Definite integrals

—————————–

Phan Thi Khanh Van

E-mail: khanhvanphan@[Link]

November 8, 2019

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Table of contents

1 Definite integral

2 Applications of integration

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 Definite integral

The Area problem

Find the area of the region S that lies under the curve
y = f (x) from a to b, i.e. S is bounded by the graph of a
continuous function y = f (x), (f (x) ≥ 0), x axis, x = a,
x = b.

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 Definite integral

We subdivide S into n strips S1 , S2 , ..., Sn of equal width

∆x = b−a
n . The right endpoints of the subintervals are
x1 = a + ∆x, x2 = a + 2∆x, · · · xn = b.
Take xi∗ ∈ (xi−1 , xi ). The area of S is approximated by
the Riemann sum
A ≈ Rn = f (x1∗ )∆x + f (x2∗ )∆x + · · · + f (xn∗ )∆x
Rb
A = lim Rn = f (x)dx
n→∞ a
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 Definite integral

Example
Approximate the area of the region S that lies under the
curve y = x 2 from 0 to 3 using 5 subintervals.
Using left endpoints:

3 3 6 9 12





S≈ 5 f (0) + f 5 +f 5 +f 5 +f 5 ≈ 6.48
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 Definite integral

Using right endpoints:

3 3 6 9 12





S≈ 5 f 5 +f 5 +f 5 +f 5 + f (3) ≈ 11.88

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 Definite integral

Using midpoints:

3 3 9 3 21
+ f ( 27





S≈ 5 f 10 +f 10 +f 2 +f 10 10 ) ≈ 8.91.

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 Definite integral

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 Definite integral

Definite integral
If f is defined on [a, b], we divide [a, b] into n subintervals
of equal width ∆x = b−a n . x0 = a, x1 , x2 , · · · , xn = b, and
xi∗ ∈ [xi−1 , xi ]. Then, the definite integral of f from a to
b is
Rb
f (x)dx = limn→∞ Σni=1 f (xi∗ )∆x
a

If it does exist, we say that f is integrable on [a, b].

Theorem
If f (x) is continuous on [a, b], or if f has only a finite
number of jump discontinuities, then f is integrable on
[a, b].
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 Definite integral

Properties
Rb
dx = b − a
a
Rb Rb Rb
(f ± g )dx = fdx ± a gdx
a a
Rb Rb
αf (x)dx = α f (x)dx
a a
Rb Rb
If f (x) ≤ g (x)∀x ∈ [a, b] then f (x)dx ≤ g (x)dx
a a
Rb Rc Rb
f (x)dx = fdx + fdx
a a c

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 Definite integral

The definite integral of odd, even functions

Ra
Consider f (x)dx
−a
Ra
1 If f (x) is odd f (−x) = −f (x) then: f (x)dx = 0
−a
2 If f (x) is even f (−x) = f (x) then:
Ra Ra
f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx
−a 0

Example
R2 sin x+sin3 x
x 4 +x 2 +2 dx= 0 because f (x) is odd.
−2

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 Definite integral

Example
Evaluate the following integrals by interpreting each in
terms of areas.

R1 √ R3
a) 1− x 2 dx b) (x − 1)dx
0 0

a) b)
R1 √ R3
1 − x 2 dx = π4 . (x − 1)dx = 1.5
0 0
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 Definite integral

The fundamental Theorem of Calculus, part 1

If f (x) is continuous on [a, b], then
Z x
g (x) = f (t)dt, a ≤ x ≤ b
a

is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable: g 0 (x) = f (x).

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, part2:

Newton - Leibniz formula
If f (x) is continuous on [a, b], then
Zb
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a),
a
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 Definite integral

Example
R3 2
1 I = ln (x)−ln(x)+4
x dx
1
ln
R3
Put u = ln x ⇒ I = (u 2 − u + 4)du
0
3
u3 u2 ln2 3
= − + 4u
3 2 |0 = ln3 3
ln 3
− 2 + 4 ln 3
R1
2 I = arccos xdx
−1
1
Put u = arccos x, dv = dx ⇒ du = − √1−x 2
dx, v = x
R1
I = x. arccos x |1−1 + √xdx
1−x 2
=π
−1
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 Applications of integration

Areas between curves

The area of the region bounded by the curves
y = f (x), y = g (x), x = a, x = b:

Zb
AD = |f − g |dx.
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Definite integrals November 8, 2019 15 / 33
 Applications of integration

Areas between curves

The area of the region bounded by the curves
x = f (y ), x = g (y ), y = c, y = d:

Zd
AD = |f (y ) − g (y )|dy .
c

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 Applications of integration

Example
Find the area of D bounded by: y = x 2 , y = 2 − x 2

Find the intersection points x 2 = 2 − x 2 ⇔ x = ±1

R1
The area of D: SD = (2 − x 2 − x 2 )dx= 83
−1

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 Applications of integration

Example
Find the area of D bounded by:
y = x 2 , y = 2x 2 − 2x − 3, x = 1, x = 4

x 2 = 2x 2 − 2x − 3⇔ x =
−1 ∨ x = 3
The area of D: SD =
R3
SD1 + SD2 = (x 2 − (2x 2 −
1
R4
2x − 3))dx+ ((2x 2 − 2x −
3
3) − x 2
)dx= 233

