Dr.

Diyar Nasih
PhD in Structural Engineering
Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

1- Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method)

The development of the strength design approach depends on the following basic
assumptions:

1. A plane section before bending remains a plane section after bending.

2. Stresses and strains are approximately proportional.
3. The tensile strength of the concrete is neglected.
4. The steel is assumed to be uniformly strained to the Strain.
5. The bond between the steel and concrete is full.

Dr. Diyar Nasih Page | 1

Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

c = distance from the outer compressive

fiber to the neutral axis

β1 = a factor that is a function of the

strength of the concrete
b1 = 0.85 f c' £ 30Mpa
b1 = 0.85 - 0.008(f c' - 30) f c' > 30Mpa
b1 = 0.65 f c' ³ 55Mpa

As
C = 0.85f c'ab , T = As f y & r=
bd
As f y
QC = T 0.85f c'ab = As f y Þ a=
0.85f c'b
M =T ´ Z
æ aö æ 1 As f s ö÷ æ 1 (r bd )f y ö÷
M = As f y ççd - ÷ = ç - ´ ÷= ç1 - ´ ÷
çè ÷
÷ A f ç
s y çd ' ÷ (r bd )f y ç
d ç ÷
2ø è ÷
2 0.85f c b ø '
÷
çè 2 0.85f c bd ø
æ f ö
\ M n = r f y bd 2 çç1 - r y ' ÷ ÷
÷ Nominal Moment
çè ÷
1.7f c ø
\ Mu = f M n Ultimate Moment

c eu 0.003
= Þ c= ´ d
d eu + ey f
0.003 + y
Es
0.003Es 600
c= ´ d Þ c= ´ d
0.003Es + f y 600 + f y
QC = T Þ 0.85f c'ab = As f y
f c'
0.85f c (b1c )b = (rbbd )f y Þ
'
rb = 0.85b1 ´ c
f yd
f c' æ 600 ö ÷
rb = 0.85b1 ´ ççç ÷
÷´ d
f y d çè 600 + f y ÷
ø
f c' æ 600 ö÷
\ rb = 0.85b1 çç ÷
fy çç 600 + f ÷÷
è y ø

Dr. Diyar Nasih Page | 2

Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

Strength Reduction or φ Factors (ACI-Code 318-14)

0.90 for tension-controlled beams and slabs
0.75 for shear and torsion in beams
0.65 or 0.75 for columns
0.65 or 0.75 to 0.9 for columns supporting very small axial loads
0.65 for bearing on concrete
f c' 1.4
r min = ³
4f y fy
r max = 0.75rb
r max > r > r min
r = rb Balance Reinforced Steel( f s = f y , f c = f c' )
r < rb Under Reinforced Steel (f s = f y , f c < f c' Tension failure)
r > rb Over Reinforced Steel ( f s <f y , f c =f c' Compression failure)

Load Factors
U = 1.4D
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
U = 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
U = 0.9D + 1.0W
U = 0.9D + 1.0E
U = The Design or Ultimate load
D = Dead load
(Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position).
L = Live load
(Live loads are loads that can change in magnitude and position).
Lr = Roof live load
S = Snow load
R = Rain load
W = Wind load
E = Seismic or Earthquake load effects

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Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

Analysis of rectangular beam by Ultimate method

Start

1 0.85 f c' 30 M pa
1 0.85 0.008 f c ' 30 f c' 30 M pa

1 0.65 f c' 55 M pa
As f c' 1.4
, m in
bd 4f y fy
f c' 600
b 0.85 1 , m ax 0.75 b
f y 600 f y

