10/25/2019 Network Protocols - Tutorialspoint

Network Protocols

Network Protocols are a set of rules governing exchange of information in an easy, reliable and
secure way. Before we discuss the most common protocols used to transmit and receive data over a
network, we need to understand how a network is logically organized or designed. The most popular
model used to establish open communication between two systems is the Open Systems Interface
(OSI) model proposed by ISO.

OSI Model
OSI model is not a network architecture because it does not specify the exact services and protocols
for each layer. It simply tells what each layer should do by defining its input and output data. It is up to
network architects to implement the layers according to their needs and resources available.
These are the seven layers of the OSI model −
Physical layer −It is the first layer that physically connects the two systems that need to
communicate. It transmits data in bits and manages simplex or duplex transmission by
modem. It also manages Network Interface Card’s hardware interface to the network, like
cabling, cable terminators, topography, voltage levels, etc.
Data link layer − It is the firmware layer of Network Interface Card. It assembles datagrams
into frames and adds start and stop flags to each frame. It also resolves problems caused by
damaged, lost or duplicate frames.
Network layer − It is concerned with routing, switching and controlling flow of information
between the workstations. It also breaks down transport layer datagrams into smaller
datagrams.
Transport layer − Till the session layer, file is in its own form. Transport layer breaks it down
into data frames, provides error checking at network segment level and prevents a fast host
from overrunning a slower one. Transport layer isolates the upper layers from network
hardware.
Session layer − This layer is responsible for establishing a session between two
workstations that want to exchange data.

Presentation layer − This layer is concerned with correct representation of data, i.e. syntax
and semantics of information. It controls file level security and is also responsible for
converting data to network standards.

Application layer − It is the topmost layer of the network that is responsible for sending
application requests by the user to the lower levels. Typical applications include file transfer,
E-mail, remote logon, data entry, etc.

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It is not necessary for every network to have all the layers. For example, network layer is not there in
broadcast networks.
When a system wants to share data with another workstation or send a request over the network, it is
received by the application layer. Data then proceeds to lower layers after processing till it reaches the
physical layer.

At the physical layer, the data is actually transferred and received by the physical layer of the
destination workstation. There, the data proceeds to upper layers after processing till it reaches
application layer.
At the application layer, data or request is shared with the workstation. So each layer has opposite
functions for source and destination workstations. For example, data link layer of the source
workstation adds start and stop flags to the frames but the same layer of the destination workstation
will remove the start and stop flags from the frames.
Let us now see some of the protocols used by different layers to accomplish user requests.

TCP/IP

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is a set of layered
protocols used for communication over the Internet. The communication model of this suite is client-
server model. A computer that sends a request is the client and a computer to which the request is
sent is the server.

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TCP/IP has four layers −

Application layer − Application layer protocols like HTTP and FTP are used.
Transport layer − Data is transmitted in form of datagrams using the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP). TCP is responsible for breaking up data at the client side and then
reassembling it on the server side.

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Network layer − Network layer connection is established using Internet Protocol (IP) at the
network layer. Every machine connected to the Internet is assigned an address called IP
address by the protocol to easily identify source and destination machines.
Data link layer − Actual data transmission in bits occurs at the data link layer using the
destination address provided by network layer.

TCP/IP is widely used in many communication networks other than the Internet.

FTP

As we have seen, the need for network came up primarily to facilitate sharing of files between
researchers. And to this day, file transfer remains one of the most used [Link] protocol that
handles these requests is File Transfer Protocol or FTP.

Using FTP to transfer files is helpful in these ways −

PPP

Point to Point Protocol or PPP is a data link layer protocol that enables transmission of TCP/IP traffic
over serial connection, like telephone line.

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To do this, PPP defines these three things −

Link control protocol (LCP) for bringing communication lines up, authenticating and bringing
them down when no longer needed.
Network control protocol (NCP) for each network layer protocol supported by other networks.

Using PPP, home users can avail Internet connection over telephone lines.

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