MODULE

COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

COM 1
INTRODUCTION
TO
COMMUNICATION

MARIA CECILIA H. RANOLA-VILLEGAS

Author

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
1|Page
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

To the University of Rizal System

AB JOURNALISM STUDENTS

Welcome to COM 1 Introduction to Communication!

This course is your first CORE course in Journalism. Generally, this will give you
an overview on Communication as potent factor to personal and professional growth.

At your service is MARIA CECILIA H. RANOLA-Villegas, your Course

Coordinator for COM 1 Introduction to Communication. I am the Program Head of AB
Journalism. Currently finishing my Master of Arts in Christian Education major in
Curriculum and Instruction at PACE Graduate School of Christian Education. In the
past, I gained units in Master in Journalism at Asian Institute of Journalism and
Education and Master in Communication major in Communication Research at
Polytechnic University of the Philippines. I am a founding member of Philippine
Association for Communication and Media Research Inc (PACMRI), one of the Board of
Directors of Philippine Association for Media and Information Literacy (PAMIL) and also
a member of Philippine Communications Society (PCS). I finished Bachelor in
Journalism at Polytechnic University of the Philippines and had my internship at
Philippine News Agency.

Please feel free to contact me through [Link]@[Link] for your

inquiries on the course at hand.

Course Code : COM 1

Course Title : Intro to Communication
Credit Units : 3 units
Time Allotment : 3 hour lecture
Department : AB Journalism

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
2|Page
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Course Pre-requisite :

Course Description:

This course covers the discussion on Communication as a discipline, field of

study, and as a profession, the communication process, its elements, history, growth
and development of Mass Communication. (CHED CMO No. 41 s. 2017 p. 37 ANNEX D. Description and
Specification of Courses)

Also, you will be oriented on how communication operates in your minds, how it
propels on the workplaces and in all of life’s facets.
Moreover, this course aims to guide you to become better communicators.

Course Objectives:

General Objective

At the end of the course, you shall be able to gain an in-depth knowledge about
Communication.

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the course, you shall be able to:

Course Outcomes:
1. Understand what communication really is, why it is so simple yet complex.
2. Distinguish the different forms/types/contexts of communication.
3. Enumerate the advantages/benefits of studying communication
4. Determine the functions of language in communication
5. Understand the baseline principles of communication studies.
6. Determine diversified communication contexts.
7. Demonstrate skills on how to communicate effectively.
8. Laid down principle involved in any communication set up.
9. Detect communication barriers and give possible solutions.
10. Create personal communication models.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
3|Page
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Course Outline

COM 1 – Introduction to Communication is composed of three (3) units with (3)

modules per unit.
CONTENT WRITER 

Unit [Link]: Behind the View

Module 1: Communication: What is it really?

MARIA CECILIA H. RANOLA. VILLEGAS
Module 2: Communication Contexts: What are they?

Module 3: Communication Advantages and Principles:

How far the edges are?

Unit 2. Frontview: Beyond the Surface

MARIA CECILIA H. RANOLA. VILLEGAS

Module 4: Perceiving Self and Others:

Why we differ?
Module 5: Encoding and Decoding Meanings:
Where’s the Line?
Module 6: Seeing Cultures and Co-Cultures
Where are the colors?

Unit 3. Side view: Beside the Process

MARIA CECILIA H. RANOLA. VILLEGAS

Module 7: Up Close to Basics Communication Skills

May I Come In?
Module 8: Upward to Communication Competence:
Can We Sit?
Module 9: Unto Workplace Communication:
Shall We Start?

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
4|Page
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Course Schedule

Activity Schedule

Registration Orientation

Preliminaries Registration to Google Classroom

REPORTER’S LOG Course Overview

Study Session 1 Module 1

Study Session 2 Module 2

Study Session 3 Module 3

Recapitulation

PRELIMS Submission of Activities/Examination

Study Session 4 Module 4

Study Session 5 Module 5

Study Session 6 Module 6

MIDTERM Submission of Activities/

Examination

Study Session 7 Module 7

Study Session 8 Module 8

Study Session 9 Module 9

FINALS Submission of Activities/Examination

COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
5|Page
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Evaluation Computation of Grades

Unit 1
Overview
BEHIND THE VIEW

MODULE 1 I Communication: What is it really?

MODULE 2 I Communication Contexts: What are they?
MODULE 3 I Communication Principles,
Advantages/Benefits:
How far the edges are?

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
6|Page
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

MODULE 1:
COMMUNICATION: What is it really?
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:

1. Define Communication.
2. Become acquainted with definitions of
communication as cited by through the
ages
3. Understand how communication is
conceptualized by communication
scholars

COMMUNICATION
is simply the act of transferring
information from one place, person or
group to another.
[Link]

[Cite your source here.]

4. Appreciate the commonalities in
various definitions.
5. Create personal definition of what
communication really is.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
7|Page
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

From the very first time you came across with the term communication until
such time you have heard of this in various classes you had attended, probably you
have encountered the paradox behind the complexity in its simplicity.
And to further give us more of it, let us try to look at communication in the
eyes of people through the ages and at the same time from communication scholars as
well.

Communication is…

..the exchange of meanings between individuals through a

common system of symbols".

I.A. Richards,1928
…Anything that conveys meaning that carries a message from one person
to another,
Brooker,1949
the broad field of human interchanges of facts and not the technologies of
telephone, telegraph, radio and the like.
Charles Redfield, 1954
the sum of all the things one person does when he wants to create
understanding in the mind of another. It is a bridge of meaning. It involves
a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and
understanding". –

Louis Allen, 1958

composite of information given and received, of a
learning experience in which certain attitudes,
knowledge and skills change, carrying with them
alterations of behaviour; of a listening effort by all
involved; of systematic fresh examination of issues by

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
8|Page
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

the communicator himself; and of a sensitive

interaction of points of view leading to a higher level
of shared understanding and common intention.
Ordway Tead, 1959

A mutual interchange of ideas by any effective means.

Thayer, 1968
The transfer of information via signals sent in a channel between sender
and receiver.
Hailman, 1977
The process by which the message is transmitted from the source to the
receiver.
Rogers, 1983
A “symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people
create shared meanings.
Lusting and Koester, 1993
The process that people use to exchange information. Messages are
simultaneously sent and received on two levels: verbally through the use
of words and nonverbally by behaviors that accompany the words.
Balzer Riley, 2000

A process of sharing and conveying messages or information from

one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media
and cultures

McCornack, 2014
[Link]
author-steven-mccornack/ba-p/4504
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
Note : Since among the definitions, Mc Cornack cracks closer [Link]@[Link]
our time, kindly
read and get to know the man – Steven McCornack 9|Page
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Communication is giving, receiving or exchanging ideas, information, signals or

messages through appropriate media, enabling individuals or groups to persuade, to

seek information, to give information or to express emotions.

 [Link]  ›

WILLIAM NEWMAN and CHARLES SUMMER

 An exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more
persons.

LELAND BROWN
 Is the transmission and interchange of facts, ideas, feelings or course of
action.