No Yes
r < rb

Over Reinforced Steel Under Reinforced Steel

2 1d 0.85 1f c' As f y
a 1 1 a
150 0.85f c'b

a
Mn 0.85fc'ab d
2
Mu Mn

End

Dr. Diyar Nasih Page | 4

Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

Example 1 : A rectangular beam has width 300mm and depth 600mm. It is reinforced with 425
in one layer Where f c' = 21 MPa , fy = 240 MPa. Find the ultimate moment that the
beam can carry. Also check the beam if the applied moment is 280kN.m.
Solution :

b1 = 0.85
ìï 21
ïï = 0.00273
ïï 4 ´ 420
r min = í Þ r min = 0.00333
ïï 1.4
ïï = 0.00333
ïî 420
f c' æ
çç 600 ÷
ö
÷ 21 æ
çç 600 ÷
ö
rb = 0.85b1 ÷ = 0.85 ´ 0.85 ´ ÷= 0.02125
f y ççè600 + f y ÷
ø 420 ç
è 600 + 420 ÷
ø
r max = 0.75rb = 0.75´ 0.02125 = 0.01594
æ ö
25 ÷
d = 600 - çç40 + 10 + ÷ = 537.5 mm
çè 2÷ ø
p
As = 4 ´ ´ 252 = 1963.5 mm 2
4
A 1963.5
r= s = = 0.012177
bd 300 ´ 537.5
r < rb Under Reinforced Steel ( f s = f y , f c < f c' Tension failure)
As f y 1963.5´ 420
a= = = 154 mm
0.85f c b '
0.85´ 21´ 300
æ aö æ ö
M n = 0.85f c'ab ççd - ÷÷ = 0.85 ´ 21´ 154 ´ 300 çç537.5 - 154 ÷
÷ = 379.76 kN .m
çè 2÷
ø çè 2 ÷ø
\ M u = f M n = 0.9 ´ 379.76 = 341.8 kN .m
Q M applied < M u \ The section is good

Dr. Diyar Nasih Page | 5

Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

Example 2 : Determine the nominal moment of the rectangular beam 300×500mm. It is reinforced
with 632 in two layers . Where f c' = 35 MPa , fy = 414 MPa.
Solution :
b1 = 0.85 - 0.008(f c' - 30)= b1 = 0.85 - 0.008 (35 - 30 )= 0.81
ìï 35
ïï = 0.00357
ïï 4 ´ 414
r min = í Þ r min = 0.00357
ïï 1.4
ïï = 0.00338
ïî 414
f c' æ
ç 600 ÷ ö
÷ 35 æç 600 ÷ ö
rb = 0.85b1 çç ÷ = 0.85 ´ 0.81 ´ ç ÷= 0.03444
f y çè600 + f y ø÷ 414 çè600 + 414 ÷
ø
r max = 0.75rb = 0.75´ 0.03444 = 0.0258
d = 500 - (40 + 10 + 20 + 25)= 405 mm
p
As = 6 ´ ´ 322 = 4825.5 mm 2
4
A 4825.5
r= s = = 0.039716
bd 300 ´ 405
r > rb Over Reinforced Steel ( f s < f y , f c = f c' Compression failure)
0.85b1f c' 0.85 ´ 0.81´ 35
a= = = 4.045
150r 150 ´ 0.039716
2b d 2 ´ 0.81´ 405
a= 1
a
(
1+ a - 1 = ) 4.045
( )
1 + 4.045 - 1 = 216.5 mm

æ aö æ ö
M n = 0.85f c'ab ççd - ÷ ÷= 0.85 ´ 35 ´ 216.5 ´ 300 çç405 - 216.5 ÷
÷= 573.4 kN .m
çè 2÷
ø çè 2 ÷ ø
\ M u = f M n = 0.9 ´ 573.4 = 516 kN .m

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Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

Example 3 : Find the maximum live load can be applied to the beam shown in the fig. Where f c' =
32 MPa , fy = 414 MPa.

