Hydraulics Board Exam Practice Problems
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Powered by AIBarometer readings for mercury can be converted to a water column by using the ratio of their densities. The conversion factor is the specific gravity ratio, 13.6 for mercury to water. A 700 mm mercury barometer reads equivalent to 9520 mm water. Atmospheric pressure, calculated using barometric height and density of mercury, is 93.4 kPa .
The slope of an open channel affects the energy gradient; a steeper slope reduces head loss and increases velocity. In a 3 m wide channel with a slope determined by 0.008, the energy gradient and head loss were calculated by considering flow rate and changes in depth, yielding a head loss of 0.06 m over 5 m .
The change in volume (ΔV) can be calculated using the formula ΔV = - (ΔP * V) / K, where ΔP is the pressure increase, V is the initial volume, and K is the bulk modulus of elasticity. For a cubic meter of water with ΔP = 20 MPa and K = 2200 MPa, ΔV = - (20 MPa * 1 m³) / 2200 MPa = -0.00909 m³, or a change in volume of 0.00909 m³ .
An object floats if the buoyant force equals the weight of the object. For a timber submerged in water with 1/3 of its length submerged, the specific weight can be computed by equaling the buoyant force to the timber's weight using the formula: specific_weight = (submerged volume/displaced volume) * liquid's specific weight. With given dimensions, the calculated specific weight of the timber is 3.35 kN/m³ .
The pressure measured by a manometer depends on factors such as the specific gravity of the manometric fluid (sg), the height difference between the manometric fluid levels (h), and the diameter of the conduit. For example, the given data sgB = 13.6 and h = 125 mm, influence the pressure calculation at point A in the conduit .
A water hammer occurs when fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly, causing a pressure surge or wave because of momentum change. It typically happens in pipelines due to rapid valve closures or pump failures .
The velocity head (v²/2g) change can be calculated if the velocity change is known. If the velocity increases by half of the previous section’s velocity, we find that the new velocity v = 1.5v₀, giving a new velocity head of (1.5² * v₀²) / (2g) = 2.25v₀² / 2g .
The buoyancy principle states that an object will float if its specific gravity is less than that of the liquid. The percentage of the volume above the surface can be calculated using: floating percent = (liquid's specific gravity - object's specific gravity) / liquid's specific gravity x 100. For a buoy with specific gravity 0.75 in liquid with specific gravity 0.85, 11.8% of the buoy's volume is above the surface .
In pipeline systems, the coefficient of friction affects head loss, hence influencing velocity. By applying Darcy-Weisbach equation, velocity (v) can be determined when diameter and head loss are known. For instance, using a coefficient of friction 0.02, velocity in the bigger pipeline (450 mm diameter) is found to be 0.665 m/s and in the 300 mm pipeline, 1.68 m/s given the system layout and conditions .
Flow rate (Q) in pipes is determined using the continuity equation, Q = v * A, where v is velocity and A is cross-sectional area. For changing velocities, flow rate is recalculated for each section and analyzed collectively. For varied diameters and known velocities, flow consistency is maintained, calculated here to be around 0.132 m³/s .