ALLEN LOUIS
 Is the sum of all the things one person does; when he wants to create
understanding in the mind of another. It involves a systematic and
continuous process of telling, listening and understanding.

ORDWAY TEAD
 A composite information given and received out of a learning experience.

M.T MYERS AND G.E. MYERS

 A special kind of patterning, expressed in symbolic form.
For communication to take place between or among people,
two requirements must be met: (1) symbolic system must be shared
by the people involved we need to speak the same language or jargon
or dialects) and (2) the associations between the symbols and
their referents must be shared.

KATZ AND KAHN

 Is the exchange of information and the transmission of meaning.
The very essence of a social system of an organization.

KEITH DAVIS: 

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
10 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Is a process of passing information and understanding from one person

to another.

ACTIVITY
Direction: Briefly answer the following questions:
PRQ1: What is communication to you?
PRQ2: Where does it occur?
PRQ3: Why does it matter?
PRQ4: How do you want to study it?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PRQ1: What is communication to you?

PRQ2: Where does it occur?

________________________________

________________________________

PRQ3: Why does it matter?

_________________________________
_________________________________

PRQ4: How do you want to study it?

_______________________________

_______________________________

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
11 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

MODULE 2:
COMMUNICATION CONTEXT:
What are they?
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:

1 Understand Communication Contexts

2 Explain on how intrapersonal,

interpersonal, public, mass
communication and computer
mediated communication differ from
each other.

3 Identify the factors of differences.

Communication Context
A set of circumstances or a situation

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
12 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Since you were able to give your very

personal definition of communication, we shall
go now with…
COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS
Communication Context
A set of circumstances or a situation

Communication takes place within a context, this occurs within oneself, between
two friends, among group, a lecturer and an audience in a hall, or thru a
mediated system.
1. INTRAPERSONAL
--is the process of using messages to generate meaning within the self.
--occurs within one’s mind.
--happens when one evaluates or the interaction that occurs between
yourself and others.
--it involves
 solving problems internally,
 resolving internal conflict,
 planning for the future
 evaluating yourself
 evaluating your relationship with others
2. INTERPERSONAL
--is the process of using messages to generate meaning between at least two
people in a situation that allows mutual opportunities for both speaking and
listening.
It occurs to:
 to solve problems
 to resolve conflicts
 to share information
 to improve perceptions of oneself
 to fulfill social needs (like the need to belong or be loved)
 to establish relationships with others

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
13 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

(like friendship or romantic relationships

INTERPERSONAL CONTEXTS

2.1 Dyadic Interpersonal Communication

2.2 Small-group Communication

DYADIC COMMUNICATION
o Two-person communication
Examples include:
 Interview with an employer
 Teacher to student
 Parent to a child
 Wife to Husband
(And many more within 2 persons contexts)

SMALL-GROUP COMMUNICATION

o The process of using messages to generate meanings in a small

group of people.
This occurs in:
 families
 work groups
 support groups
 religious groups
 study groups
 peer talks
 gamers click
 robloxers/ minecrafters

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
14 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

(would be groups of any kind)

3. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

--The process of using messages to generate meanings in a situation in which

a single source transmits a message to a number of receivers.

--Within this context, the source adapts the message to the audience in an

attempt to achieve maximum understanding.

--Is recognized by its formality, structure and planning.

This occurs in:

 lecture classes
 convocations
 religious services
 political campaigns
 etc. (planned public gatherings)

Basically like communication in other contexts, public communication

also aims to:

o inform
o persuade
o entertain
o introduce
o announce
o welcome
o pay tribute

( all intentions of the speaker you can identify)

COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
15 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

4. MASS COMMUNICATION (MC)

--The process of using messages to generate meanings in a mediated system,

between a source and a large number of unseen receivers – always has some

transmission system ( mediator) between the sender and the receiver.

5 COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION (CMC)

--Includes human communication and information shared through communication

networks.

--requires digital literacy which includes

 ability to find
 ability to evaluate
 ability to use information available via
computer.

CMC occurs within:

 email messages
 discussion group threads
 newsgroup notes,
 instant messages (SMS, MMS)
 web page constructions

CMC as a communication context is unique because:

 messages can be sent and received asynchronously ( at different times)

 people can prestructure messages which they give a deal of thought
 people can quickly dash off a message with no thought at all.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
16 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

 CMC occurs over a single channel, and added emoticons

 CMC may allow equality among people as demographic features and
social status are removed.

The “NUTTY” SIDE of CMC’S uniqueness

- can encourage racism

- can promote sexism
- can employ bias of all sorts based on
the nature of the messages that are
created and provided to its vast number
Racism
of audience. a belief that
race is the primary
Sexism determinant of human
prejudice, traits and capacities
Bias stereotyping, or and that racial
prejudice in favor of discrimination, differences produce an
or against one thing, typically against inherent superiority of
person, or group women, on the basis a particular race.
compared with of sex.
another, usually in a
way considered to be
unfair.

FACTORS IN DETERMINING COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS

 number of people involved

 level of formality and intimacy
 the opportunities for feedback
 the need for restructuring messages
 degree of stability of the roles of speaker and listener

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
17 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

FACTORS IN DETERMINING COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS

COMPUTER
CONTEXTS INTRAPERSONAL INTERPERSONAL PUBLIC MASS MEDIATED
COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION

DYADIC SMALL-GROUP

Number of 1 2 3-10 more than 10 usually thousands 2 to billions

people
involved

Degree of generally intimate or generally formal generally formal intimate or formal

formality or most intimate intimate formal
intimacy interview
is formal

Complete feedback A great Less than in Less than in small- Usually none None to a great deal
\Opportunities deal of intrapersonal group
for feedback feedback communication communication but
But more than more than in mass
in public communication
communication

Need for None Some Some A great deal Almost totally None to totally scripted
prestructuring
Messages scripted

Degree of
Stability on Highly unstable; Unstable; Unstable; Highly stable; one Highly stable; on- air Unstable to highly
the Role of The individual as Speaker Speakers and speaker with many speakers, stable
Speaker and both speaker and and listener listeners listeners invisible listeners
Listener listener alternate alternate

Table 1. ON DIFFERENCES AMONG COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS

Source: Human Communication 3rd Edition p. 21

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
18 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

ON INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

ACTIVITY
Direction: Watch the movie “Inside Out”. Look at the cited dominant
emotions there. Then talk to yourself, say Dear Self. In 5 columns, identify
things/situation where these emotions popped up.
Dear Self,

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
19 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

ON INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

ACTIVITY
Direction: Select a partner from your class and start asking how his/her coping
up mode with this “new now”? Limit the conversation to 10 exchanges, Don’t
forget opening and closing cues.

MODULE 3:
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES,
ADVANTAGES/BENEFITS:
How far the edges are?
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:

1 List down advantages/benefits

of communication.
2 Appreciate its benefits into various
communication set up.
3 State distinct characteristics of
communication

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
20 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

It’s great to know what are communication contexts

and how they differ from each other, right? Now, we will go
on to sound, biting principles of this discipline as well as the
advantages/benefits of it.