Solution :
b1 = 0.85 - 0.008(f c' - 30)= b1 = 0.85 - 0.008(32 - 30)= 0.834
ìï 32
ïï = 0.003416
ïï 4 ´ 414
r min = í Þ r min = 0.003416
ïï 1.4
ïï = 0.00338
ïî 414
f c' æ
çç 600 ÷
ö
÷ 32 æ
ç 600 ö ÷
rb = 0.85b1 ç ÷ = 0.85 ´ 0.834 ´ ççè ÷= 0.03242
÷
÷
f y çè600 + f y ø 414 600 + 414 ø
r max = 0.75rb = 0.75´ 0.03242 = 0.02432
æ ö
25 ÷
d = 500 - çç40 + 10 + ÷= 437.5 mm
çè 2÷ ø
p
As = 4 ´ ´ 252 = 1963.5 mm 2
4
A 1963.5
r= s = = 0.014977
bd 300 ´ 437.5
r < rb Under Reinforced Steel ( f s = f y , f c < f c' Tension failure)
As f y 1963.5´ 414
a= = = 99.62 mm
0.85f c b '
0.85 ´ 32 ´ 300
æ aö æ ö
M n = 0.85f c'ab ççd - ÷ ÷= 0.85 ´ 32 ´ 99.62 ´ 300 çç437.5 - 99.62 ÷
÷= 315.15 kN .m
çè 2 ø÷ èç 2 ø÷
\ M u = f M n = 0.9 ´ 315.15 = 283.64 kN .m
Wu L2 M ´ 2 283.64 ´ 2
Mu = Þ Wu = u 2 = = 22.69 kN / m
2 L 52
W d = 24 ´ 0.3´ 0.5 = 3.6 kN / m
Wu = 1.2W d + 1.6W l
22.69 = 1.2 ´ 3.6 + 1.6W l
W l = 11.48 kN / m

Dr. Diyar Nasih Page | 7

Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of rectangular beam by Ultimate method

Start

No Dimensions b , h Yes
known

1 0.85 f c' 30Mpa

1 0.85 0.008 f c' 30 f c' 30Mpa

1 0.65 f c' 55Mpa

f c' 1.4
min
4f y fy A 1 1 B Mu
f c' 600 f c'
b 0.85 1 , max 0.75 b A 0.85
f y 600 f y fy
2 106
B
d 0.85f c'bd 2
1.5 2.5
b
use if given or max or 0.5 b

Mu
bd2
fy
fy 1
1.7fc'

2 As
As bd , Abar bar , Nobar
4 Abar

b 2 stirrups c .c Nobar bar

S 25 mm
Nobar 1

clear cover c .c 40mm

bar
h d stirrups c .c
2

Sketch section

End

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Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

Example 4 : Design the rectangular simply supported beam shown in the figure . The Live load is
32 kN/m and Dead load is 24 kN/m (include self-weight). Where f c' = 28 MPa , fy =
414 MPa. Using bar 25 mm.

Solution :
Wu = 1.2 ´ W D + 1.6 ´ W L = 1.2 ´ 24 + 1.6 ´ 32 = 80 kN / m
Wu L2 80 ´ 52
Mu = = = 250 kN .m
8 8
b1 = 0.85
ìï 28
ïï = 0.003195
ïï 4 ´ 414
r min = í Þ r min = 0.00338
ïï 1.4
ïï = 0.00338
ïî 414
f c' æ
ç 600 ö ÷
÷ 28 æ
çç 600 ÷
ö
rb = 0.85b1 çç ÷ = 0.85 ´ 0.85 ´ ÷
÷= 0.0289
÷
f y çè 600 + f y ø 414 çè600 + 414 ø
r max = 0.75rb = 0.75 ´ 0.0289 = 0.0217 Use r = r max = 0.0217
Mu 250 ´ 106
bd 2 = = = 38.11´ 106
æ f ö æ 414 ÷ ö
f r f y çç1 - r y ' ÷ ÷ 0.90 ´ 0.0217 ´ 414 ´ ççç1 - 0.0217 ´ ÷
÷
çè 1.7f c ÷
÷
ø è 1.7 ´ 28 ø
d
Let b = 250 mm Þ d = 390 mm use d = 392 mm Þ = 1.568 O .K
b
16
h = 392 + 40 + 10 + = 450 mm
2
p
As = r bd = 0.0217 ´ 250 ´ 392 = 2126.6 mm 2 Abar = ´ 252 = 491 mm 2
4
2126.6
Nobar = = 4.33 \ use 5f 25 in two layers
491
250 - 2 ´ (10 + 40)- 3´ 25
S= = 37.5 mm > 25 mm O .K .
3- 1

Dr. Diyar Nasih Page | 9

Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

Example 5 : Design a single rectangular beam. The Live load is 30 kN/m and c=24 kN/m3. Where
f c' = 25 MPa , fy = 414 MPa. Using bar 25 mm.

