 3:
Jump start a vehicle.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
• Understand the procedures in jump
starting a vehicle.

MATERIALS/RESOURCES:

1. WRENCHES
2. PLIERS
3. SCREW DRIVERS
4. BATTERY
5. CABLE

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LEARNING
EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES:

LEARNING OUTCOME : JUMP START A VEHICLE.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read the attached • Answer the self-check

information sheet no. 3. within the list possible
time allotment.

2. Answer self-check LO 3.0

to test your knowlegde in
the correct procedures in • Refer to the information
jump starting a vehicle. sheet 3.

3. Check your answer to

answer key LO 3.
• Return to demo

4. Teacher demo on jump

starting a vehicle.

5. Check your answer using

answer key LO 3.

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Read the information sheet 3.0 below very well;

then, find out how much you can remember and how much
you have learned by doing self-check.

INFORMATION SHEET 3.0

PROCEDURES IN JUMP STARTING A VEHICLE SAFELY

1. Attach one end of the
positive jumper
cable to the disabled
battery’s positive
terminal.
2. Correct the other end
of the positive
jumper cable to the
booster battery’s
positive terminal.
3. Attached one end of
the negative jumper
cable to the booster
battery’s negative
terminal.
4. Attach the other end
of the negative
jumper cable to an
engine ground on the
disabled vehicle.
5. Start the disabled vehicle.
6. Once the disabled vehicle starts, disconnect the ground
connected negative jumper cable from its engine block.
7. Disconnect the negative jumper cable from the booster
battery.

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8. Disconnect the positive jumper cable from the booster battery

then from the other battery.

NOTE: Do not connect this cable end to the battery negative

terminal. Doing so may create a spark that will cause the battery
to explode.

CAUTION: Do not use more than 16 volts battery to jump start a

vehicle that is equipped with an engine control module (EICM).
The excess voltage may damage the electronic components.

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SELF CHECK 3.0

DIRECTION:
A. List down the procedures in jump starting a vehicle.

1. _____________________________________________________.

2. _____________________________________________________.

3. _____________________________________________________.

4. _____________________________________________________.

5. _____________________________________________________.

6. _____________________________________________________.

7. _____________________________________________________.

8. _____________________________________________________.

B. List down the different tools and materials in jump starting

a vehicle.

1. ____________________
3. ____________________
2. ____________________

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4. ____________________ 5. ____________________

LO 1. Describe the construction of Starter Motor.

LO 2. Perform Starting System Diagnosis.

LO 3. Remove, Service and Install Starter Motor.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

STARTER MOTOR – converts electrical energy from the battery into

mechanical energy that rotates the crankshaft.

COMMUTATOR - a series of conducting segments located around one

end of the armature.

BRUSHES - electrically conductive sliding contacts, usually made

of copper and carbon.

ELECTROMAGNETISM - a form of magnetism that occurs when current

flows through a conductor.

STATOR - the stationary coil of the ac generator in which current

is produced.

TROUBLESHOOTING - the diagnostic procedure of locating and

identifying the cause of the fault. It is a step-by-step process
of elimination by use of cause-and-effect.

CONTINUITY - refers to the circuit being continuous with no open.

AMMETER - a test meter to measure current draw.

IGNITION SWITCH – the key operated main power switch that opens
and closes the circuit that supplies current to the ignition and
other electrical systems.

SERVICE MANUAL - it is a list of every conceivable detail of

maintenance and repair from the smallest engine part to the exact
torque needed to tighten every nut and bolt.

CRANKSHAFT - it serves as the main rotating shaft of the engine.

ENGINE - self-propelled mechanical device that can produce power

in itself through conversion of energies.

GAUGE – used to determine the amount, quantity, size, or extent of

something.

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SAFETY - protection against failure, breakage or other accident.

ELECTRICAL LOAD – is the working device of the circuit.

GROUND – is the common negative connection of the electrical system

that is the point of the lowest voltage.

CONTINUITY – it refers to the circuit being continuous with no

open.

RESISTANCE – is the opposition to current flow.

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LEARNING OUTCOME 1:
Describe the construction of
Starter Motor.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
• Explain the purpose of Starting System.
• Understand the operation of Starting
System.
• Know the construction of Starting System.

