14

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the various related studies and professional

literature to provide the background for discussion and analysis of the findings of

the present investigation made use of books, publication, studies which have

some bearings on our course.

Related Literature

Foreign

According to Frederick W. Taylor (1918), published an article “Piece work

System” and included two revolutionary proposals. He first urged the established

of performance standards based on the scientific determination of how long a job

should take. Taylor’s second proposal was that people responsible for working

time measurements and setting job standards should concentrate on this task

and be removed from those who supervised activities. The notion of separating

“Planning from doing,” as Taylor viewed it, was the beginning of the idea of

functional staff organization.

According to Henry Gantt (1919), a student of Taylor, is best known for

his contribution to the techniques of production control. The Gantt chart is still

used to keep track of production schedules in manufacturing firms.

In a work of broader scope, Ralph c. Davis (1939) stated that developed

the notion of the business plan. This concept similar to Fayol’s, a comprehensive

model of business and management function. Emphasizing business objectives

 15

as the starting point, Davis identified them as profit, service, and social. To

achieve these objectives, management must plan, organize and control. The

functional approach to management was widely accepted and provides the basis

for most elementary treatment of the subject (Connor, 1974).

As mentioned by Wadia (1966), Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were also

credited in laying the foundation of management. Their slogan was “The one best

way.” To find the best way to do a job, they used motion study, which reduced

each task to its component movements. They believed that from motion and time

studies more accurate job standards could be developed. Motion studies were

also used to eliminate unnecessary movements from work. Lillian Gilbreth

pioneered in personnel management of which she was interested in the scientific

selection, placement, and training of personnel.

Late in the 1930’s, Charles’ I. Bernard, wanting to show that human

factors and industrial management approaches were complimentary, published

the functions of the executive. Bernard, who for years was vice president of the

New Jersey Bell telephone company, anticipated and inspired some of the

directions taken by management after the 2nd world war. His views on

leadership, authority, and decision – making were influential. His suggested the

management’s responsibility was to create a cooperative system capable of

satisfying the personal objectives of employees while meeting the impersonal

objectives of the business. He said that business could exist by satisfying one or

the other objective but a cooperative system would meet both thus quit

management has to be proficient in both human and technical skills; there should
 16

be known inconsistency between these skills when the total organizational needs

of a business is considered.

Local

In 1975, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree (PD)

684 to announce the formal creation of the Kabataang Barangay (KB). The

purpose of the KB was to give the youth a definite role in community affairs and

to provide the government a means to tap the youth in its development efforts.

Marcos later issued PD 1191, which created the Pambansang Katipunan ng

Kabataang Barangay (PKKB) that was directly under the Office of the President.

The PKKB was given the powers and attributes of a corporation. This means that

it had autonomy in the management and expenditure of its funds.

The Local Government code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) provided

among others, that the Sangguniang Kabataan shall “Initiate programs desisgned

to enhance the social, political, economic, cultural, intellectual, moral, spiritual

and Physical Development of members” and “Coordinate with appropriate

national agency for the implementation of youth development projects and

programs at the national level.”

According to the SK Constitution, the SK is mandated to perform the following

functions:

• Promulgate resolutions necessary to carry out the objectives of the youth

in the barangay, in accordance with applicable provisions of the Code

 17

• Initiate programs designed to enhance the social, political, economic,

cultural, and intellectual, moral, spiritual and physical development of the

members

• Hold fund raising activities, the proceeds of which shall be tax exempt and

shall accrue to the Sangguniang Kabataan general fund

• Create such bodies or committees necessary to effectively carry out its

programs and activities

• Submit annual end-of-term reports to the Sangguniang Barangay on their

projects and activities

• Consult and coordinate with all youth organizations in the Barangay for

policy formulation and program implementation

• Coordinate with other national government agencies concerned for the

implementation of youth development projects and programs at the national

level, and

• Exercise such other powers and perform such other duties and functions

as the Sangguniang Barangay may determine or delegate or as may be

prescribed by law or ordinance.