Principles are a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for
a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning. Principles are guiding truths, if
we have more of these, our navigation through any field like communication will be a lot
easier.
Nonetheless, let us have first three preliminaries to the principles

1 Communication is essential.

o The fact that it central to our lives. It helps, solve, improves

professional and personal relationships making our existence worth
living.

2 Communication is consequential.

verbiage
speech or writing that uses too many words or
excessively technical expressions

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
21 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

o There is a need to understand theories, researches citing how

applicable these are in bridging gaps, in understanding cultures .
Thus, in so doing, will help us avoid confusions, solve disputes
and frictions.

3 Communication is ubiquitous.

o There is nothing we can do with communication’s presence 24/7

@365/366 days. We cannot NOT communicate.
It is something that we cannot really avoid doing.

Now that we came to know the “preliminary three” (3) that have helped us see
why we need to study communication, let us have an additional 7
advantages/benefits why communication must truly be studied.

Seven Advantages/ Basic Benefits of Studying Communication

1 Studying communication can improve the way we see ourselves.

2 Studying communication can improve the way others see you.

3 Studying communication can increase what you know about human

relationships.

4 Studying communication can teach you important life skills

5 Studying communication can help you exercise your constitutionally

guaranteed freedom of speech

COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
22 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

6 Studying communication can help you succeed professionally.

7 Studying communication can help you navigate an increasingly

diverse world .

Studying communication can improve the way we see ourselves

Most of our self-knowledge come from communicative experience.

This self-knowledge include self-awareness, self-concept and self-
efficacy which are pivotal to self-development. Better self-
perception will lead to better self-appreciation.

Studying communication can improve the way others see you.

Undoubtedly, “people like communicating with others who can

communicate well.” Managing the impression you make on others
will lead you to be understood and appreciated by others. This
include, self-presentation, image management and locus of control.
Those who are well with the cited ones are sought for
conversations, assistance and for advice. They are oftentimes,
wanted, needed, loved and longed for.

Studying communication can increase what you know about human

relationships.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
23 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Interactions with others may be helpful or harmful, for in many

instances, they are not neutral/mutual. Nonetheless, studies have
proven that those who have communication skills experience
greater relational satisfactions. Those who are equipped have
greater chances to thrive because they understand communication
variables such as: people, verbal and non-verbal cues provided, the
effect of time, nature of relationships and goals of the participants
clearly well.

Studying communication can teach you important life skills

Life demands learning important skills like decision making, critical

thinking, team building, conflict resolutions, public speaking, media and
information literacy. Understanding and acquisition of such skills will
lighten the load, one carries daily making survival a lot easier and bit
enjoyable.

Studying communication can help you exercise your constitutionally

guaranteed freedom of speech

Freedom goes to the articulate. Laws governing our rights are there
already, those who know the boundaries, leaps of such rights can have a
better chance to exist all the more in a democratic society. Eloquence
activates humanity and this comes from an acquired and mastered
communication skill needed to speak/write effectively in analyzing
arguments, synthesizing large quantities of information, and critically
consume information from diverse sources.

Studying communication can help you succeed professionally.

Across professions, communication is pivotal. From job interview to

your retirement communication is there throughout your work life span.
Hiring ads look for communication competent individuals, companies
promote those who can climb the corporate ladder because of superb
communication skills. Surely, professional success can be credited to
one’s ability to communicate in all contexts within and even outside
workplaces.
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
24 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Studying communication can help you navigate an increasingly

diverse world.

Navigation in a diverse world comes easy if and only if you master

some basic tools like language used by people, preferences of the
population, cultural backgrounds of the participants, technology involved
and other add-ons in the process.

Understanding basic communication concepts and ability to apply

them in actual communication set ups bridge gaps, misunderstandings,
conflicts and factions. Attainment of peace from a personal perspective to
professional, political, public affairs can be more feasible.

ACTIVITY

Direction: Create an icon/graphical representation of the SEVEN advantages of

communication. Note: Any medium will do. ( pencil/oil/3dpaint etc )

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
25 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

7 ADVANTAGES OF STUDYING COMMUNICATION

Now that our minds are filled with benefits/advantages as we study

communication, it is of paramount importance too that we are guided with
principles of this discipline.

Communication Principles

First Principle:
Communication Begins with the Self

Second Principle:
Communication Involves Others

Third Principle:
Communication Has Both Content and a Relational Dimension

Fourth Principle:
Communication Is Complicated

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
26 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Fifth Principle:
Communication Quantity Does Not Increase Communication
Quality

Sixth Principle:
Communication Is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable

Seventh Principle:
Communication Cannot Be Reversed

Eight Principle:
Communication Cannot Be Repeated

Communication Principles

First Principle:
Communication Begins with the Self

Our view of the world is limited by our experiences. This limitation

allows us to be more accepting of others. By doing so we can understand the
differences and work on them out. Our communication should and must be
product of our interactions. If we want to be treated with respect, we have to be
respectful too.

Second Principle:
Communication Involves Others
Knowing that a large number of messages can be shared anytime, it is
essential that in our interactions we are sensitive and responsive as well. We
need to consider the other person’s needs and expectations. Taking turns allows
the process to be free flowing and enjoyable.
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
27 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Third Principle:
Communication Has Both Content and a Relational Dimension
The content of the message describes the behavior that is expected, while
relational message suggests how it should be interpreted. Level of relationships
play a big part on how we interpret messages. Words of endearment serve as
passwords between friends, while formalities of titles signal certain boundaries.

Fourth Principle:
Communication Is Complicated
At first look, communication is a simple, basic thing. For many, it is just a
simple process of transferring messages from the source to the receiver.
However, viewing it from that frame limits us from an understanding of the
several factors that are to be considered in the communication process. These
factors or communication variables like, choices about the multiple aspects of the
message, the verbal, non-verbal and behavioral aspects, the choices
surrounding the transmission channels used, the characteristic of the audience;
and the situation in which the communication occurs. All these variables must be
considered greatly to reach the desired communication goal.

Fifth Principle:
Communication Quantity Does Not Increase Communication
Quality
Greater amounts of communication do not necessarily lead to more
harmony or more accurate and shared meanings. It truly depends on the
sincerity of the source and truthfulness of the listener during the exchange. One
who understands what he is saying and one who says he understands really. No
to verbiage.

Sixth Principle:
Communication Is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable
We cannot get away with the process. Daily we are communicating,
whether to our own selves, or to others. We infer meanings to messages they are

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
28 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

intentionally or unintentionally sending. It is a never ending process of gleaning

meanings and behaving in ways based on communicative value.

Seventh Principle:
Communication Cannot Be Reversed
Harm done is harm gained. No matter what we do to replace the
time we had ruined a person by our words, it cannot be undone. It was said,
recorded and occurred. This is the basic reason why we need to be cautious with
our exchange of ideas. Being careful and prepared with our words will save us
from many conflicts and awkward situations.

Eight Principle:
Communication Cannot Be Repeated
Make the most of every single moment. Be at your best all the time
when you are to open your mouth and release your word. Despite your intention
to repeat a wonderful time spent together, that remains a replica alone. So when
chance is given to make somebody’s day, do it will all grace.

