Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

The works comprised within LOT B includes for two new distributions stations at Busaiteen
and Juffair. Each distribution station receives water from the Hidd forwarding systems
(Hidd pump-set 2 and 3, respectively). Water is locally stored within Ground Storage Tanks
(GSTs) and transferred, via pumps, to an Elevated Storage Reservoir (ESR) within each site
boundary, to serve distribution demands as required. This report details the pipe structural
calculations, floatation calculation of DI pipework for Busaiteen Distribution station.

1.2. Scope of Analysis

The purpose of this analysis is to:

 Calculation of external and internal loads of the buried DI pipes

 Calculations to check if pipe is structurally safe under external and internal loading

 Floatation check calculations for DI buried pipe

 Calculation of rocker pipe length

 Define pipe trench dimensions

 Define pipe bedding type

 Define pipe lining and coating

2. BURIED PIPE STRUCTURAL DESIGN THEORY

Buried pipes are subject to various loads which develops structural forces. Therefore, it is
required to perform calculations to ensure pipe is structurally safe. British Standard BS EN
1295-: Structural design of buried pipelines under various conditions of loading – Part 1
and 2 specifies the requirements for the structural design of water supply pipelines, drains
and sewers, and other water industry pipelines, whether operating at atmospheric, greater or
lesser pressure. This guidance is an important source of design basis. Paras below describes
various aspect of the buried pipe structural design.

2.1. Typical Buried Pipe Installation Details

Typical trench installation of a buried pipe is illustrated in the figure below

Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

2.2. Structural Loads

All pipelines shall be designed to withstand the various loadings to which they are expected
to be subjected, during construction and operation, without detriment to their function and
to the environment.

Buried pipe are exposed to two types of loads

1) The external load due to

a. Dead load of Backfill,

b. Self-weight of the pipe

c. Water weight

d. Live load due to Traffic

2) The internal load due to pressure of water

The effective pressure due to the backfill and any distributed surface loads shall be
calculated on the basis of the principles of soil-structure interaction. The pressure exerted
on pipelines by concentrated surface surcharges, such as vehicle wheels, shall be calculated
in accordance with a method based on Boussinesq, and account shall be taken of impact

The design of the pipeline, and its embedment, shall provide an adequate level of safety
against the appropriate ultimate limit state being exceeded. In addition, the design loading
shall not result in any appropriate serviceability limit state being exceeded.

Factors to be considered while doing structural calculations includes Pipe stiffness,

surrounding soil stiffness, Presence of groundwater and Trench construction methods.

The ultimate limit state for all types of pipes is reached when the pipe ceases to behave in
the manner intended in the structural design. The design of the pipeline shall ensure that
these above limit states are not reached. This will include consideration of one or more or
combined effect of the following factors:

± strain, stress, bending moment and normal force or load bearing capacity, in the ring
or longitudinal direction as appropriate;
± instability (e.g. buckling);
± annular deformation;
± watertightness.
2.3. Stresses and strains resulting from simultaneous loads

Internal pressures above or below atmospheric produce circumferential stresses and strains
which act simultaneously with bending stresses and strains due to external loadings. The
design shall take account of the design pressure, the maximum design pressure, and the
system test pressure. Similar cases shall be considered for the longitudinal direction, when
appropriate.

2.4. Buckling of pressure pipes

Positive internal pressure assists pipes which are not rigid to resist any tendency to buckle,
but since there can never be complete certainty that the pressure may not be removed at
some time during the life of the pipeline, it is normal to design pipelines to resist buckling
without this assistance.
Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

2.5. Influence of construction procedures

Of the various factors to be considered in the structural design process, some, such as pipe
diameter and depth of cover, are well defined. However, other factors, such as the methods
adopted for trench excavation and for filling around and above the pipeline, are subject to
extend of supervision during construction. A factor of safety to be adopted to account for
impacts of these factors.

The width of the trench can influence the extent to which the backfill load may be reduced
by the silo effect. The width of the trench can also influence the quality of the lateral soil
support at the sides of the pipes. This effect is variously covered in the design calculation
spreadsheet, via the coefficient of lateral earth pressure, the bedding factor, the soil modulus,
etc.