It was the late President Ferdinand Marcos who conceived the idea to garnish

the potentials of the youth. In the mid 70’s, at the height of the student activism,

the New People’s Army and the secessionist movements in Muslim Mindanao,

the Kabataang Barangay (KB) was formed. The aim was to propagate the

Filipino ideology to counter the leftist, the moderate left and the rightist who

nearly toppled down his regime (Gonzales, 1998). After the Marcos era, the
 18

Kabataang Barangay was abolished. In 1991, the Local Government Code

revived the youth organization. It became the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) but its

mandate is the same with that of Kabataang Barangay (Gonzales, 1998). Direct

provisions that relate to youth participation in governance are embodied in Book

III, Chapter 8 of Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991

(Appendix B). It provides for the establishment of a Sangguniang Kabataan in

every barangay. Based on the Local Government Code, the SK members are

elected by the Katipunan ng mga Kabataan of every barangay which is

comprised of virtually all citizens of the Philippines who are 15-21 of age for as

long as they have been staying in a particular barangay for at least six (6)

months and are duly registered in the list of Sangguniang Kabataan or in the

official barangay list of the barangay secretary. However, Republic Act 9164

(Appendix C) has reduced the age coverage of SK from 15-21 years to 15 to

below 18 years (NYC, 2004). The SK shall be composed of a chairman and

seven (7) members. Then, a secretary and a treasurer shall be appointed by the

chairman from the members (Singson, 2001). The powers and functions of the

Sangguniang Kabataan provided in the Local Government Code of 1991 are as

follows:

(a) Promulgate resolutions necessary to carry out the objectives of the youth in

the barangay in accordance with the applicable provisions of this code;

(b) Initiate programs designed to enhance the social, political, economic, cultural,

intellectual, moral, spiritual, and physical development of the members;

(c) Hold fund-raising activities, the proceeds which shall be tax-exempt and shall
 19

accrue to the general fund of the Sangguniang Kabataan: Provided, however,

that in the appropriation thereof, the specific activity fir which such activity has

been held shall be first satisfied; (d) Create such bodies or committees as it may

deem necessary to effectively carry out its programs and activities;

(e) Submit annual and end-of-term reports to the Sangguniang barangay on their

projects and activities for the survival and development of the youth in the

barangay; (f) Consult and coordinate with all youth organizations in the barangay

for policy formulation and program implementation; (g) Coordinate with all

appropriate national agency for the implementation of youth development

projects and programs at the national level; (h) Exercise such other powers and

perform such other duties and functions as the sangguniang barangay may

determine or delegate, or as may be prescribed by law or ordinance (Rodriguez,

2005). Furthermore, SK units are entitled to ten percent of the annual budget of a

barangay (Malaya, 2002). The SK chairman shall have the same privileges

enjoyed by other sangguniang barangay officials (Appendix D) subject to such

requirements and limitations provided in the Local Government Code. During the

incumbency of the SK officials, they shall be exempted from payment of

matriculation fees while enrolled in public tertiary schools, including state

colleges and universities. The National Government shall reimburse said college

or university the amount of tuition and matriculation fees provided, that, to qualify

for the privilege, the said officials shall enroll in a state college or university within

or nearest their area of jurisdiction (Rodriguez, 2005)

 20

Given enough privileges, the SK officials are expected to fulfill their duties

and responsibilities provided in the Local Government Code. However, several

House Bills and Senate Bills were passed highlighting the SK being out of track.

Furthermore, numerous local leaders back up such arguments. With this, there

are two options perceived for the Sangguniang Kabataan: REFORM or

ABOLITION.