ACTIVITY
Direction: State how you had understood the 8 principles of communication.
You are free to cite examples too.

First Principle
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Second Principle
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Third Principle
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Fourth Principle
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
29 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Fifth Principle
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Sixth Principle
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Seventh Principle
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Eight Principle -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Unit 2
Frontview
BEYOND THE SURFACE

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
30 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

MODULE 4 I Perceiving Self and Others:

Why we differ?
MODULE 5 I Encoding and Decoding Meanings:
Where’s the Line?
MODULE 6 I Seeing Cultures and Co-Cultures
Where are the colors?

MODULE 4:
PERCEIVING SELF AND
OTHERS: Why we differ?
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:

1 Define Perception
2 Understand why people’s perception
differ.
3 Identify errors in perception
4 Explain Perception
5 Understand communicative
importance of seeing yourself and
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
31 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

others as healthy as can be

Great that you are moving forward to Module 4. This time we shall explore a
tricky term attached to our interaction with ourselves and others – PERCEPTION.
We shall have a reflective discussion why we really differ when we perceive
others and others perceive us. In so doing we will grow and move with so much
confidence on who are we really.

PERCEPTION
The process of being aware of objects and events from the senses. People have
different perceptions. These differences have impacts on how we look at events, look at
others and even the way we look at ourselves.
Perception is unique and subjective, thus making communication more
complicated. However, we should improve on this area so that we could ease some

perception
the process of becoming aware of objects

and events from the senses.

burdens that really complicate, instead come up with an agreement and tolerance may
be even a bit observed.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
32 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Moreover, relationships are improved if we promote a communication climate

that cares and respects the unique characteristics of each person.

TYPES OF PERCEPTION
 Passive Perception
The process of perceiving objects and events like video recording.
People are simply recorders stimuli.
 Active Perception
The process of perceiving in which your mind selects, organizes,
and interprets that which you sense.
 Subjective Perception
The process of perceiving constructed meaning and attributed to
sensed stimuli.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTION

1 Physiological Factors
Nobody is physiologically alike. Understanding one’s
physiological uniqueness and identifying such factors help improve
perceptive skills. These physiological factors include:
 Sex
 Height
 Weight
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCTY
 Body Type The idea that your past
 Senses experiences lead you to
 Temporary Conditions the world in a way
that is difficult to
 Hunger change
 Thirst

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
33 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

2 Past Experience and Roles

What happened in the past influenced your current
perception. Past experiences may be good or bad. If it was a good
experience, you might like it to occur again and again. If the
experience was bad, you tend to avoid that situation or say never
again will you let this happen now and all the more in the future.

ROLE Roles are perception identifiers too. They affect how you
The part of an
communicate, with whom you are communicating, what language
individual
plays in a will be used and how you respond to feedback. People have a lot of
group. roles at home, work and in the community. When at home one is a
parent, and also a sibling and also a children. In the office, one is
an employee, a critic, a friend or a boss. Roles give us clues on
how we have to identify ourselves.

3 Cultures and Co-cultures

Culture refers to the system of shared beliefs, values, customs,
behaviors and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with one
another and with their world. It is viewed that the greater the experiential
differences among people, the greater the disparity in their perceptions
while the greater the similarities the closer their perceptions would be of
the world.

Co-culture is a group of whose beliefs or behaviors distinguish it

from the larger culture of which it is a part and with which it shares
numerous similarities.

3 Present Feelings and Circumstances

COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
34 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Perceptions are altered by present circumstances. This happens

when person experience a bad day that they could not afford to hear
anything not even a joke. This is when humor from a friend can be
misinterpreted and may start a misunderstanding. When a person is not in
the mood, almost everything does not matter.

ACTIVITY
Direction: Provide a starting time and ending time as you read the
text below, then cite 3 reasons why you were able to perceive it
with that speed. (Source: brain exercise/perception quiz from Cambridge university)

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
35 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

FACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTION

How far are your
perceiving? But wait, there
is more to it! Let us try to
look at the lessons below.

PERCEPTION PROCESSES

The subjectivity of perception can be understood better by looking at the

processes involve, these are:

1. Selection
2. Organization
3. Interpretation

First Process: Selection

Selection refers to your preference of response to the stimuli at hand.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
36 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

This has four types:

1. Selective exposure
 The tendency to expose yourself to information that reinforces,
rather than those that contradicts
2. Selective attention
 The tendency, when you expose yourself to information and
ideas, to focus on certain cues and ignore others
3. Selective perception
 The tendency to see, hear, and believe only what you want to
see, hear and believe.
4. Selective retention
 The tendency to remember better the things that reinforce your
beliefs rather than those that oppose them.

Second Process: Organization

Organization refers to the grouping of stimuli into meaningful units or

wholes.

This consists of four ways:

1. Figure and Ground

 Figure refers to the focal point of your attention
 Ground refers to the background against which your focused
attention occurs.
2. Closure
 The tendency to fill in missing information in order to complete
an otherwise incomplete figure or statement.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
37 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

3. Proximity
 The principle that objects physically close to each other will be
perceived as a unit or group
4. Similarity
 The principle that elements are grouped together because they
share attributes such as size, color or shape.
 The tendency to remember better the things that reinforce your
beliefs rather than those that oppose them.

Third Process: Interpretation

Interpretation refers to the assignment of meaning to stimuli.

 Is highlighted by interpretive perception which involves a blend
of internal states and external stimuli.

Now that you are aware of the three processes,

and somehow you have internalized on what
process you are in now based on the stimuli at hand,
this time , let us try to figure out some possible
errors we, might commit when we
perceive others.
Ready for perception errors?

PERCEPTION ERRORS

Error One : Attribution Error

Attribution refers to the assignment of meaning to one’s behavior.

Generally it is the ascribing of something to somebody or something.
Attribution error occurs when people mistakenly explain their own behavior
or behavior of others.
 Fundamental Attribution Error

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
38 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

occurs when we make judgments about other people’s success

and failures.
 Self Serving Bias
Refers to the tendency to attribute our own successes to our
personal qualities and our failures to the circumstances.

Error Two: Perceptual Errors

Perceptual error occurs when we make quick assumptions
 Stereotyping
Occurs when we oversimplified or standardized image of a
person because of her or his group membership.
 First Impressions
Occurs when we give initial opinion about people upon meeting
them.

ACTIVITY
Direction: List down in alphabetical order your Com 1 classmates and
opposite to it, in one word, give your First Impression of him/her.

MY COM 1 CLASSMATES MY FIRST IMPRESSION

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
39 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

How was the activity? I just hope

you enjoy it, now that we knew
perceptual errors, might as well, let us
all learn to rectify it. Let us do some
perceptual checking.

PERCEPTUAL CHECKING

 Is the process which helps us understand another person and her

or his message more accurately.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
40 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Three Steps in Perceptual Checking

 First Step: describe to the other person the behavior

including verbal and non-verbal cues that you observed.

