Name: Line Jene A.

Aparre

BSHM-1B

ACTIVITY – 1

DEFINING DISASTER RISK

Instruction: Based on Republic Act 10121 and other references, write the meaning and detailed
Examples of the following terms:

Hydro-Meteorological Phenomena and hazard:

1.) Cyclone- a cyclone is a large air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric
pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern
Hemisphere as viewed from above. Cyclones are characterized by inward-spiraling winds that
rotate about a zone of low pressure.

Example: The 1970 Bhola cyclone. The storm formed over the Bay of Bengal in November
1970 and made landfall on the coast of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) before continuing on
to West Bengal. At its peak, the cyclone generated winds of up to 115 mph devastating the
coastal regions it encountered.

2.) Typhoon- A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the
Northern Hemisphere. This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin, and is the
most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, accounting for almost one-third of the world's
annual tropical cyclones.

Example: An example of a typhoon was Typhoon Songda which reached the Northern Mariana
Islands and Japan in 2004 with winds up to 145 miles per hour. Rating Scale. Once a tropical storm has
reached sustained winds of 73 miles per hour or 64 knots per hour, the storm is classified a typhoon.

3.) Tornado - A violently rotating column of air touching the ground, usually attached to the base of
a thunderstorm. Tornadoes are nature’s most violent storms. Spawned from powerful
thunderstorms, tornadoes can cause fatalities and devastate a neighborhood in seconds. Winds
of a tornado may reach 300 miles per hour.

Example: The most "extreme" tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State Tornado, which spread
through parts of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana on March 18, 1925. It is considered an F5 on the Fujita
Scale, even though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale at the time.

4.) Thunderstorm – A storm of heavy rain accompanied by lightning, thunder, wind, and sometimes
hail. Thunderstorms occur when moist air near the ground becomes heated, especially in the
summer, and rises, forming cumulonimbus clouds that produce precipitation. Electrical charges
accumulate at the bases of the clouds until lightning is discharged. Air in the path of the
lightning expands as a result of being heated, causing thunder. Thunderstorms can also be
 caused by temperature changes triggered by volcanic eruptions and forest fires, and they occur
with much greater frequency at the equatorial regions than in polar regions.

Example: a thunderstorm is a storm that has bright flashes of light in the sky from the lightning. A
transient, sometimes violent storm of thunder and lightning, often accompanied by rain and
sometimes hail. The humid, rising air will condense and form droplets.

5.) Flood- Flooding is an overflowing of water onto land that is normally dry. Floods can happen
during heavy rains, when ocean waves come on shore, when snow melts quickly, or when dams
or levees break. Damaging flooding may happen with only a few inches of water, or it may cover
a house to the rooftop.

Example: The largest known meteorological flood—one caused by rainfall, as in the current
Mississippi River flood—happened in 1953, when the Amazon River overflowed. The 13th
largest flood on the USGS list, that Amazon deluge pumped water at a rate of about 13 million
cubic feet (370,000 cubic meters) a second.

6.) Storm Surge- A storm surge, storm flood, tidal surge, or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-
like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low-pressure weather systems, such
as cyclones. It is measured as the rise in water level above the normal tidal level, and does not
include waves.

Example: a Category 4 storm hitting the Louisiana coastline, which has a very wide and
shallow continental shelf, may produce a 20-foot storm surge, while the same hurricane in a
place like Miami Beach, Florida, where the continental shelf drops off very quickly, might see
an 8 or 9-foot surge.

7.) Landline - also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide
range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris
flows.

Example: 1980, Mount Saint Helens, Washington: On May 18, 1980, a 5.1-magnitude
earthquake triggered the largest landslide observed in the historical record. This landslide was
followed by the lateral eruption of Mount Saint Helens volcano, and the eruption was
followed by volcanic debris flows known as [Link] 5, 2020.

8.) Global Warming- is the long-term heating of Earth’s surface observed since the pre-industrial
period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which
increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere. This term is not
Interchangeable with the term “climate change.”

Example: Global warming include: As of 2019, the average surface temperature of the Earth
was 1.17 degrees Celsius higher than the average for the pre-industrial timeframe of 1880-
1900. The increasing temperatures aren't uniform everywhere.
 9.) Extreme Climate Variability - Climate variability is often natural, however climate change is
causing an increase in the probability of many extreme weather events, and those events
contribute to climate variability. Extreme events are specific weather events that depart from
the average in some significant.

Example: Climate variability occurs due to natural and sometimes periodic changes in the circulation
of the air and ocean, volcanic eruptions, and other factors. For example, the average daily maximum
temperature in July, averaged over 30 years from 1988 through 2017, in Boulder, Colorado was 87.7° F
(30.9° C).

Geological Phenomena and Hazards:

1.) Earthquake- An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a
sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.

Example: 2001 Bhuj, Gujarat, India earthquake — magnitude 7.9, 20,000 people died.
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami — magnitude 9.1; 220,000 people died. 2005
Kashmir earthquake — magnitude 7.6, 73,000 people died. 2010 Haiti earthquake —
magnitude 7.0, 220,000 people died.

2.) Tsunami- is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume
of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other
underwater explosions above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

Example: Several grand examples: Lituya Bay, Alaska, 1958—An earthquake-induced rockslide
in 1958 set off a giant wave that trimmed trees to an altitude of 525 m. Sunda Strait, Indonesia, 1883
—The explosion of Krakatau triggered a tsunami that killed an estimated 35,000 persons.