2.6. Presence of Ground Water

The presence of groundwater, and the use of measures such as groundwater lowering to
remove it during construction, can have important effects. The absence of groundwater
assists in the compaction of backfill, but the subsequent return of groundwater after
completion of backfilling can cause movements of soil particles, possibly leading to
increased loads and reduction of support to the sides of the pipe. Another impact ground
water would be having is flotation. Structural design of pipes should also consider measures
to counteract the flotation due to ground water presence. For sack of calculations being on
conservative side it is presumed that the ground water table is high and above the pipe.

2.7. Pipe bedding

If the nature of the ground at the base of the trench is such that it will not itself provide
adequate support, then, for all types of pipe, the thickness of lower bedding shall be designed
to ensure adequate support along the length of the pipeline. Where pipes are installed in soft
ground, the thickness of the lower bedding may need to be increased in order to prevent
excessive settlement of the pipeline. The thickness of upper bedding should be such as to
ensure that the bending moments in the pipe are acceptable. Tender document MMD-
261628-WSH-7026 represents various bedding types.

2.8. Filling procedures

In the vicinity of the pipe, the placing and compaction of the fill material have great
influence on structural performance. They affect the distribution of soil pressure around the
circumference of the pipe, and hence the response of the pipe. The amount of compaction
applied initially during installation also affects the amount of settlement which will take
place later, as a result of natural consolidation, or consolidation accelerated by traffic.
Usually, the larger such settlements, the greater the load which will be transferred to the
pipe. When the soil around the pipe is being compacted in order to improve its structural
quality, some of the energy is diverted into the pipe (as strain energy of deformation) and
some into the native soil. The extent to which the total compaction energy is so diverted
depends upon the pipe-soil stiffness ratio and the type of native soil. Subsequent paragraphs
will provide further details on the filling procedure.

2.9. Design philosophies and factors of safety

Field and experimental studies of pipelines show variations in observed earth pressures and
pipe deformations, stresses and strains. Variations in pipe characteristics, such as strength
or elasticity, also occur in practice. Appropriate allowance for these variations should be
made at the design stage and should be in accordance with one of the following design
philosophies. The Design philosophy of the spreadsheet tool is based on the
recommendations of standard BS EN 1295. Factor of safety depends on the design
procedure adopted.
Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

a) The design procedure shall aim to predict the mean values of loads, and shall compare
these with the load bearing capacity of the pipeline based on mean values of pipe strength
or stiffness (for example as derived by calculation), and on average earth pressure
distribution assumptions.

b) The design procedure shall aim to predict the maximum possible values of loads, and
shall compare these with estimates of the load bearing capacity of the pipeline based on
lower bound values of pipe strength or stiffness, and on unfavourable earth pressure
distribution assumptions.

The factors of safety to be employed with designs following philosophy b) will be lower
than those used in a), to achieve the same probability of failure.

2.10. Classification of pipes

Procedure for structural design of buried pipes changes with the pipe classifications.

Rigid Pipes: Pipes whose strength is established in crushing tests are classified as `rigid'.
Clay, concrete and reinforced concrete pipes are thus invariably classed as rigid, whilst
asbestos cement pipes, which also have specified minimum crushing strengths, are normally
regarded as rigid.

Semi Rigid Pipe: ductile iron pipes

Flexible Pipes: Thermoplastic, glass reinforced plastic, and thin walled steel pipes

2.11. Design aids

In practice, routine design is usually carried out with the aid of tables or charts, which have
themselves been compiled in accordance with the principles as described in Standard BS
EN 1295. MWH has developed excel based design tool for Structural calculations of buried
pipes. This tool is based on the principles and recommendations as described in standard
BS En 1295. Appendix C represents design calculations. Subsequent paragraphs will
describe the design parameters and calculations basis in references to Standard technical
specifications, applicable standards and recommendations to DI pipe installations.

Spreadsheet adopts following factor safety and maximum allowable values based on BS
1295/ BS 545 recommendations

Settlement 20mm max

Angle of rotation should be less than the allowable angular rotation as per BS 545

Deflection should be less than the allowable ovalization as per BS 545

Rocker pipe length

Rocker pipe length is calculated using basic trigonometry relation between allowable angle
of rotation and calculated settlement value. This calculated rocker pipe length is compared
with minimum rocker pipe recommendation (refer table below) and maximum of both the
values is selected as rocker pipe length.