MATERIALS/RESOURCES:

1. STARTER MOTOR
2. BATTERY
3. CABLES
4. SCREW DRIVER
5. WRENCHEs

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LEARNING
EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES:

LEARNING OUTCOME : DESCRIBE THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE STARTER

MOTOR.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read the attached • Answer the self-check

information sheet no. within the list possible
1.1, 1.2 and 1.3. time allotment.

2. Answer self-check LO 1.1,

1.2 and 1.3 to test you
if you understand the
basic operation and
construction of starter • Refer to the information
motor. sheet 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3

3. Check your answer to

answer key LO 1.1, 1.2
and 1.3

4. Check your answer using

answer key LO 1.

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WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Let us determine how much you already know about safety
precautions with electricity. Take this Test.
PRETEST LO 1
DIRECTION: Select the correct, best or most probable answer to each
question. You can find the answers in the section indicated at the end
of each question.

1. Technician A says the starting includes a low-current control

circuit and a high-circuit motor circuit. Technician B says the
starting system includes a relay or solenoid switch and a safety
switch. Who is right?
a. A only c. Both A and B
b. B only d. Neither A nor B

2. The stationary magnetic field in the starting motor is produced by

the ____________.
a. Field windings or permanent magnets
b. Brushes and commutator
c. Armature windings and commutator bars
d. Relay or solenoid

3. To start the engine, the starting motor rotates the crankshaft

about _____________.
a. 3000 rpm c. 50 rpm
b. 45,000 rpm d. 200 rpm
e.

4. The overrunning clutch perform all the following EXCEPT _________.

a. Transmit cranking torque to the engine
b. Damages the armature if it fails to lock
c. Prevents the engine from driving the pinion
d. Act as a one-way clutch

5. If the headlights go out when key is turned to START, the cause is

probably ___________.
a. A defective light switches
b. A dead battery
c. A loose battery-cable connection
d. An open starting motor

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Read the information sheet below 1.1 very well;

then, find out how much you can remember and how much
you have learned by doing self-check.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

STARTING SYSTEM

To start the automobile, the crankshaft must run fast enough

for air-fuel mixture to enter the cylinders, an electric starter
or starting motor does this job. It converts electrical energy
from the battery into mechanical energy that rotates the
crankshaft.
The starting system has two separate but related circuits.
One is the low-current control circuit. The other is the high-
current motor circuit. Both operate on battery voltage. When the
driver turns the ignition key to START, the control circuit causes
heavy contacts to close in a starter relay or solenoid switch.
High current then flows from the battery insulated cable through
these contacts to the starting motor. A gear on the starting motor
shaft moves into mesh with the ring gear around the engine flywheel
or drive plate. As the starting motor shaft turns, it spins the
crankshaft fast enough to start the engine.

The use of a relay or solenoid shortens the distance that

heavy-gauge cable must carry the cranking current. The control
circuit includes a safety switch. It prevents energizing of the
relay or solenoid with the automatic transmission or transaxle in
gear. In a vehicle with a manual transmission or transaxle, the
clutch pedal must be depressed before cranking occurs.

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DIAGRAM OF THE STARTING SYSTEM

BASIC COMPONENTS OF STARTING SYSTEM CIRCUIT

1. IGNITION SWITCH - is a switch in

the control system of a motor
vehicle that activates the main
electrical systems for the
vehicle, including "accessories"
(radio, power windows, etc.).

2. STARTER SOLENOID - is
an electromagnet which is
actuated to engage the starter
motor of an internal combustion
engine. It is normally attached
directly to the starter motor
which it controls. Its primary
function is as the actuating coil
of a contactor (a relay designed
for large electric currents)
which connects the battery to

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the starter motor proper. All modern cars also use the starter
solenoid to move the starter pinion into engagement with
the ring gear of the engine. The starter solenoid is
sometimes called the starter relay, but many cars reserve
that name for a separate relay which supplies power to the
starter solenoid. In these cases, the ignition
switch energizes the starter relay, which energizes the
starter solenoid, which energizes the starter motor.

3. NEUTRAL SAFETY SWITCH - is a

safety device that only allows
you to start your engine when the
automatic transmission is in
either Park or Neutral. The
purpose of the neutral safety
switch is to prevent the car from
starting while in gear, which
would cause it to launch forward
unexpectedly.

4. STARTER MOTOR - is a device

used to rotate (crank)
an internal-combustion
engine so as to initiate the
engine's operation under its
own power. Starters can
be electric, pneumatic,
or hydraulic. In the case of
very large engines, the
starter can even be another
internal-combustion engine.