Solution :
W D = 0.4 ´ 0.65´ 24 = 6.24kN / m
Wu = 1.2 ´ W D + 1.6 ´ W L = 1.2 ´ 6.24 + 1.6 ´ 30 = 55.488 kN / m
Wu L2 55.488´ 42
Mu = = = 443.9 kN .m
2 2
b1 = 0.85
ìï 25
ïï = 0.0030193
ïï 4 ´ 414
r min = í Þ r min = 0.00338
ïï 1.4
ïï = 0.00338
ïî 414
f c' 25
A = 0.85 = 0.85´ = 0.0513
fy 414
æ ö
25 ÷
d = 650 - çç40 + 10 + ÷ = 587.5 mm
çè 2÷ ø
2 ´ 106 2 ´ 106
B= = = 0.000757
f ´ 0.85f c'bd 2 0.90 ´ 0.85´ 25´ 400 ´ 587.52
r = A 1-( )
1 - B ´ M u = 0.0513 1 - ( )
1 - 0.000757 ´ 443.9 = 0.0095
p
As = r bd = 0.0095´ 400 ´ 587.5 = 2232 mm 2 Abar = ´ 252 = 491 mm 2
4
2232
Nobar = = 4.546 \ use 5f 25
491
400 - 2 ´ (10 + 40)- 5´ 25
S= = 43.75 mm > 25 mm O .K .
5- 1

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Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

Example 6 : Design a single rectangular beam. Where f c' = 25 MPa , fy = 414 MPa and c=24
kN/m3. Using bar 61 mm.

Solution :
W D = 0.3´ 0.5´ 24 = 3.6 kN / m
Wu = 1.2 ´ W D + 1.6 ´ W L = 1.2 ´ 3.6 + 1.6 ´ 25 = 44.32 kN / m
b1 = 0.85
ìï 25
ïï = 0.0030193
ïï 4 ´ 414
r min = í Þ r min = 0.00338
ïï 1.4
ïï = 0.00338
ïî 414
æ 16 ö
d = 500 - çç40 + 10 + ÷ ÷= 442 mm
çè 2÷ø
f c' 25
A = 0.85 = 0.85´ = 0.0513
fy 414
2 ´ 106 2 ´ 106
B= = = 0.00178
f ´ 0.85f c'bd 2 0.90 ´ 0.85 ´ 25´ 300 ´ 4422
r + = A 1-( ) (
1 - B ´ M u+ = 0.0513 1 - )
1 - 0.00178 ´ 443.9 = 0.00469
p
As+ = r bd = 0.00469 ´ 300 ´ 442 = 621.8 mm 2 Abar = ´ 162 = 201.1 mm 2
4
621.8
Nobar = = 3.092 \ use 3f 16
201.1
r - = A 1-( ) (
1 - B ´ M u- = 0.0513 1 - )
1 - 0.00178´ 443.9 = 0.004234

As+ = r bd = 0.004234 ´ 300 ´ 442 = 561.4 mm 2

561.4
Nobar = = 2.791 \ use 3f 16
201.1
300 - 2 ´ (10 + 40)- 3´ 16
S=
3- 1
= 43.75 mm > 25 mm O .K .

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Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

H.W.3-1 : Determine the nominal moment of the rectangular beam 300×400mm. It is reinforced
with 525 in two layers . Where f c' = 35 MPa , fy = 414 MPa.
H.W.3-2: Find the maximum live load can be applied to the beam shown in the figure (3-1). Use
325 for positive moment 416 for negative moment. Where f c' = 33 MPa , fy = 414
MPa.
H.W.3-3 : Determine the nominal moment of the rectangular beam shown in the figure (3-2).
Where f c' = 37 MPa , fy = 414 MPa.
H.W.3-4: Find the maximum live load can be applied to the beam shown in the figure (3-3). Use
425 for positive moment and negative moment. Where f c' = 33 MPa , fy = 414 MPa.
H.W.3-5: Check the beam shown in the figure (3-4). Where f c' = 35 MPa , fy = 420 MPa.

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Strength Design Method (Ultimate Method) Reinforced Concrete Design

H.W.4 : Design beams. Where f c' = 35 MPa , fy = 420 MPa. and bar 25 mm.

Dr. Diyar Nasih Page | 13