Nominal Diameter (mm) Min Rocker Pipe Length (m)

< 600 0.6
600 to 750 1.0
> 750 1.25

Flotation factor of safety 1.25

Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

3. PROJECT INPUT DATA

Following drawings are included in Appendix A -

20154618B-1-CV-1225 Inlet Pipe Work – Longitudinal Section

20154618B-1-CV-1226 Outlet Pipe Work – Longitudinal Section
20154618B-1-CV-1227 Tank Content Transfer – Longitudinal Section
MMD-261628-WSH- Standard Details – Pipe Trench and Bedding Details
7026

Along with above drawings following standard technical specifications have been
referred
Section 4.1 Scope of work & Technical Particular requirements – sub-
section 7 Particular Requirements – Design of Pipework
Section 4.3.17 Standard Technical Specification for Pipes and Pipe Laying

4. ALLOWABLE PIPE PRESSURE AND PROPOSED PIPE CLASS

Table below represents the design and test pressure for the DI pipework
proposed for inlet and outlet pipes of GSR, ESR and Pumping Station, as per
Section 4.1 Scope of work & Technical Particular requirements – sub-section 7
Particular Requirements – Design of Pipework

Description Test Pressure

Pressure Rating
GST Inlet pipework, valves, fittings, chambers and thrust 15 bar PN 16
blocks
GST and ESR Outlet and drain pipework, valves, fittings, 8 bar PN 10
chambers and thrust blocks
GST and ESR overflow pipework, valves, fittings, 6.5 bar PN 10
chambers and thrust blocks
Pump Station rising main to ESR inlet, valves, fittings, 10 bar PN 10
chambers and thrust block
ESR discharge pipework, valves, fittings, chambers and 8 bar PN 10
thrust blocks
Tank Transfer Piping 8 bar PN 10

Referring to standard BS EN 545: 2010 Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and
their joints for water pipelines Requirements and test methods, pipe classification
is based on the Pressure Class, however the tender specifications recommends
pipe classification for centrifugally cast ductile iron pipe based on thickness class
K9 as per BS 545: 2006, Table below represents minimum work test pressure for
centrifugally cast class K9 for pipes as per BS545:2006.

Nominal Pipe Diameter, Class 40 Class K9

mm
40 to 300 40 50
350 to 600 40* 40
700 to 1000 - 32
1100 to 2000 - 25
* The maximum DN for class 40 pipes is DN 400.
Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

Table below lists details of proposed underground ductile iron pipelines details -
nominal diameters, test pressure and proposed pipe class

Description Nominal Diameter, mm Test Proposed

Pressure, Bar Pipe Class
GSTs Inlet 800 DI Pipe 15 K9
transmission main 600 DI Pipe - reduced for 15 K9
flow meter chamber
Inlet pipe to 600 DI Pipe 15 K9
individual GST
GST outlet to 600 DI Pipe 8 K9
Pump Station 800 DI Pipe 8 K9
Pumping Station 600 DI Pipe 10 K9
Outlet Piping
ESR Outlet piping 600 DI Pipe 8 K9
500 DI Pipe - reduced for 8 K9
flow meter chamber
Tank Transfer Pipe 300 DI Pipe 15 K9*

* For DN 300 tank transfer pipe, Class 40 would be sufficient, however referring
to tender specifications, for DN 300 pipes K9 class is proposed. This will also
ensure all the pipework in the premises is of same class.

5. SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

The detailed ground investigations was carried to assess subsurface conditions for
the purpose of assessing groundwater, soil characteristics in May 2015. Geological
records indicate that the site is likely to be underlain by the Ras Al Aqr formation.
Three main units are recognised within this formation; “caprock (limestone and sand
stone), mudflood deposits (unconsolidated soils) and carbonate rich, fine grained
rocks (calcisiltite and calcilutite). Above the Ras Al Aqr formation, shallow
sediments of marine origin (clay/silt, sand, gravel, shell and shell fragments can be
expected.

Appendix B represents the borehole details.