There are various arguments for SK being dubbed as ineffective or irrelevant: (a)

SK has exposed youth leaders to situations that makes them susceptible to

dishonest practices in the handling of public funds due to absence or inadequacy

of safeguards (Sunnex, 2007); (b) SK officials are non-performing or have

insignificant contribution to the community; most of their projects are building

sheds and signages, sports fests or paliga; (c) SK officials cannot perform their

function as they have to attend school or SK officials have to cut schooling just to

perform their functions (Cornelio, 2008); (d) Youth leaders are too young to

participate in serious discussions of the local government; (e) SK elections have

initiated the youth early into the ways of traditional politics because of the dirty

tricks, vote-buying, kidnap-for-votes or kidnap-not-vote tactics and mudslinging

employed by their relatives and parents, who are themselves politicians, and

their political patrons (Cabreza, 2007); and (f) Political clans use the SK to

perpetuate political dynasties (Sun Star, 2008). In addition, some elected SK

officials do not have enough knowledge on their function in the government as

well as the youth (Singson, 2001). This dilemma might have rooted from the fact

that the youth have minimal awareness on social and political issues. McCann-
 21

Erickson conducted a profiling of young people ranging 13-21 years old. The

survey conducted in 2000 says that only 10 percent of the youth are concerned

about politics in the country. Another study was conducted in 2001 by NFO-

Trends, surveying children and youth with ages ranging from 7-21 years old.

According to the study, there is low awareness, maybe even apathy, towards

cultural values and national affairs among the youth (NYC, 2004).

In 2001, Sen. Loren Legarda introduced Senate Bill No. 1596 which calls for SK

reforms. According to Sen. Legarda, the move is intended to strengthen the SK

law and thus further allow the youth to maximize their potential, involvement and

participation in their locality. Some of the amendments proposed are: (a) The SK

shall be composed of citizens between 15 and 23 years old; (b) The SK chair

shall appoint the secretary and treasurer with the concurrence of the SK

members; (c) SK elective officials who are studying must be enrolled in a school

located within or nearest the municipality where the SK is registered; and (d) The

SK treasurer must prepare quarterly statement of income and expenditures and

post this in a designated area. Other amendments have to do with privileges of

SK officials, rules on succession and filling vacancies, and guidelines on the

conduct of elections and disciplinary action, including removal from office

(Inquirer, 2001) In 2002, the League of Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP)

said in a letter to House Representative Gilbert Remulla that the SK’s relevance

in local governance has been made obsolete by reports of corruption among the

SK leadership. There have been reports that some SK leaders have dipped their
 22

hands into the funds given to them. The LMP said it recognizes the importance of

youth participation in governance but it does not see the SK fulfilling such

mandates. The LMP proposed that, instead of the SK, youth representatives be

appointed to the Sangguniang Bayan and Sangguniang Panlalawigan as ex-

officio members. The youth representative shall not receive regular salary and

benefits but shall only receive honorarium or allowance per session attendance

basis (Malaya, 2002) A public forum was held in Bagiuo in February 4, 2004 to

call against the abolition of the Sangguniang Kabataan. The youth sector in

Bagiuo joined the call against the abolition of the Sangguniang Kabataan saying

that the SK plays a vital role in national recovery. Councilor Leonardo Bayan Jr.

said that the sentiments of the youth sector are not always being heard because

some youth leaders are hesitant to voice out their problem. Mayor Bernardo

Vergara appealed to the SK chairmen and councilmen to help in the peace and

order program of the city. Vice Mayor Tabanda said that a good form of

government must have good governance, wherein everybody has a part. Thus,

the youth must be consulted and included in the decision-making of the city

officials. But she challenged the youth to speak out and ensure a strong political

participation, particularly in decision-making policies (Escartin and Sacla, 2004).

An article was released in 2007 stating that most mayors from Pangasinan have

agreed that the SK should be abolished. They said that SK officials could not

provide their time between schoolwork and their responsibilities in SK. Mayor

Guico said that SK leaders usually consult barangay chairs and whenever this
 23

happens, the SK officials are usually accompanied by their parents who dictate

them on what to do. Ergo they cannot really decide on their own and cannot

effectively represent the youth sector but the local government units are

spending money for their salaries and benefits (Sotelo-Fuertes, 2007).

An online petition was released in 2007 which says no to abolition and yes to SK

reformation. According to it, despite the many flaws of the present structure of

SK, it is one of the most relevant youth participation in building a strong nation.