3.) Volcanic Eruption - A volcanic eruption is when lava and gas are released from a volcano—
sometimes explosively. The most dangerous type of eruption is called a 'glowing avalanche'
which is when freshly erupted magma flows down the sides of a volcano. They can travel
quickly and reach temperatures of up to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit. Other hazards include
ash fall, and lahars (mud or debris flows). Volcanoes often cause population displacement
and food shortages.

Example: A good example is the eruption of Washington's Mount St. Helens. In this type of
eruption, the magma blasts into the air and breaks apart into pieces called tephra. Tephra
can range in size from tiny particles of ash to house-size boulders.

4.) Astronomical Hazard- Astronomical hazards come from outside the earth, such as asteroids
and comets, space weather, and collision or near-collision of celestial bodies with the Earth,
and associated hazards (tsunamis, wildfires). The risk from hazards beyond the atmosphere
is small compared to other natural hazards.
 Example: Astronomical hazards come from outside the earth, such as asteroids and
comets, space weather, and collision or near-collision of celestial bodies with the Earth,
and associated hazards (tsunamis, wildfires).

Human Induced Hazards

1. Technological hazards:

[Link] Collapse- When internal load bearing structural elements fail, a building will collapse into
itself and exterior walls are pulled into the falling structure. This scenario may be caused by
construction activity, an earthquake, or fire, and may result in a dense debris field with a small
footprint.

Example: The most famous of structural failures has to be the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Situated
behind the Pisa Cathedral, and known simply as the Tower of Pisa, the tower was originally built to
house the bell of the Pisa Cathedral complex. The tower was built on an entirely unstable foundation.

[Link]- is the rapid oxidation of a material (the fuel) in the exothermic chemical process of
combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.

Example: If a smoker falls asleep with a cigarette still lit, and sets fire to the sofa, the cigarette is
the source of ignition, the material on the sofa is the source of fuel and the air is the source of oxygen.

C. Vehicular Related Accident- include car crashes, truck wrecks, and motorcycle crashes. Regardless
of the type of motor vehicle involved, an accident victim has a legal right to pursue compensation
from anyone who was at fault.

Example: accidents include unintended motor vehicle collisions, falls, being injured by touching
something sharp or hot, or bumping into something while walking.

D. Chemical Spills-are the uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical, either as a solid, liquid or a
gas. These spills need to be minimized as much as possible.

E. Electrical Blackout - A power outage (also called a powercut, a power out, a power failure, a power
blackout, a power loss, or a blackout) is the loss of the electrical power network supply to an end
user.

Example: These causes include faults at power stations, damage to electric transmission lines,
substations or other parts of the distribution system, a short circuit, cascading failure, fuse or circuit
breaker operation.

F. Food Poisoning - is an illness caused by eating contaminated food. It's not usually serious and most
people get better within a few days without treatment. In most cases of food poisoning, the food is
contaminated by bacteria, such as salmonella or Escherichia coli (E. coli), or a virus, such as the
norovirus.

Example: Infectious organisms — including bacteria, viruses and parasites — or their toxins are
the most common causes of food poisoning. Infectious organisms or their toxins can contaminate
food at any point of processing or production. Contamination can also occur at home if food is
incorrectly handled or cooked.

2. Environmental hazards:

[Link] Tide-Red tide is a phenomenon caused by algal blooms during which algae become so
numerous that they discolor coastal waters (hence the name “red tide”). The algal bloom may also
deplete oxygen in the waters and/or release toxins that may cause illness in humans and other
animals.

Example: These microscopic forms of algae produce toxins that can sicken humans and be fatal for
marine animals. Within the United States, red tides occur most commonly in the Gulf of Mexico, off
California, and in the Gulf of Maine.

B. Water Pollution- is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities, so
that it negatively affects its uses. Water bodies include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs and
groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into these water bodies.

Example: Include wastewater (also called effluent) discharged legally or illegally by a manufacturer,
oil refinery, or wastewater treatment facility, as well as contamination from leaking septic systems,
chemical and oil spills, and illegal dumping.

3. Socio-economic, Political, Security hazards:

[Link] Threat- or bomb scare is a threat, usually verbal or written, to detonate an explosive or
incendiary device to cause property damage, death, injuries, and/or incite fear, whether or not such a
device actually exists.

Example: The person receiving the call senses legitimacy based on voice inflection, tone, content of
the threat, background noise, etc.

B. Kidnapping Threats- A crime at common law consisting of an unlawful restraint of a person's liberty
by force or show of force so as to send the victim into another country. Under modern law, this crime
will usually be found where the victim is taken to another location or concealed.

Example: In some jurisdictions, kidnapping accompanied by bodily injury, sexual assault, or a

C. Hostage taking- is defined as the seizing or detention of an individual coupled with a threat to kill,
injure or continue to detain such individual in order to compel a third person or governmental
organization to take some action.

Example: A man identified as Jun Ducat and another man held hostage 32 children and at least 3
teachers inside a bus parked in front of the Manila City Hall on March 28, 2007. According to a report
by Reuters, Ducat was armed with a submachine gun, revolver, and grenades.
D. Civil disorder- also known as civil disturbance, civil unrest, or social unrest is a situation arising from
a mass act of civil disobedience (such as a demonstration, riot, strike, or unlawful assembly) in which
law enforcement has difficulty maintaining their authority.

Example: The Baltimore riots are a prime example of what constitutes a civil disturbance or civil
unrest. The riots that took place and caused mass destruction that were a result of peaceful protests
that turned violent.