5.1. Soil Type

Accordingly to borehole results, fill materials over sub soil layers, overlying
weathered calcisiltite and calcisiltite deposits. The thickness of fill materials was
approximately between 2.0 and 2.4m.

The subsoil layers were predominantly of sand and gravel. The sand was generally
loose to medium dense, silty to very silty and gravelly. Soft silt was encountered in
one borehole. There also found weathered calcarenite materials.

At depths between 3.6m and 6.2m below the existing ground surface, the boreholes
entered into initial "bedrock" layers of weathered calcisiltite. Majority of boreholes
then encountered weathered calcilutite below the weathered calcisiltite. The
boreholes were terminated at depths between 10.0m and 30.0m below the existing
ground surface.

The inlet and outlet pipes are proposed to be installed at depth range of 1.6 – 4.1m.
Referring to the borehole data the soil at pipe installation depth is sandy fine to
coarse gravel TO gravelly fine to coarse sand. The average soil density for all the
boreholes at pipe installation depths is 18 kN/m3. The ground water level is above
the pipe crown level.
Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

5.2. Native Soil Coefficient - E’3

The stiffness of native soil in which the pipeline trench is excavated is important
factor for the design of the flexible or semi-rigid pipes. E’3 – Native Soil Coefficient
is important value in calculating overall modulus of soil reaction, which can be
related to the soil stiffness. E’3 is dependent upon the type of soil. Table below
represents E’3 range for various types of soil.

Native soil modulus E'3 in MN/m2 for various conditions

Soil Type Very dense Dense Medium dense Loose Very loose
Gravel Over 40 15-40 9-15 5-9 3-5
Sand 15-20 9-15 4-9 2-4 1-2
Silty sand 10-15 6-10 2.5-6 1.5-2.5 0.5-1.5

Clay Very hard 11-14

Hard 10-11 Greater than 200kN/m2 undrained shear strength
Very stiff 6-10 150-200
Stiff 4-6 100-150
Firm 3-4 50-100
Soft 1.5-3 20-50
Very soft 0-1.5 Less than 20kN/m2

As per Geotech report the soil type is sandy fine to coarse gravel TO gravelly fine
to coarse sand, referring to the above table the Native Soil Modulus E’3 is assumed
as 9 MN/sqm. The value selection is on conservative side.

6. DI PIPE DETAILS

Please note that the latest version of BS EN 545: 2010, pipe classification is based
on the Pressure Class 25/30/40. However the tender specifications recommends
use of Pipe class K9. Pipe class is thickness based thickness class as per
recommendations of previous version of BS 545:2006.

6.1. Pipe Characteristics

Following table represents extract from BS 545:2006 of class K9 DI pipe

characteristics used as inputs for the pipe structural calculations,

Material Nominal External Class K9 Minimum Allowable

Diameter Diameter Wall diametric pipe
(mm) (mm) thickness, stiffness ovalization,
mm S,kN/m² %
DI 300 326 7.2 110 2.5
DI 500 532 9.0 52 3.25
DI 600 635 9.9 41 3.55
DI 800 842 11.7 30 4.00

6.2. Standard length of spigot and socket DI pipe

As per BS 545:2006 the standard pipe lengths are as represented in table below

Nominal Diameter Standard Pipe Length

(mm) (m)
60 to 600 5.0, 5.5, 6.0
700 to 800 5.0, 6.0, 7.0
Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

As per standard technical specification for pipes and pipe laying the nominal length
if pipes shall not be less than 5500mm and not greater than 9000mm, for calculation
purpose pipe length for all the diameters is assumed as 6.0m.

6.3. Allowable Angular Deflection

All joints shall be designed to be fully flexible; consequently, the allowable angular
deflection for a typical socket/spigot joint should not exceed the values as specified
by the standard BS EN 545. To restrain thrust forces, restrained flexible joints are
proposed. The standard BS EN 545 recommends allowable angular deflection for
the restrained flexible joints should not be less than half that of fully flexible joints.
Table below represents the allowable angular deflection for fully flexible and
restrained flexible joints as recommended by BS 545.