The amendments proposed are: (a) The age bracket of the Katipunan ng

Kabataan should be increased to 15-21 while the age qualification for SK officials

should be 18-21; (b) Give some degree of fiscal autonomy to the SK; (c) Increase

relevant training for the SK which focuses on their functions as SK officials; and

(d) Provide provisions that will depoliticize the SK. Incumbent Senate Minority

Leader Aquilino Pimentel filed Senate Bill 2155 proposing the abolition of the SK

elections because of the prevailing sentiment that the SK officials have neglected

their duties. According to him, the SK has lost its usefulness as a mechanism to

get you people involved in community development. He said that SK officials

have neglected their duties because they are preoccupied with other things

(Torregoza, 2008). However, Pimentel stressed in his Senate Bill that the SK will

be dissolved but the youth will continue to be represented in the city, municipal

and provincial councils. Youth representatives will be elected, like other

government officials, during the regular local elections held every three years.

Moreover, there was a proposal from some legislators and local government
 24

leaders to make the youth representatives in the sanggunian an appointive

position and to authorize the mayor or governor to appoint such official.

Nonetheless, Pimentel did not agree with such proposal because he believes

that the youth of the local communities should decide on who should represent

them. Besides, he said the tendency of the mayor or governor is to make

partisan choices (Lopez, 2008). Former House Representative Gilbert Remulla

said in an interview that the reason for him filing a bill that calls for the abolition of

the Sangguniang Kabataan is that the SK is a useless organization. When we

have 15 to 18 year olds inside an arena with adults who have more than two

horns in their heads, they get easily corrupted. It gives so much opportunity for

the young aspiring leader to go wayward and that was not it was designed to be.

Asked for a replacement, he suggests a parallel organization to formal

government funded by the national government rather than the local government

units. In that way, local leaders will not meddle with the projects of the youth

sector (Remulla, 2008). Amidst the continuous debate over the existence of the

Sangguniang Kabataan and despite the never ending arguments about the SK

being ineffective, some SK officials had illuminated hope to the 17 year old youth

organization. One example is Councilor Allen Reodanga of Naga City. He urged

his fellow SK officers to celebrate the Linggo ng Kabataan in every community.

Furthermore, Councilor Reodanga conducted youth consultations to understand

the present situation of the youth in Naga City. The outputs of these

consultations shall be used in crafting the youth agenda of Naga City (NYC,

2004). Another example is Councilor April Dayag of Davao City. When she found
 25

out that only 19 percent of Davao City’s forest is preserved, she initiated activities

by tapping the SK to support the ecological environment. She said her fellow SK

leaders realize that the efforts to protect the environment should involve the

youth since they will eventually inherit the national patrimony (NYC, 2004). One

more example is Joshua Ybañez of Barangay Luz Cebu. His official role to lead

the youth was hindered by is unfamiliarity with the tenets of governance.

Fortunately, Ronnia Sab-a, a barangay administrator, served as his mentor. Sab-

a tutored him in the complexities of governing. He also exposed Ybañez and his

fellow SK councilors to expanded possibilities beyond the holding of summer

sports fest for the youth. Through this, a tangible plan of action for Barangay Luz

was fabricated by the Sangguniang Kabataan (NYC, 2004).

However, the number of these good youth leaders is relatively small compared to

the population of the Sangguniang Kabataan officials. They are not enough to

serve as tangible reasons for the government not to abolish the Sangguniang

Kabataan for the SK has coated itself with dirt with its 17 years of existence. The

debate about the Sangguniang Kabataan goes on. Should it be abolished and

replaced with another youth organization or could reforms be enough to

strengthen it? It was found out in the national SK study funded by UNICEF and

spearheaded by DILG NBOO and NAPC Youth and Students Sector that the SKs

need support and guidance for them to succeed. They need proper orientation on

their functions and how to go about with them. They need trainings and capability

building programs down at the grassroots level. Unfortunately, these needs have

never been met. Thus, the reasons for the calls for abolition remain and just
 26

gained momentum (Cornelio, 2008). To add, considering the proposed

amendments for SK reform, it would require many changes to the mechanisms of

the Sangguniang Kabataan. Therefore, an almost new youth organization will be

created. If that is the case, then might as well abolish the SK and create a new

vehicle for youth representation. As provided in the Philippine Constitution, the

state recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation building and shall promote

and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It

shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their

involvement in public and civic affairs (The 1987 Philippine Constitution). Bottom

line is that youth representation in the local government deems to be necessary.

