AP Statistics Normal Distribution Problems
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안지연AP Statistics Normal Distribution Problems
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Powered by AIThe z-score is used to standardize and position a data point relative to the mean of the data set. In Consumer Reports, the z-score not only indicates how far Thorn Apple Valley beef hot dogs at $14.23 per pound are from the average cost but also determines its ranking based on variability within the data. The z-score formula is \( z = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma} \), assessing comparative cost efficiency among different brands. For the given data, the correct z-score of Thorn Apple Valley is -0.85, meaning it is below average, and thus cheaper in this context .
The 15th percentile in a normal distribution can be found using the z-score associated with 0.15 probability, approximately -1.04. Using the formula \( X = \mu + z \times \sigma \), where \( \mu = 75 \) and \( \sigma = 5 \), gives \( X = 75 - 1.04 \times 5 = 69.8 \approx 70 \) years .
If each value in a data set is doubled and 5 is first added to each value, the range will also undergo a transformation. Initially, adding 5 shifts all values by +5, maintaining the same spread. Doubling the shifted values increases both the minimum and maximum of the data set, hence the 10% of the resulting data set will be transformed to lie between 90 (initially 40+5, then doubled to 90) and 130 (initially 60+5, then doubled to 130), confirming option B .
To label packets such that only 1% are underweight, use the z-score for the 1st percentile (z ≈ -2.33). Given \( \mu = 202 \) and \( \sigma = 3 \), the labeled weight \( W \) is \( W = 202 + (-2.33 \times 3) = 195.01 \approx 195 \) grams, hence 195 grams should be stamped .
Performance comparison uses z-scores. For this year: \( z = \frac{40 - 38}{2} = 1.0 \), and last year: \( z = \frac{35 - 34}{1} = 1.0 \). The same z-score implies the student scored equally well relative to peers each year .
Multiplying the mean of a normal distribution by a constant scales the central tendency of the distribution but does not affect the shape, which remains normal. Both the mean and standard deviation must be adjusted by the constant, affecting the range and spread accordingly. For example, if an average score on a national test is multiplied by 1.25, the mean becomes 625, while the standard deviation also needs adjustment, predicting a new spread around this central tendency .
To ensure that 6-ounce cups overflow only 2% of the time, the mean \( m \) must be set using the properties of the normal distribution. Using the inverse cumulative distribution function (ICDF), or z-score for 0.98 probability, which is approximately 2.05, we solve for \( m \) in \( m + 2.05 \times 0.4 = 6 \). Solving gives \( m = 5.18 \) ounces, ensuring that only 2% of cups overflow .
Determine P(X < 95) with z-score \( z = \frac{95 - 120}{20} = -1.25 \), giving a cumulative probability of about 0.1056. Thus, the cost falls below $95 in about 10.56% of the days .
For 95% of mailing times under a specific time, the z-score corresponding to 0.95 probability, approximately 1.6449, is used. Using \( T = 35 + 1.6449 \times 2 \), we find \( T = 38.29 \) minutes, so 95% of preparations are completed under this time .
To calculate the percentage of items weighing less than 87 grams or more than 93 grams, we use the properties of the normal distribution. The range [87, 93] encompasses 3 standard deviations on either side of the mean of 90 grams, covering 99.7% of the distribution according to the empirical rule. Thus, the percentage falling outside this range is 0.3% .