Nominal Minimum Allowable Angular Deflection

Diameter, mm Fully flexible Spigot and Restrained Spigot and
socket joint socket joint
40 to 300 30 30’ (3.5) 10 45’ (1.75)
350 to 600 0
2 30’ (2.5) 10 15’ (1.25)
700 to 2000 0
1 30’ (1.5) 00 45’ (0.75)

6.4. Pipe Coating and Lining

As recommended in the standard technical specification section 4.3.17, the Ductile

Pipes and fittings will be factory coated externally with a layer of metallic zinc with
minimum thickness of 20 microns and will have machine applied minimum 5mm
thick cement mortar lining with a seal coat. Cement used for lining will be sulphur
resistant. Corrosion protection is not part of scope under this report.

7. TYPICAL TRENCH DETAILS

Refer to Drawing Standard Details – Pipe Trench and Bedding Details, Drg. No.
MMD-261628-WSH-7026 and Specification for Pipes and Pipe laying Standards,
following are the requirements of the pipeline trench

7.1. Pipe Bedding and Backfill

Drg. No. MMD-261628-WSH-7026 represents standard pipe trench and bedding

details. There are four types of bedding types

Type A: Selected Granular bedding material compacted in layers not

exceeding 225mm thick, proposed at locations of the pipe trench is below the
standing water level in the natural ground. The selected granular material shall be
imported granular material graded 19mm to 5mm all passing 19mm and not more
than 25% passing 5mm B.S. sieve with no clay content. Depth of granular bedding
will be minimum 200mm below pipe barrel and 300mm above the pipe crown. The
backfilling on both sides shall be hand compacted in successive layers not
exceeding 150mm thickness up to pipe crown. The granular bedding is surrounded
by the geotextile. The space between top of bedding and ground surface is filled
with excavated material hand compacted in layers not exceeding 225mm thick.

Type B: Selected Granular bedding material compacted in layers not

exceeding 225mm thick, proposed at locations of the pipe trench excavation is
above natural water table and is not subject to flowing water from any source. The
granular bedding shall be coarse sand. Depth of granular bedding is minimum
200mm below pipe barrel and 300mm above the pipe crown. The backfilling on both
sides shall be hand compacted in successive layers not exceeding 150mm
thickness up to pipe crown. The space between top of bedding and ground surface
is filled with excavated material compacted in layers not exceeding 225mm thick.
Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

Type C: This type of bedding is proposed where pipeline is crossing the road.
This is similar to Type B bedding, with a min 200mm thick cast in situ lean concrete
mix slab placed over the granular bedding. Drawing MMD-261628-WSH-7026
suggest this detail is not applicable for internal roads within stations. However we
are proposing Type C Bedding for the internal road crossings, considering the
heavy traffic expected within the pump station premises during and after
construction..

Type D: This type is protection slab where the soil cover over pipe is less than
1.2m. This is similar to Type B bedding, with a 200mm thick longitudinal interlocking
precast slab with lifting hooks placed over the granular bedding. The concrete slab
to extend minimum 300mm from the edge of trench.

Refereeing to the site conditions Type A Bedding is proposed for the

locations where soil cover is 1.2m or above. Locations where soil cover is less
than 1.2m, type D bedding is proposed. For pipeline portions under proposed
road, Type C bedding is proposed.

7.2. Modulus of soil Reaction of the bedding E'2

The relative pipe-soil stiffness factor depends on the Modulus of soil Reaction of
the bedding E'2, Deflection lag factor DL and Deflection Coefficient Kx. These design
parameters are dependent on the pipe supporting material and its degree of
compaction. Table below represents the various types of bedding and associated
design parameters

Modulus State of compaction of various bedding materials to give

of soil required modulus of soil reaction & corresponding deflection
Reaction lag factor values
Of the bedding Single sized Graded Sand with less Sand with more
E'2 Gravel (S1) Gravel (S2) than 12% fines than 12% fines
(MN/m2) (S3) (S4)
(Kx = 0.083) (Kx = 0.083) (Kx = 0.100) (Kx = 0.100)
10 90% MPD 90% MPD - -
DL = 1.0 DL = 1.0 - -
7 80-85% MPD 85% MPD 90% MPD -
DL = 1.25-1.0 DL = 1.0 DL = 1.25 -
5 Uncompacted 80% MPD 85% MPD 90% MPD
DL = 1.5 DL = 1.25 DL = 1.5 DL = 1.25
3 - Uncompacted 80% MPD 85% MPD
- DL = 1.5 DL = 2.0 DL = 1.5

MPD is Modified Proctor Density which defines extend of compaction.