 Second Step: suggest plausible interpretations

 Third Step: seek clarification, explanation, or amplication.

MODULE 5:
ENCODING AND DECODING
MEANINGS:Where’s the Line?
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:

Understand the encoding and coding

process.
Determine non-verbal codes

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
41 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Know the role of encoders and

decoders in the communication process

Great that you have reached this

stage, welcome to Module 5. Our target
for this module is to know how to
encode and decode messages, have a
managed identity and keep track with
language.
Head on for new set of learnings!

ENCODING AND DECODING PROCESSES

 Encoding refers to the process of turning thoughts into

communication

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
42 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

 Decoding refers to the process of turning communication into

thoughts

The communication process. Encoding, media and decoding (Hawkins, 2016)

While it is true that communication is as simple as it may

look still knowing how people perceive things differently make this complex in real
sense.
So it is very significant to learn more of this field. Let us go for furtherance!

The Verbal and the Non-verbal Communication

Verbal Communication -
 is the use of words to share information with other people.
It includes both spoken and written communication.

Non-verbal Communication

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
43 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

 the sending and receiving of messages without using words,

either spoken or written
 gives difficulty of interpretation because the sending is done
through non-verbal codes.
 Non-verbal codes refer to the codes of
communication
consisting of symbols that are not words, including non-word
vocalizations

Causes of Difficulties in Interpreting Non-Verbal Codes

First : One code communicates a variety of meanings

Example: Standing close to someone may be interpreted as:
you are the best of friends, you are in an intimate erotic
relationship, you have to be there for no reason at all, you
have a listening problem, you just want to see the person
closely, etc.

Second : A variety of Codes communicates the same meaning

Example: Show of Respect can be done in several ways:
Kneeling down, bowing, placing of hands at your back,
smiling, lying down etc.

Types of Non-Verbal Codes

 Kinesics
 Aesthetics
 Proxemics
 Chronemics
 Tactile Communication
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
44 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

 Paralinguistic Features
 Objectics & Artifacts

1 Kinesics
study of bodily movements, including posture
gestures, and facial expressions.
Body language are classified to:
1.1 Emblems
Non-verbal movements that substitute for words
and phrases.
e.g beckoning of first finger meaning come here
thumbs up meaning in agreement to, liking to
etc.
1.2 Illustrators
Non-verbal movements that accompany or
reinforce verbal messages.
e.g nodding of head meaning yes
shaking of head meaning no
rubbing stomach meaning hungry etc..

1.3 Affectors (Affect Displays)

Non-verbal movements of the face and body
used to show emotion.
e.g. jumping as high as one wants showing
superb gladness
slamming of the door display of disgust to severe
anger etc.
1.4 Regulators
Non-verbal movements that control the flow of
pace of communication

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
45 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

e.g. gazing at the floor to show no interest

yawning to show boredom
moving away to show one must stop etc.
1.5 Adaptors
Non-verbal movements that one can perform in
private but only partialyl in public.
e.g rubbing of nose to show disappointment
shaking of legs to show excitement

2 Aesthetics
Refers to the concept of beauty attributed to assessments,
judgments and success.

3 Proxemics
The study of the human use of space and distance
Two essential concepts on the study of space
1 Territoriality
Refers to the need to establish and maintain certain spaces
to oneself (e.g placing of hedges, fences or rocks that mark
territories).
2 Personal Space
Refers to personal “bubble” or the distance you maintain
between yourself and others.

Distance - is a nonverbal means of communicating everything

from the size of your personal bubble to your relations with the
person to whom you are speaking or listening

Distance Categories

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
46 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

1. Intimate Distance extends from you outward to 18

inches, and it is used by people who are relationally
close to you.

2. Personal Distance ranges from 18 inches to 4 feet,

and it is the distance used for nonintimate exchanges.

3. Social Distance ranges from 4 to 12 feet, and it is

used most often to carry out business in the
workplace, especially in formal, less personal
situation and in times of pandemic.

“The higher the status of one person, the greater the

distance”

4. Public Distance exceeds 12 feet and is used most

often in public speaking in such settings like lecture
halls, churches, mosques, synagogues, courtrooms,
convention halls.. etc.

4 Chronemics or Temporal Communication

Refers to the way that people organizes and use time and the
messages that are created because of their organization and use of
it.
Examples

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
47 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

On viewing the past people collect photographs to remind

themselves of time gone by.
Others are living the future and are chasing their dreams and
planning the future
Others live in the present and savor the current time, living daily to
the fullest do not lament the past and do not show concern for the
future.

People are classified based on their view of time:

Monochronic
 View privacy as important
 View time as very serious
 complete one task at a time
 Tend to work independently
 Work is more important than anything else
 Rarely borrow or lend money or other items
 Appear to be secluded or isolated

Polychronic
 Work on several tasks at a time
 Interpersonal relationships are more important than their
work
 Highly engaged with others

5 Haptics or Tactile Communication

Haptics is the science and technology of transmitting and
understanding information through touch.
“haptic” means anything relating to the sense of touch.
Tactile Communication

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
48 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Is the use of touch in communication

Touch is a powerful means of communication and it reveals certain
truths such as:
 people who are comfortable with touch are more likely to be
satisfied with their past and current lives. They are self-
confident, assertive, socially acceptable and active in
confronting problems.
 is part of many important rituals
 varies by gender.
The variations seen by experts are:
Women value touch more than men ( Fisher et al, 1976)
Women are touched more than men, beginning when they
are 6 –month- old girls (Clay, 1968; Goldberg & Lewis,
1969)
Women touch female children more often than they touch
male children ( Clay, 1968; Goldberg & Lewis 1969)
Men and their sons touch each other the least
(Jourard & Rubin, 1968)
Female students are touched more often and in more
places than male students ( Jourard, 1966)
Males touch others more often than females touch others
( Henley, 1973)
Males may use touch to indicate power or dominance
(Henley, 1973-1974)

6 Paralinguistic Features
Refers to the nonword sounds and nonword characteristics of
language.
 Para means alongside
 Linguistic refers to language
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
49 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Paralinguistic therefore means alongside with language or

parallel to .
Paralinguistic features here are called vocal cues such as:
 Pitch – the highness or lowness of voice
 Rate – speed of speaking
 Inflection – the variety of changes in pitch
 Volume - loudness or softness of voice
 Quality – unique resonance of voice
like huskiness, nasality raspiness
or whininess
 Nonword sounds – pauses, absence of sound
to effect in speaking, ( eg. Huh, ahh, like, huh)
 Pronunciation – whether or not you say the
word correctly
 Articulation – whether or not your mouth,
tongue and teeth coordinate to make a word
understandable to others
 Enunciation – refers to how clearly and
distinctly a particular individual forms the
sounds that make up a word.
 Silence – the lack of sound

7 Objectics & Artifacts

Objectics
Also called as object language, refers to the study of the
human use of clothing and other artifacts as nonverbal codes
Artifacts refers to ornaments or adornments display that
holds communicative potential.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
50 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Objectics and artifacts provide physical and psychological

protection and are used to spur sexual attraction and to indicate
self-concept.
They also communicate authority and people’s roles.
Conformity to current style signifies one’s need to be accepted.