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SELF CHECK 1.1

DIRECTION:
A. Read each sentence carefully. Answer and write your answer on
the space provided.

1. ____________ converts electrical energy from the battery into

mechanical energy that rotates the crankshaft.
a. ALTERNATOR c. STARTING MOTOR
b. CRANKSHAFT d. FLYWHEEL
2. ____________ prevents energizing of the relay or solenoid
with the automatic transmission or transaxle in gear.
a. RELAY OR SOLENOID c. STARTER MOTOR
b. IGNITION SWITCH d. NEUTRAL SWITCH
3. ____________ is a safety device that only allows you to start
your engine when the automatic transmission is in either Park
or Neutral.
a. RELAY OR SOLENOID c. STARTER MOTOR
b. IGNITION SWITCH d. NEUTRAL SWITCH
4. ____________ is a switch in the control system of a motor
vehicle that activates the main electrical systems for the
vehicle, including "accessories" (radio, power windows,
etc.).
a. RELAY OR SOLENOID c. STARTER MOTOR
b. IGNITION SWITCH d. NEUTRAL SWITCH
5. ____________ is an electromagnet which is actuated to engage
the starter motor of an internal combustion engine. It is
normally attached directly to the starter motor which it
controls.
a. RELAY OR SOLENOID c. STARTER MOTOR
b. IGNITION SWITCH d. NEUTRAL SWITCH

B. List down the basic components of starting system. Write your

answer on the space provided.
1. __________________
2. __________________
3. __________________
4. __________________
5. __________________

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Read the information sheet 1.2 below very well;

then, find out how much you can remember and how much
you have learned by doing self-check.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.2

BASIC MOTOR PRINCIPLE

When current flows
through a conductor, a
magnetic field builds up
around that conductor. If the
conductor is in magnetic
field, as from horseshoe
magnet, the magnetic field
exerts a force on the
conductor. The cross in the
center of the conductor
indicates the current is
flowing away from the reader.
This causes the magnetic field
due to the current flow to
encircle the conductor in a
counterclockwise direction.

The circular magnetic

field to the left of the
conductor is in the same
direction as the straight-line
magnetic field from the
magnet. To the right of the
conductor, the circular
magnetic field is in the opposite direction. This weakens the field
to the right of the conductor. Therefore, the resulting magnetic
field distorts around the conductor.

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Read the information sheet 1.3 below very well;

then, find out how much you can remember and how much
you have learned by doing self-check.

STARTER MOTOR
Starter motor is a device used to rotate (crank) an internal-
combustion engine so as to initiate the engine's operation under
its own power. Starters can be electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic.
In the case of very large engines, the starter can even be another
internal-combustion engine.
Internal combustion engines are feedback systems, which, once
started, rely on the inertia from each cycle to initiate the next
cycle. In a four-stroke engine, the third stroke releases energy
from the fuel, powering the fourth (exhaust) stroke and also the
first two (intake, compression) strokes of the next cycle, as well
as powering the engine's external load. To start the first cycle
at the beginning of any particular session, the first two strokes
must be powered in some other way than from the engine itself. The
starter motor is used for this purpose and it is not required once
the engine starts running and its feedback loop becomes self-
sustaining.

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CONSTRUCTION OF STARTER MOTOR

Engines are made in various sizes and cylinder arrangements.
Similarly, starting motors vary in size and shape. They also vary
in construction. For example, most automotive starting motors used
electromagnets to produce the magnetic field. More starting motors
now have permanent magnets instead.

1. ARMATURE. is the component of an electric machine which

carries alternating current. The armature windings conduct AC
even on DC machines, due to the commutator action (which
periodically reverses current direction) or due to electronic
commutation, as in brushless DC motors.

2. FIELD WINDING. Produce a strong magnetic field when battery

current flows through.

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3. COMMUTATORS. a series of bars or segments connected to the

armature coils (see armature sense 2b) of a generator or motor
so that rotation of the armature will in conjunction with a
set of fixed brushes (see brush entry 2 sense 3) convert
alternating current into direct current.

4. PLUNGER. It forces the pinion into mesh with the ring gear.

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5. PINION GEAR. incorporates a one-way clutch so that when the

engine starts and runs it will not attempt to drive the
starter motor at excessive RPM.