As we are proposing either Type A, C and D bedding, which is equivalent to

Type S3 – Sand with less than 12% fines as mentioned in the above table.
Calculations with different values of Modulus of soil reaction of the bedding, E'2 will
be performed to determine the extent of compaction is required. Refer
Appendix C for the calculations, also calculation results will be summarized in
the conclusion.
7.3. Trench Width

Trench width to an extent can assist in improving the pipes response to the
external/internal loads, and ensuring the pipe passes the requisite structural
checks. Pipe trench width depends on the pipe outer diameter and offsets kept
either side. Referring to the Tender drawings MMD-261628-WSH-7026, the
recommended trench width are
Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

Pipe Nominal Diameter Soil Type

(DN) Stable Unstable
DN <= 400mm DN + 600 mm 2000 mm
1400 mm=> DN => 400 mm DN x 2.25 DN x 5.0
DN > 1400 mm DN + 2000 mm DN x 5.0
Based on the Geotechnical investigations, the soil can be termed as stable type, so
the proposed Trench widths are

Nominal Diameter, mm Trench width, m

300 0.900
500 1.125
600 1.350
700 1.575
800 1.800
7.4. Warning Tape

There will be detecting warning tape running parallel to pipe and placed centrally
with pipe alignment. For additional details on Pipe trench and Bedding, refer to
drawings MMD-261628-WSH-7026 and Specification for Pipes and Pipe laying
Standards.

7.5. Depth of Cover

Depth of cover is influences the dead soil weight over the pipe and impact of
live/traffic load. Depth of cover is defined in the pipe L-sections. Lesser the soil
cover, lesser the dead soil load and larger the live/traffic load, and vice a versa. So
the soil structural checks are performed at both locations 1) Minimum soil cover 2)
Maximum soil cover for each pipe length.

Referring to drawings 20154618B-1-CV-1225 -Inlet Pipe Work – Longitudinal

Section and 20154618B-1-CV-1226 - Outlet Pipe Work – Longitudinal Section, and
20154618B-1-CV-1227 – Tank Content Transfer Pipe Work – Longitudinal Section
minimum and maximum soil covers are

Nominal Ground Pipe Depth of Comments

Diameter, mm Level, m Invert, m Cover, m
GST Inlet Pipe
800 2.7 -1.29 3.16 Maximum Cover
800 2.7 -0.70 2.57 Minimum Cover
600 2.7 -1.13 3. 20 Maximum Cover
600 2.7 -1.09 3.16 Minimum Cover
GST Outlet Pipe
800 2.7 0.70 1.17 Maximum Cover
800 2.7 0.80 1.07 Minimum Cover
600 2.7 0.83 1.24 Maximum Cover
600 2.7 1.15 0.92 Minimum Cover
PS to ESR
600 2.7 0.80 1.27 Maximum Cover
600 2.7 0.90 1.17 Minimum Cover
ESR to Distribution System
600 2.7 -0.50 2.57 Maximum Cover
600 2.7 0.90 1.17 Minimum Cover
500 2.7 0.11 2.07 Maximum Cover
500 2.7 0.30 1.88 Minimum Cover
Tank Transfer Pump Pipework
300 2.7 -1.35 3.73 Maximum Cover
300 2.7 0.09 2.29 Minimum Cover
Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

7.6. Live Loading Condition

The live load or traffic load is depend upon the type of traffic expected over the
buried pipeline during construction and operation phases. The type of loading
conditions are

 Off Road
 Normal Road
 Abnormal Road
 Light Train/ Tram
 Main Rail Line
 Construction 10Tons Loading
 Construction 30Tons Loading

Considering the worst case scenario, for design purpose Construction 30 Tons
loading is adopted.

8. DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Refer to the Appendix C for details of calculations based on spreadsheet tool

developed for pipe structural design based on the recommendations and formulas
as specified in BS EN 1295. Also the flotation calculations are performed
considering the empty pipe and only soil weight above the pipe.