ACTIVITY

Direction:

Give at least two possible meanings of the following non -verbal codes: hand
gestures

MODULE 6:
SEEING CULTURES AND CO-CULTURES:
Where are the colors?

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
51 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:

Understand Cultural Differences

Identify Co-Cultures

Appreciate diversity of beliefs and

practices

Understand the value of co-existence

Now you have been

acquainted with perception and
non-verbal codes which have
given so much understanding
why communication remain a
complex process. Understanding
another factor towards acquisition
of communication competence
will deepen your journey to the
other side- the other person in a
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
52 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

different world where you live.

This time we will look closer to
culture and co-cultures. Come on
and let us pick nuggets of beliefs.

Culture

 A unique combination of rituals, religious beliefs, ways of thinking,

and ways of behaving that unify a group of people.
Rituals : baptism, prayer, greetings, weddings, funeral
Religious beliefs: Christian faith, Moslem doctrines etc.
Ways of thinking: how the earth was created, way of salvation,
Ways of behaving: formal gatherings, worship services
Others like the concept of pre-arranged marriage, pre nuptial
agreement, what age girls/women can marry.
Co-culture
 A group that exists within a larger dominant culture but differs from
the culture in some significant characteristics.
A Filipina who marries a Pakistani and lives there
( A Filipina in Pakistan )
Co-culture – Philippine Culture
Dominant Culture – Pakistan Culture
Intercultural Communication
 The exchange of information between individuals who are unalike
culturally.

The Goals of Co-Cultural Communication

Accommodation Goal
 Means that the marginalized group manages to keep its co-
cultural identity while striving for positive relationships with
the dominant culture.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
53 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

 A conservative religious woman preserve her manner

of dressing and self -presentation but respects how
her co-workers dress in totally modern way.

Assimilation Goal
 Means that the marginalized group attempts to fit in with the
dominant group.
 The dominant group love online gaming, you learn the
basics and learn more to fit in.
They love wearing sleeveless, you try to wear one
and do it more often.

Separation Goal
 Means that the marginalized group relates as exclusively as
possible with its own group and as little as possible with the
dominant group.
 When the LGBTQ community pushes straight people
to recognize them by outing prominent individuals.

Intercultural Communication Problems

Ethnocentrism
 Is the belief that your own group or culture is superior to
other groups of cultures.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
54 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

 When you use your own culture as the measure that others
are expected to meet.
Example: If you think that everyone must be baptized
by the river because that is solely the practice in your
culture. On the other hand, people should make way to
understand cultural relativism.
Cultural Relativism means that the belief that another
culture should be judged by its own context rather than
measure against your culture.

Stereotyping
 Is the generalization about some groups of people that
oversimplifies their culture.
Example:
Blacks are perfect rappers. But, there are Asians who
are perfect rappers too.
Asian are family-oriented, even Americans and
Europeans too.
Reasons of stereotyping
1 limited observation and contact with the culture
2 negative or positive experience from another culture
or co-culture.
In this case, one has to learn to look at the
individual instead of tagging him/her because of his
membership to a particular group with a known
culture.

Basic Cultural Characteristics

 Individualistic vs Collectivist Cultures

COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
55 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

 Low-Context vs High Context Cultures

 Uncertainty-Accepting vs Uncertainty Rejecting
Cultures
 Implicit Rule vs Explicit Rule Cultures
 M-Time vs P-Time Cultures

Individualistic vs Collectivist Cultures

 Individualistic Cultures
Cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness,
and independence, directness and clarity.
Examples: US Australia, Great Britain

 CoIlectivist Cultures
Cultures that value the group over the individual.
Place “we” before “I”
Value commitment to family, tribe, and clan
Value cooperation over competition
Examples: Venezuela, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailan

Low Context vs High Context Cultures

 Low Context Cultures

Cultures that tends to be centered on the source, with
intentions stated overtly and with a direct verbal style.
See communication as centered on the source “I”
Employ a direct verbal style
Load information into transmitted messages
Ex. Scandinavian and American and Western Europe
cultures
 High Context Cultures
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
56 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Cultures that occur in which much of the meaning is

preprogrammed information understood by the receiver and
transmitted also by the setting in which the transaction
occurs.
Load much of the meaning into the setting or context
Cultures that avoid saying a direct “no” to a request.
Ex. Asia Pacific Rim, Central and South American Cultures

Uncertainty-Accepting vs Uncertainty Rejecting Cultures

 Uncertainty Accepting Cultures

Cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity.
Willing to take risks
Avoid rules, seek flexibility, and reject hierarchy
Ex. Cultures in US, Great Britain, Denmark, Sweden,
Singaproe, Hongkong, Ireland and India

 Uncertainty Rejecting Cultures

Cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty and
diversity. They are more likely to reject outsiders who look
and act differently than them.
Ex. Cultures in Japan, France, Spain, Greece, Portugal,
Belgium, Peru, Chile, Russia, China and Argentina

Implicit-Rule vs Explicit Rule Cultures

 Implicit Rule Cultures
Cultures in which information and cultural rules are implied
and already known by the participants.
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
57 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

They tend to be more polite, less aggressive and more

accommodating.
Ex. Cultures in Middle East, Africa and Latin America.
 Explicit Rule Cultures
Cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty and
diversity. They are more likely to reject outsiders who look
and act differently than them.
Explain and discuss procedures
Separate person and issue
Be straightforward; people have to cope with embarrassment
or insult
Ex. Cultures in Japan, France, Spain, Greece, Portugal,
Belgium, Peru, Chile, Russia, China and Argentina

M-Time vs P-Time Cultures

 M-Time Cultures
M-Time or monochromic time schedule, compartmentalized
time to meet personal needs, separate task and social
dimensions, and points to the future.
Cultures of these kind see time as something that can
compartmentalized, wasted or saved.
Ex. Cultures in North America and Northern Europe
Cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty and
diversity.
Time is segmented, dedicated to work or social experiences
and plotted toward future events and activities.
They are more focused on the person they are conversing,
not distracted by schedules or other commitments.
P-Time Cultures
 P-Time Cultures

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
58 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

P-Time or Polychromic time schedule, views time as

contextually based and relationally oriented.
Factor in time as one element of a larger context.
Value social relationships and time considerations together
Orchestrate family and social responsibilities and task
dimensions.
Ex. Cultures in Latin America and Middle East, Asia, France
Africa

Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication

Gaining Intercultural Competence.

 Conduct a personal self-assessment.

Do: Assess your communication style, belief and prejudices

 Practice supportive communication behaviors.

Do: Practice empathy

 Develop sensitivity toward diversity.

Do: Take time to learn about other cultures and co-cultures
before a communication situation

 Avoid stereotypes
Do: Avoid making assumptions about another’s cultures and
get to know individuals for themselves

 Avoid ethnocentrism

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
59 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Do: Think not of the superiority of your culture, study its

strengths and weaknesses

 Develop code sensitivity

Do: Use the verbal and non-verbal language appropriate to
the cultural or co-cultural norms of the individual you are
talking to.
 Seek shared codes
Do: Be open to cultural differences

 Use and encourage descriptive feedbacks

Do: Be willing to accept feedbacks and exhibit supportive
behaviors

 Open communication channels

Do: Be patient in seeking mutual understanding

 Manage conflicting beliefs and practices.