Be it through the Sangguniang Kabataan or not, youth representation should be

existent. The Kabataang Barangay was formed during the reign of Marcos as a

form of youth representation. Years after it was abolished, the Sangguniang

Kabataan was created. Under the Local Government Code of 1991, SK officials

shall be elected from a Katipunan ng Kabataan comprising the youth with ages

15-21. Through RA 9164, the age bracket was adjusted to 15-18. The primary

aim of SK is to provide the youth a vehicle in which they could represent

themselves and in which they could enhance their personalities.

Sadly, the youth does not seem to make the most out of the organization that

was made for them. In a survey that was conducted, only 21 out of 54

respondents participated in the 2007 SK elections. This proves that the

Sangguniang Kabataan is not able to garner much attention. Although 38 out of

those 54 think that the Sangguniang Kabataan is effective in terms of youth

 27

representation, only 19 were able to give concrete examples of the projects of SK

in their barangay. However, this is somewhat incoherent because the efficiency

of an organization can be determined by seeing them in action. Thirty seven of

them are not in favor of abolishing the Sangguniang Kabataan because they

think that it is the only way that the youth can represent themselves. Most of

them are not aware that the proposals for abolition offer an alternative way for

the youth to represent themselves. When asked what alternatives would they

suggest in case the Sangguniang Kabataan would be abolished, majority of them

does not have something in mind though. Through the years some politicians eye

the Sangguniang Kabataan as an ineffective way for the youth to represent

themselves. Several bills have been passed aiming for its reform or, most of the

time, its abolition. There are numerous arguments which support the continuing

efforts for SK abolition or reform. One is that SK officials are still young and

cannot handle the pressures in the political arena. They are susceptible to being

corrupt because they can be easily manipulated by older people. At their age,

they are still busy enjoying other things like school, gimmicks and outings, and,

more often than not, politics is not included with those “other things”. It is also

believed that SK officials still cannot provide good projects for the youth because

they are still not profound in terms of decision making. Also, SK has been a way

for the youth to get involved in dirty election tactics and nobody wanted that to

happen. SK also serves as a medium for political dynasties to extend their reign

up to that level. The problems faced by the Sangguniang Kabataan were never

denied by anyone for it is highly evident. However, some say that it is just a
 28

matter of dealing with the problem. Abolition is not the only way. The

Sangguniang Kabataan could still be reformed. But in order to eradicate all the

controversies enveloped with the SK’s existence, there should be a 180 degree

turn – an overall make over. The age bracket should be adjusted in order to let

older people participate in leadership. The government should give the SK fiscal

autonomy for them to grow as an organization and be restrained from being

involved with dirty politics. And there are still lots of amendments proposed for

SK reform. If that is the case, then might as well abolish the SK and provide the

youth with a new organization that could cater their needs.

Maybe the reason for the negation of people from the proposals for abolition is

that it sounds very pessimistic. Abolition which means closure, eradication,

elimination plus the fact that the Sangguniang Kabataan is the only youth

representation to the local government equals a conclusion that youth

representation would be demolished. In fact that was the reason given by some

survey respondents when asked why they are not in favor in abolishing the

Sangguniang Kabataan. But that is not the case. The proposals for SK abolition

offer an alternative way in which the youth can represent themselves. Their right,

as mandated by the Constitution, will not be overshadowed when one of these

bills are enacted. When the Sangguniang Kabataan is abolished, a new youth

sector would be created - an organization parallel to the Sangguniang Kabataan

but totally different; an organization that would prevent the youth from being

involved in the dirty ways of politics; an organization that would better suit the

needs of the youth in general.