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 Applications of integration

Example
Find the area of D bounded by:
√
x = y , y = 2 − x, y = 0

R1
1 − st way: SD = x 2 dx +
0
R2 5
(2 − x)dx= 6
1
2 − nd way: Find the inter-
√
section points y = 2−y ⇔
y =1
R1 √
SD = ((2−y )− y )dx= 56
0
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 Applications of integration

The arc length C

The length of C : y = f (x) from x = a to x = b is:

Rbp
lC = a 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx
The length of CR: yp= y (t), x = x(t) from t = t0 to
t
t = t1 is: lC = t01 (x 0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 dt
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 Applications of integration

Example
Find the arc length of C : y = ln x, 1 ≤ x ≤ 4
R4 q R4 √x 2 +1 √ √ 1 √17−1
lC = 1 + x12 dx= x dx = 17− 2+ 2 (ln √17+1 −
√ 1 1
ln √2−1 )
2+1

Example
Find the arc length of C given by:
y = sin3 t, x = cos 3 t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π4
π
R4 q
lC = (3 sin2 t cos t)2 + (−3 cos2 t sin t)2 dt= 3
4
0

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 Applications of integration

Volumes

Intersecting S with a plane and obtaining a

cross-section of S. A(x): area of the cross-section of S
in a plane Px perpendicular to the x−axis and passing
through the point x, (a ≤ x ≤ b). Then,
V (Si ) ≈ A(xi∗ )∆x.
n Rb
A(xi∗ )∆x
P
V = lim = A(x)dx
n→∞ i=1 a
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 Applications of integration

Volume of the solid obtained by rotating a region

about the x-axis

The volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region

D : y = f (x), y = 0, x = a, x = b about the x-axis
Rb
Vx = π f 2 (x)dx
a
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 Applications of integration

Volume of the solid obtained by rotating a region

about the y -axis
The volume of the solid obtained by rotating
the region bounded by x = f (y ), x = 0, y = c, y = d
about the y -axis
Rd 2
Vy = π f (y )dy
c
the region bounded by y = f (x), y = 0, x = a, x = b
about the y -axis (0 ≤ a < b or a < b ≤ 0)
Rb
Vy = 2π |xf (x)|dx
a

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 Applications of integration

The volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region

bounded by y = f (x), y = g (x), x = a, x = b
Rb 2
about the x-axis: Vx = π |f − g 2 |dx
a
about the y -axis (0 ≤ a < b or a < b ≤ 0)
Rb
Vy = 2π |x(f − g )|dx
a
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 Applications of integration

Example
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the
region bounded by y = sin x, y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ π about the
x axis, y − axis

tained by rotating D about

x− axis:
Rπ 2
Vx = π sin2 xdx= π2
0
The volume of the solid ob-
tained by rotating D about
y − axis:
Rπ
The volume of the solid ob- Vy = 2π x sin xdx= 2π 2
0
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 Applications of integration

Example
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the
region bounded by y = x 2 + 2, y = 4 − x 2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 2
about x−axis

Find the intersection points:

x = ±1. The volume of the
solid:
R1
Vx = V1 + V2 = π (4 −
−1
R2
x 2 )2 −(x 2 +2)2 dx+π (x 2 +
1
2)2 − (4 − x 2 )2 dx= 32π
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 Applications of integration

Area of a Surface of Revolution

∆Ai = 2πri li , where ri = f (xi∗ ), li = 1 + [f 0 (xi∗ )]2 ∆x.

p

The area of a Surface of Revolution obtained by rotating

the curve y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b ab. x−axis is
Rb p
A = 2π a |f (x)|. 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx

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 Applications of integration

Example
Find the √area of surface of revolution obtained by rotating
C : y = 6x (x − 12), 1 ≤ x ≤ 12 about x−axis
√ 12 √ q
2
y 0 = 12√x + 6 = 4√x Sxq = 2π 6 (12−x). 1 + (x−4)
x−12 x x−4 x
R
16x dx=
1
R12 (x+4)(12−x)
2π 24 dx= 1573π
36
1

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 Applications of integration

Example
Find the area of surface of revolution obtained by rotating
C : x = 1 − y 2 , x = 0 ab. the y − axis

Intersections points: y =
±1
x 0 = −2y
R1
Sy = 2π (1 −
p −1
2
y ) 1√+ 4y 2 dy √
= 17 ln( 325+2)π + 7 165π

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 Applications of integration

Work

Example
When a particle is located a distance x feet from the
origin, a force of x 2 + 2x pounds acts on it. How much
work is done in moving it from x = 1 to x = 3?
The total
R 3 work done:
2 50
W = 1 (x + 2x)dx = 3.

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 Applications of integration

Work

Example
When a particle is located a distance x meters from the
origin, a force of cos( πx
3 ) newtons acts on it. How much
work is done in moving the particle from x = 1 to x = 2?
R2
W = 1 cos( πx 3 )dx.

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 Applications of integration

Distance

Example
An airplane takes off from an airport at the sea level.
1
The height is changing with the speed v = 2000 t+1
feet/minutes. Find the height of the airplane at t = 3
minute.
R3 1
h = 0 2000 t+1 dt.

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