Do: Think ahead of managing minor and major differences
from everyday behavior to seriously different practices
including punishments.

PRACTICE REFLEXIVITY.
Reflexivity means being self-aware and learning from
interactions with the intent of improving future interactions

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
60 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

ACTIVITY
Direction: Assess yourself by placing an estimated percentage on the
dominance of cultures present in you and give a statement for each
percentage assignment.

Individualistic Collectivist
I am more of…

I am less of..
Uncertainty Uncertainty Rejecting
Accepting

Explicit Rule Implicit Rule

Low-Context High- Context

M-Time P-Time

Complete this statement

I need to acquire intercultural competence …

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
61 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
62 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Unit 3
Frontview
BESIDE THE PROCESS

MODULE 7 I Up Close to Basic Communication Skills

May I Come In?
MODULE 8 I Upward to Communication Competence
Can We Sit?
MODULE 9 I Unto Workplace Communication
Shall we Start?

MODULE 7:
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
63 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

UP CLOSE TO BASIC COMMUNICATION

SKILLS : May I Come In?
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:

Recall the basic communication skills

Cite the difference between hearing and
Listening
Understand the fundamental skill called
listening
Identify listening types and
Barriers to it
Discuss importance of listening
Develop critical thinking through ethical
listening

Welcome to module 7 wherein you are expected to be up close

to basic communication skills. Listening among other skills is given much
emphasis. It is the fundamental way on how we could understand others further.

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
64 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Basic Communication Skills

LOADING SKILLS
Listening
Reading
UNLOADING SKILLS
Speaking
Writing
Highlighting LISTENING
 The most basic and least discussed
 Involves more than hearing
Distinguishing listening from hearing
 Hearing is simply the act of receiving sound
 Listening is the active process of receiving, constructing meaning
from and respond to spoken and /or nonverbal messages
 Listening involves the ability to retain information, as well as to
react empathically and /or appreciatively to spoken and/or verbal
messages.
 Listening involves the construction and retention of and reaction to
meanings assign to information
The LISTENING Process
 Attention
 Working Memory
 Short-Term Memory
 Long-Term Memory

The LISTENING Process

Attention

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
65 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

-the process of letting in or blocking out of the sound waves and

sorting them by importance.
Attention Types
Automatic Attention
The instinctive focus we give to stimuli signaling
a change in or surroundings, stimuli that we deem important, or
stimuli that we perceive to signal danger.
Selective Attention
The sustained focus we give to stimuli we deem
important. This is the attention we give to our favorites,
preferences.

Working Memory
-is the part of our consciousness that interprets and assigns
meaning to stimuli we pay attention to.
-it looks for shortcuts when processing information.
-quickly recognizes the pattern of letters and assigns meanings.
 Short-Term Memory
-is a temporary storage place for information
-use to retain thoughts that we want to use immediately but do
not necessarily want to keep for future reference.
-compared to post it note
-limited to 20 seconds only
-limited to 7 -+ 2 bits of information
Note: Researchers found out that only 50% of a message
can be recalled immediately after listening and 25% of it
after a short delay.

 Long-Term Memory
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
66 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

-is known as the permanent storage place for information

including but not limited to past experiences, language,
values, knowledge, images of people memories of sights,
sounds, and smells, and even fantasies.
-hypothetically works through schema
*schema: organized filing systems for thoughts held in long
term memory
Importance of Listening
 Helps build and maintain relationships
 Determines deceit ( di Batista, 1997)
 Essential to business success ( Haigh, 2006)
 Improves workplace relationships and productivity (Nichols,
2006)
 Limits malpractice especially in highly technical fields like
medicine ( Lenckus, 2005)
Four Types of Listening
 Active Listening
 Emphatic Listening
 Critical Listening
 Listening for Enjoyment

First Type: Active Listening

 Involves listening with purpose (Barker, 1971)
 Involves STEPS of listening
1 listening carefully by using all available senses
2 paraphrasing what is heard both mentally and verbally
3 checking understanding to ensure accuracy
4 providing feedback

Second Type: Emphatic Listening

COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
67 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

 Involves listening with purpose and attempting to

understand the other person
 Involves mindfulness and empathy
Third Type: Critical Listening
 Involves challenging the speaker’s message by
evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness and utility.
 Partners with critical thinking
Fourth Type: Listening for Enjoyment
 Involves seeking out situations involving relaxing, fun, or
emotionally stimulating information.

Barriers to Listening
Noise
Perception of Others
Self

First Barrier: NOISE

Types of Noises
 Physical Distractions
All the stimuli in the environment that keep you from focusing on
the message.
Example: loud music (karaoke, videoke *dioke)

 Mental Distractions
The wandering of the mind when it is supposed to be focusing
on something
Example: thinking of dating the “gangster” while studying

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
68 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

 Factual Distractions
Focusing so intently on the details that you miss the main point.
Example: a speaker’s joke vs the topic at hand

 Semantic Distractions
Overresponding to an emotion-laden word or concept.
Example: listening to the speaker when
disestablishmentarianism was mentioned.

Second Barrier: Perception of Others

1. Status
Devoting attention based on the social standing, rank or
perceived value of another.
Example: not interested to hear from people of low status
2. Stereotypes
Treating individuals as if they are the same as others in a given
category.
Example: assuming all older people have similar opinions
3. Sights and Sounds
Letting appearances or voice qualities affect your listening.
Example: not listening to people with husky voices.

Third Barrier: Self / Yourself

 Egocentrism
Excessive self-focus, or seeing yourself as the central concern
in every conversation.
Example: redirecting conversation to your own problems

 Defensiveness
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
69 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Acting threatened and feeling like you must defend what you
have said or done.
Example: assuming others’ comments are criticisms

 Experiential superiority
Looking down on others as if their experience with life is not
good as yours.
Example: not listening to people with less experience

 Personal bias
Letting your predispositions, as strongly held beliefs, interfere
with your ability to interpret information correctly.
Example: assuming that people are considerate

 Pseudolistening
Pretending to listen but letting your mind or attention wander to
something else.
Example: daydreaming while your teacher is lecturing

Gender Differences in Listening

COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
70 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

AREAS WOMEN MEN

Purpose for Listening To understand the others In order to take action and
person’s emotions and to solve problems
find common interests
Listening Preferences Complex information that Short, concise, unambiguous,
requires careful evaluation and error-free
communication
Listening Awareness Highly perceptive to how well Often fail to recognize when
the other person others do not understand
understands
Non-Verbal Listening Tend to be attentive and to Tend to be less attentive and
Behaviors have sustained eye contact to use glances to monitor
with the other person reactions; use eye contact to
indicate liking
Interruptive Behaviors Interrupt less often, with Interrupt more often with
interruptions usually interruptions often used to
signaling agreement and switch topics
support

Listen and Think Critically

Critical Thinking
Analyzing the speaker, the situation and the speaker’s ideas to
make critical judgments about the message being presented.
Ways on how to think critically
 Analyze the communication situation, or the context in which
communication is occurring.
ANALYZING THE COMMUNICATION SITUATION
Family Conversation whether you are allowed to go on a date
Classroom Whether you are passing or failing
Work Whether you are hired or fired
Church Whether you are praised or corrected

 Analyze carefully the speaker’s ideas

ANALYZING THE SPEAKER’S IDEAS
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
71 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

STRATEGY EXPLANATION
Identify Evaluate the process by which the speaker discovered
Support information or gained knowledge, as well as specific elements
of the message content

Evaluate Analyze the reasoning process underlying key points made in

Arguments a speech or statement for use of emotional, logical and
personal proof.