 29

Related Studies

Foreign

Wadia (1966) cited a French mining engineer, Henry Fayol (1925) who

wrote a book entitled general and industrial management where looked at

management activities from the point of view of top management. In his pre face

he states: “Management plays a very important part in the government of

undertakings: of all undertaking, large or small, industrial, commercial, political,

religious or any other.” It contains the principles and “Elements management” of

which today it is labeled as “The functions of management.” Fayol describes

management function in to broad categories – Planning, Organizing, command,

coordination, and control. A classical concept that remains to be popular even

today and is being widely used by modern Day Organizations

In the 1930’s, James D. Mooney and Allan C. Reiley attempted to

Systematized a theory of formal organization into a body of laws and principles.

They considered unity of action the principle underlying all organized efforts, and

from it they derived three subordinate principles:

1. The Scalar principle, based on delegation that created the chain of command

coupled with unity of command.

2. The functional principle, based on specialization of work.

3. Line and staff, which introduced the of support and advisory activities for the

main functions of an organizations.

 30

The work of mooney and reiley as cited by connor (1974) was influential in

shaping management thought about organizing.

Local

Razal Jr. (2004) conducted a study on the Implementation of the

Programs and Projects of the Sangguniang Kabataan Municipal Federation

Presidents, which are the subject of this research included the following: a.)

Livelihood and Entrepreneurship Program; b.) Environmental project;c.)

Education Services and Moral Recovery Program; d.) Health Services; e.) Anti

Drug Abuse Campaign; f.) Disaster Coordination and Calamity Management: g;)

Sports activities; h.) Community Immersion; i.) Infrastructure Project and; j.)

Legislative work and involvement wherein, those projects and programs were

embodied in the constitution and by law of Sangguniang Kabataan, all The

Sangguniang Kabataan, all the Sangguniang Kabataan Municiopal Federation

Presidents main function to perform.

He conclude that: A typical Sangguniang Kabataan Municipal Federation

Presidents has reached college and has extended four(4) Trainings. Programs

and Projects of Sangguniang Kabataan Federation Presidents in their respective

Barangay are not effectively carved out as indicated in the “low” to “very low”

response. Lack of funds, limited fund resources, inactive Sangguniang Kabataan

Organization, limited supplies and materials, no area Sangguniang Kabataan

nursery and absence of reading center where the common problems met in the

implementation of Sangguniang Kabataan Programs and Projects. He

 31

recommended that the Sangguniang Kabataan members should undergo

relevant trainings along the ten (10) major programs and projects to enhance

their knowledge, awareness and skills for a more active Sangguniang Kabataan

Organization and also since lack of fund which is the identified problems hamper

the implementation of Sangguniang Kabataan programs, there is a need to make

a representation to the congress through the Sangguniang Kabataan national

president to request for the adoption of a system that will increase the ten

percent (10%) Sangguniang Kabataan share and will direct other local

government units like municipalities, cities and provinces to allocate ten percent

(10%) share from the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) or from the general fund

for the Operation and Implementation of different programs at their level.

According to Ralph Andulana Dupa (2007) the state recognized the

needs of the youth participation in the affair of the society. In fact, the Philippine

Constitution provided a section especially for the youth. In pursuant to the

mandate, a law was passed creating the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK).

It was the late President Ferdinand Marcos who conceived the idea to

garnish the potentials of the youth. In mid 70’s at the height of the student

activism, the New People’s Army and the secessionist movements in Muslim

Mindanao threats that the Kabataang Barangay (KB) was formed. The aim was

to propagate the Filipino ideology to counter the leftist, the moderate left and the

rightist who nearly toppled down his regime.

After Marcos era, the Kabataang Barangay was abolished. After five years or in

1991 the Local Government Code returned the youth organizations. It became
 32

Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) But its mandate is the same with that of Kabataang

Barangay.

The Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) was placed under the supervision of the

Barangay Chairman. The Ten Percent (10%) of the Barangay budget is allocate

to it. However from the study conducted by the Department of Interior and Local

Government, Sangguniang Kabataan miserably failed its mandate.

Sangguniang Kabataan was given trainings, supervision, seat in the Sanguniang

Barangay, Sangguniang Bayan or Lungsod and in the Sangguniang

Panlalawigan but still it fails in its mandate.