6. POLE SHOE. Metal pieces about which the field coil windings
are placed, when current passes through the windings, the
pole shoes become powerful magnets.

7. BRUSHES. is to conduct electricity to the individual segments

as they rotate from brush to brush. This allows the motor to
turn in one direction at a speed determined by the number of
windings in the armature.

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8. ARMATURE SHAFT. When the machine or motor is used as a motor,

this EMF opposes the armature current, and
the armature converts electrical power to mechanical power in
the form of torque, and transfers it via the shaft.

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SELF CHECK 1.1

DIRECTIONS: Identify what is being ask and write your answers on
the space provided.

1. __________ Metal pieces about which the field coil windings

are placed, when current passes through the windings, the
pole shoes become powerful magnets.
2. __________ When the machine or motor is used as a motor, this
EMF opposes the armature current, and the armature converts
electrical power to mechanical power in the form of torque,
and transfers it via the shaft.
3. __________ is to conduct electricity to the individual
segments as they rotate from brush to brush.
4. __________ It forces the pinion into mesh with the ring gear.
5. __________ incorporates a one-way clutch so that when the
engine starts and runs it will not attempt to drive the
starter motor at excessive RPM.
6. __________ a series of bars or segments connected to the
armature coils (see armature sense 2b) of a generator or motor
so that rotation of the armature will in conjunction with a
set of fixed brushes (see brush entry 2 sense 3) convert
alternating current into direct current.
7. __________ is a device used to rotate (crank) an internal-
combustion engine so as to initiate the engine's operation
under its own power. Starters can be electric, pneumatic,
or hydraulic.
8. More starting motors now have _________ instead.
9. __________ prevents energizing of the relay or solenoid with
the automatic transmission or transaxle in gear.
10.__________ is a safety device that only allows you to start
your engine when the automatic transmission is in either Park.

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Legazpi ● Ligao ● Polangui

Read the information sheet 1.4 below very well;

then, find out how much you can remember and how much
you have learned by doing self-check.

STARTING-SYSTEM TROUBLE DIAGNOSIS

Three basic starting-system complains are:
1. The engine does not crank.
2. The cranks slowly but does not start.

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3. The engine cranks normally but does not start. This condition
is not caused by the starting system. It indicates a problem
in the fuel or ignition system or in the engine.

CONDITION POSSIBLE CAUSE CHECK OR CORRECTION

1. No cranking, a. Open circuit in • Check switch and
lights stay ignition switch. connections.
bright. b. Open circuit in • Check commutator,
starting motor. brushes and
c. Open in control connections.
circuit.
• Check solenoid or
d. Open fusible
relay, switch and
link.
connections.
• Correct condition
causing link to
blow, replace
link.

CONDITION POSSIBLE CAUSE CHECK OR CORRECTION

2. No cranking, a. Trouble in engine. • Check engine to
lights dim b. Battery low. find trouble.
heavily. c. Very low • Check, recharge or
temperature. replace battery.
d. Frozen armature
• Battery must be
bearings, short in
fully charged,
starting motor.
with engine,
wiring circuit and
starting motor in
good condition.
• Repair starting
motor

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CONDITION POSSIBLE CAUSE CHECK OR CORRECTION

3. No cranking, a. Faulty or slipping • Replace parts.
lights dim drive. • Clean commutator,
slightly. b. Excessive replace brushes
resistance or open repair poor
circuit in connections.
starting motor.

CONDITION POSSIBLE CAUSE CHECK OR CORRECTION

4. No cranking, a. Poor • Clean cable
lights go out. connection, clamp and
probably at terminal,
battery. tighten clamp.

CONDITION POSSIBLE CAUSE CHECK OR CORRECTION

5. No cranking, no a. Battery dead. • Recharge or
lights. b. Open circuit. replace
battery.
• Clean and
tighten
connections,
replace wiring.

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CONDITION POSSIBLE CAUSE CHECK OR CORRECTION

6. Engine cranks a. Battery run down. • Check, recharge
slowly but does b. Very low or replace
not start. temperature. battery.
c. Starting motor • Battery must be
defective fully charged
d. Undersized with engine,
battery cables or wiring circuit
battery. and starting
e. Mechanical motor in good
trouble in condition.
engine.
• Test starting
f. Driver has run
motor.
battery down
trying to start. • Install cables
or battery of
adequate size.
• Check engine.

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