Contemporary World
CONW 1013- Module 4
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Objectives
01 02 03 04
Identify the
Explain the effects Identify the roles Differentiate
institutions that
of globalization on and functions of the International Law
govern international
governments United Nations; and Municipal Law
relations
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“No nation can make itself secure by
seeking supremacy over all others. We all
share responsibility for each other’s
security, and only by working to make
each other secure can we hope to achieve
lasting security for ourselves”.
-Kofi Annan
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In a world where there is anarchy, where no
overpowering state-like entity imposes rules and
order, it is imperative that the nation state impose
its sovereign power within its domain.
The global system is anarchic, and this necessitates
global governance to maintain international
peace and security.
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Global
Governance
“The formal and informal arrangements
that produce a degree of order and
collective action above the state in the
absence of a global government,”
that involve coordination among state
and non-state actors.
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In the absence of a single authoritative institution or world
government structure, global governance is comprised of elements
and methods from both the public and private sectors that includes
agreed upon standards, evolving norms based on
shared values, and directives issued and enforced by
states.
Effective global governance can be achieved with
effective international cooperation.
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Global Interstate
System
Global- Pertaining to the entire globe rather than a specific
region or country.
Is international and global same?
“International” has a smaller scope encompassing only two or more countries while
“global” has a much larger scope which includes the whole world. Although they are
sometimes used in lieu of each other, “global” means “all-encompassing and worldwide”
while “international” means “foreign or multinational.”
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Global Interstate
System
Interstate-It is between two or more states; between
places or persons among the different states. Concerning or
affecting two or more states politically or territorially.
System- a set of principles or procedures according to
which something is done; an organized framework or method.
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World-systems are defined by the existence of a
division of labor. The modern world-system has
a multi-state political structure (the interstate
system) and therefore its division of labor is
international division of labor.
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In Economics, Division of labour is a concept which states that dividing the
production process into different stages enables workers to focus on specific
tasks.
According to Wallerstein, not all countries or areas are equal in the modern world-
system. The world is now divided into three categories.
1. Core. These are areas that dominate the capitalist world-economy and
exploits the rest of the system. (Developed countries)
2. Semi-periphery. A residual category that encompasses a set of regions
somewhere between exploiting and the exploited. (Developing
countries)
3. Periphery. These are areas that provide raw materials to the core and
heavily exploited. (Underdeveloped countries)
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It should be noted that world-systems have existed
before and not a unique feature of contemporary world.
What is significant is the transformation of this world-
system.
In the past, the system that binds the world together is
based on political and military domination.
In the present time, it is a system that relies on
economic domination.
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What is the effect of globalization to
government?
There have been several challenges to the
government and ultimately, to state
autonomy.
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Traditional Challenges
Example: When Saddam Hussein was
the ruler of Iraq in 1990 he decided he
was going to take over the oil fields of
Kuwait. He invaded Kuwait and took it
over. As a result, he was
dislodged by international
coalition led by the US.
Internal political challenges
Example: In Syria, the original rebellion against
Assad came from the country’s own internal
dissenters who wanted to replace the
government even though they were also Syrian
nationals. There are also regional organizations
challenging states autonomy. The United
Nations intervened in Sudan because
of the several years of Civil War.
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What is International Relations?
- refers to an academic discipline that focuses on the study of
the interaction of the actors in international politics,
including states and non-state actors, such as the United
Nations (UN), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the
World Bank.
-It is also the study of interconnectedness of politics,
economics, and law on a global level.
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Theories of International Relations
Realist Liberalist/
Theory Neoliberalist
Theory
Institutionalist
Theory Democratic
-they do believe that -it holds that human Peace Theory
states are in constant nature is basically good
struggle for power. - and that innate
according to them goodness makes societal -“Respect of one’s
security can only be -believe that interplay of
progress possible. Sovereign Rights over the
achieved in such a states in the different
-Liberals also place faith in Land” is their main
system by maintaining institutions is an important act
international law and legal ideology.
power. for them to achieve their goals.
instruments to settle -Mutual gain from
-states here are not alone in
disputes. They tend to go economic cooperation
fulfilling its goal rather they
towards the right path for and interdependence also
interact with the other actors of
them to achieve something. contribute to peace.
international society in order for
them to achieve its goal.
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INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
North
North American
Atlantic
United World Trade Free Trade
Treaty
Nations Organization Agreement
Organization
UN NATO WTO NAFTA
NAFTA's purpose was
The main function of NATO's fundamental Its main function is to to encourage
the United Nations is goal is to safeguard ensure that trade economic activity
to preserve the Allies' flows as smoothly, among North
international peace freedom and predictably and America's three
and security. security by freely as possible. major economic
political and
powers: Canada, the U.
military means.
S., and Mexico.
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United Nations Organization
-The United Nations is neither a supra-State nor a government of
governments, meaning it does not have its own government like any
other country does.
-It has the function to make treaties or agreements between and
among the member states but it cannot be immediately bound to be
followed by everyone.
-It does not have an army and it imposes no taxes in the services it
offers.
-It depends on the political will of its Member States to have its
decisions put into action and relies on the contributions of its Members
to carry out its activities.
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The 6 main Organs of the United Nations
The General The Security The Economic and
Assembly Council Social Council
is the main deliberative, for the maintenance of responsible for promoting
policymaking and representative international peace and higher standards of living, full
organ of the United Nations. security employment, and economic
and social progress
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The 6 main Organs of the United Nations
The Trusteeship The International
The Secretariat
Council Court of Justice
was established to supervise
to settle, in accordance with carries out the substantive and
the administration of trust
international law, legal disputes administrative work of the
territories as they transitioned
submitted to it by States and to give United Nations as directed by
from colonies to sovereign
advisory opinions on legal questions the General Assembly, the
nations.
referred to it by authorized United Security Council and the other
Nations organs and specialized organs.
agencies.
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Relationship of International Law
with the Municipal Law or Domestic
Law
Horizontal vs. Vertical –
International Law is horizontal in
nature; whereas Domestic/Municipal
Law is vertical in nature.
Monist vs. Dualist
To monist, there is no
substantial distinctions
between International Law
and Municipal or Domestic
Law; to dualist, there are
distinctions.
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Municipal VS International
MUNICIPAL LAW INTERNATIONAL LAW
Issued by a political superior for observance by those under its authority. Is not imposed upon but simply adopted by states as a common rule of
action among themselves. No specific government but simply form
agreements and from there, rules and standards are formed.
Consists mainly of enactments from the lawmaking authority of each state. Is derived not from any particular legislation but from such sources as
international customs, international conventions and the general principles
of law.
Regulates the relations of individuals among themselves or with their own It does not deal on the relationship of certain individuals but the
states. relationship of countries or organizations in the international society.
Violations of municipal law are redressed through local administrative and Questions of public international law are resolved through state- to- state
judicial process. transactions ranging from peaceful methods like negotiations and
arbitrations.
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THE END!
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