It is in this premise that this study was conceptualized. The study however will be

focus on re- examining the government contextual inspects as in main factor for

its failure to perform and to answer the following sub – questions posted:

1. How crucial is the role of the youth organization in and

totalitarian compared with the role of the youth in the democratic

country.

2. What are the circumstances behind the creation of the youth

organization during the Marcos era and the circumstances

during the post Marcos Era?

3. What are the issues associated with the comparative study?

4. What policy option should be recommended?

The goal and objectives in fine would be to determine by answering the

sub questions consider the political context or environment during the creation of
 33

the Sangguniang Kabataan has something to do with its failure to function as

expected.

To the first question it was established that the government youth

association in a totalitarian country has crucial role to play for the very existence

of the government. It is being used as a least sympathizer. It tends to legitimize

the continuity of he government holding on to power without mandate with the

help of strong military, well entrenched youth organization and few fanatics.

Sometimes the youth becomes the source of future party leaders. On the

contrary in democratic country, the role of the youth is to prepare itself for future

responsibility and be a critical supporter.

To the second question, the circumstances behind the creation of KB

during the Marcos era, there was no difference from other totalitarian country

especially on purpose. Marcos was a dictator and he was in need of more base

support that can legitimize his overstaying in power and at the same time

deprived his enemies of recruits.

During the Aquino Era, the KB was abolished. Only in 1991 after the

passage of the Local Government Code of 1991 of the Philippines that the youth

was again organized. The government simply recreated the KB by renaming it

SK with no difference in mandate.

The third option is the choice for its advantage in terms of economic, political,

socio-cultural and military dimension. The abolition shall be by amendment of the

Law to take effect after the term of the incumbent Sangguniang Kabataan in

difference to their mandate. Hand in hand with the abolition of SK the state must
 34

strengthen PCYA and enhance the activities of the youth in the schools such

scouting movement, campus, politics, student council, academic organizations in

the like of political science society… and the much align fraternities . To tap and

at same time supervise them well, they are wiling on what SK can do. The SK

abolition will enhance national security as a consequence.

According to Gonzales (1998) Spillovers and externalities of this option

would be the displacement of present SK members. And the possible resistance

of some of the lawmakers or the party in power to the idea of dissolving the SK.

There are politicians and people who benefited from organized youth because

they can make use of this people to further their political ambitions of course

there are those who would like to hold on to the benefit they derived from SK. We

don’t find any other negative externalities or the contrary the savings derive from

SK dissolution will go far to benefit our people and help the cash strapped

government.

According to Salodo (2005) The SK Federation Presidents through

young and neophyte in public service have good social and political relations.

There is a significant difference between the desired and actual level of the SK

Federation Presidents as evaluated by the SK federation presidents themselves

and the SK Chairpersons and Sangguniang Bayan/ Lungsod. They should revive

the age of qualification for SK members from age bracket of 15 to less than 18 to

15 to 21 so that more youths are empowered; and considering also the tasks of
 35

the SK Federation presidents are facing such responsibilities are too great to be

shouldered by a very young and neophyte in public server.

Government officials especially those under the local government units should

give motivation, encouragement and all- out support to the Federation particularly

in the implementation of SK’s projects and programs and their participation in

Local Government governance.

Synthesis of the Study

The different literature and studies that presented in this chapter have a

great distribution in this study. It provides researchers a background regarding

their topic.

Like what Gonzales mentioned spillovers and externalities of this option

would be the displacement of present SK members. And the possible resistance

of some of the lawmakers or the party in power to the idea of dissolving the SK.

There are politicians and people who benefited from organized youth because

they can make use of this people to further their political ambitions of course

there are those who would like to hold on to the benefit they derived from SK. We

don’t find any other negative externalities or the contrary the savings derive from

SK dissolution will go far to benefit our people and help the cash strapped

government.

The SK is supposed to be the training ground for future leaders. In this

study, researchers want to find out if the youth leaders are politically inclined in
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different activities. Are they the next traditional politicians? Or they really doing

good the service in our nation?