9. ROCKER PIPE

The settlements of pipelines, and the structures they connect with are seldom
identical, and if damage is not to occur, provisions must be incorporated into the
design to accommodate the differential vertical movement.

Contrary to popular belief, it is usually the pipeline which settles more than the
structure, and the settlement must be estimated according to engineering principles
if a reliable design is to be achieved. The magnitude of pipeline settlement is a
function of pipe diameter, depth of cover, soil density, soil compressibility, thickness
and type of pipe bedding, and magnitude of surface surcharges.

For a given vertical differential settlement, the angular rotation of the joints reduces
as the length of the “rocker pipe” increases. Hence, if the differential settlement has
been estimated with reasonable accuracy, and if the angular rotation capability of
the joints is known (it may vary from around 0.5° to over 4° depending on the pipe
diameter and material) then the minimum necessary length of “rocker pipe” can be
identified.

The length of rocker pipe is also proposed as per the tender document Section
4.3.17, Clause 4.5.1 recommendations. The length of rocker pipes as required at
chamber connections to avoid the differential settlement is as below

Nominal Diameter, Rocker Pipe Length, m

mm As per Spreadsheet As per tender
documents
300 0.60 1.0
500 0.60 1.0
600 0.60 1.2
800 1.25 1.6
Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

10. CONCLUSION

The DI inlet and outlet pipes of the Busaiteen DS passes all the structural and
flotation checks. Summary of proposed design parameters is as below

Pipe Class

Nominal Diameter, mm Class

300 K9
500 K9
600 K9
800 K9

Pressure class proposed are as table below and all the fittings are of pressure rating
PN 16.

Pipe Bedding

Typically Type A - 80% MPD compacted coarse sand 200mm thick bedding
is proposed.

Where pipe portion is laid below a paved road, proposed bedding type is Type C -
80% MPD compacted coarse sand 200mm thick bedding and 200mm thick cast in
situ lean mix concrete placed over granular bedding.

For pipe sections with soil cover less than 1.2m proposed bedding is Type D - -
80% MPD compacted coarse sand 200mm thick bedding and 200mm thick
longitudinal interlocking precast slab wit lifting hooks placed over granular bedding
extending 300mm from the edge of the trench.

Refer drawing MMD-261628-WSH-7026 for bedding and trench details.

Table below represents values of minimum rocker pipe length as per calculations

Nominal Diameter, Rocker Pipe Length, m

mm As per Spreadsheet
300 0.60
500 0.60
600 0.60
800 1.25

These values will be compared with the recommendations of tender specifications, and
maximum of both values will be proposed as rocker pipe length. Table below list proposed
trench width and rocker pipe lengths for individual diameter.

Nominal Diameter, mm Trench width, m Rocker Pipe

Length, m
300 0.900 1.0
500 1.125 1.0
600 1.350 1.2
800 1.800 1.6
Client ID: Water Stations Hidd LOT B Busaiteen DS DI Pipework Structural Design

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION II 
1.1.  Background ii 
1.2.  Scope of Analysis ii 

2. BURIED PIPE STRUCTURAL DESIGN II 

2.1.  Buried Pipe Installation Details ii 
2.2.  Structural Loads iii 
2.3.  Stresses and strains resulting from simultaneous loads iii 
2.4.  Buckling of pressure pipes iii 
2.5.  Influence of construction procedures iv 
2.6.  Presence of Ground Water iv 
2.7.  Pipe bedding iv 
2.8.  Filling procedures iv 
2.9.  Design philosophies and factors of safety iv 
2.10.  Classification of pipes v 
2.11.  Design aids v 

3. PROJECT INPUT DATA VI 

3.1.  Pipe Pressure vi 
3.2.  Soil Characteristics vii 
3.3.  Pipe Dimensions Details viii 
3.4.  Pipe Bedding and Backfill ix 
3.5.  Trench Width x 
3.6.  Depth of Cover xi 
3.7.  Live Loading Condition xii 

4. DESIGN CALCULATIONS XII 

5. ROCKER PIPE XII 

6. CONCLUSION XIII 

MWHK Page i 110244-G.4.2-2601

July 2016