 Determine whether speakers are describing things that they

have seen themselves or presenting conclusions that they have
drawn themselves or are reporting the descriptions and
conclusions of others.
DETERMINING DESCRIPTION
Observations vs Inference
Observation Are descriptions based on phenomena that
can be sensed – seen, heard, tasted, smelled
or felt.
Can be agreed upon by observers
Inference Product of observation.
Varies widely in terms of agreement between
individuals.

DETERMINING OBSERVATIONS
First Person Observations vs Second Person Observation
First Person Observation Observations based on something one has
personally sensed.
Second Person Observation A report of what another person has observed

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
72 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Listen and Think Critically

Source Credibility
The extent to which the speaker is perceived as
competent
to make the claims he or she is making.
Listen and Think Critically

Further Guidelines
 Use Verbal communication effectively
 Use Nonverbal communication effectively
 Check your understanding

Use Verbal Communication Effectively

1. Invite additional comments.
2. Ask questions
3. Identify areas of agreement or common experience.
4. Vary verbal responses.
5. Provide clear verbal responses
6. Use descriptive non evaluative responses
7. Provide affirmative and affirming statements.
8. Avoid complete silence.
9. Allow the other person the opportunity of complete hearing

Use Nonverbal Communication Effectively

1. Demonstrate bodily responsiveness
2. Lean forward
3. Use direct body orientation
4. Maintain relaxed but alert posture
5. Establish an open body position
6. Use positive, responsive facial expressions and head movement
7. Establish direct eye contact
8. Sit or stand close to the speaker
9. Be vocally responsive
10. Provide supportive utterances

Check Your Understanding

 Ask questions for clarification
 Paraphrase the speaker’s message
 Paraphrase the speaker’s intent
 Identify areas of confusion
 Invite clarification and correction
 Go back to the beginning

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
73 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Effective Listening in Different Situations

 Listening in the Workplace
 Listening in the Classroom
 Listening to Media

Use Nonverbal Communication Effectively

Listening in the Workplace (Jennifer Salopek,1999)
1. Be aware of when you are not listening
2. Monitor your nonverbal behaviors to determine whether you are
giving appropriate feedback to the speaker.
3. Hear people out and minimize interruptions.
4. Summarize what the person said, and check to make sure you
understand correctly.

Listening in the Classroom (Michael Gilbert, 1988)

1. Find areas of interest in what you are listening to.
2. Remain open.
3. Work at listening.
4. Avoid letting distractions distract.
5. Listen for and note main ideas.
 Lecture Listening
The ability to listen to, mentally process, and recall lecture
information
 Lecture Cues
Verbal or nonverbal signals that stress points or indicate
transitions between ideas during a lecture.

COMMON LECTURE CUES USED BY TEACHERS

Type of Cue Example Main uses
Written Cues

Outlines Outline in the slide presentations Indicate the main and subordinate
ideas

Words/Phrases Term written in the chalkboard Stress important terms and

accompanying decisions
Verbal importance cues Now, this will be included in the exam.. etc. Stress important concepts deemed
essential for recall/understanding
Semantic cues Here is an example ( definition explanation, Signal common types of details that
conclusion, implication or illustration make up the lecture content
Organizational Cues The things I will discuss today are… Orally provide indications of main
and subordinate points in lecture
Nonverbal cues Holding up two fingers when saying terms Can serve any of the functions of

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
74 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

nonverbal behaviors

Listening to Media
1. Be highly critical of the things coming from different forms:
Mediated communication
 Newspaper contents
 Magazine write-ups
 Radio feeds/commentaries
 Television broadcasts
 Postings in the internet
 News feeds and other sources of information

2. Gain Media and Information Literacy

Mediated communication
 Accessing skills
 Retrieving skills
 Understanding skills
 Evaluating skills
 Creating skills
 Sharing skills

 Information literacy
The ability to recognize when information is needed and
to locate, evaluate and effectively use the information
needed.

 Media literacy
Media literacy, put simply, is the ability to identify different
types of media and the messages they are sending.

 Media and Information Literacy

A set of competencies that empowers citizens to access,
retrieved, understand, evaluate information and media
content to create, share information and media content in
all formats using various tools in a critical , ethical and
effective way to participate and engage in personal,
professional and societal activities.

Listening in a Second Language

Requirement to second language listening development
1. Vocabulary comprehension
2. Metacognitive awareness

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
75 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Listening in a Second Language

 Vocabulary comprehension

 Memorizing list of terms

 Recognizing the sounds of words
 Associating those sounds with their meanings
 Engaging and sustaining conversations with
English speakers
 Broadening of listening experiences
 Building vocabulary words

 Metacognitive awareness

 Using of mental strategies

 Deciphering words
 Drawing inferences
 Contextualizing meanings
 Drawing parallelism of English and Filipino
vocabulary

On Being an Ethical Listener

 Recognize the sources of your own conversational

habits
 Monitor your communication to recognize when
you are engaging in poor listening behaviors
 Apply general ethical principles to how you
respond
 Adapt to others
 Stay connected.
 Listen and Listen Well!

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
76 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

ACTIVITY
Direction: From the Ikigai chart, give at least 5 answers to each :
What you love
What the world needs
What you are good at
What you can get paid for IKIGAI
And identify at least 5 which you think are your
mission
passion A Japanese
vocation concept
profession
to long and
happy life
Finding reason
to being

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
77 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

ACTIVITY
Direction: From the 24 hours given to you each day, tick the box as to where
were you on that hour and create a chart of your
media consumption.

Newspaper, Tv Radio Facebook You Instagram Tweeter Others

Books, Tube
Magazines
12 MN
1 AM
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 NN
13 PM
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

MODULE 8:
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
78 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

UPWARD TO COMMUNICATION
COMPETENCE : Can We Sit?
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should
be able to:

Understand Communication Competence

Discuss strategies in acquiring Communication
competence
Identify communication apprehension and
communication anxiety
Develop strategies on how to gain competence
in communication

Communication Competence

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
79 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Refers to the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication

patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various
contexts. (Colley & Roach, 1984)

Knowledge
Cognitive Competence
The cognitive elements of competence include knowing how to do
something and understanding why things are done the way they are.
Ways to further development
Instruction
Observing the communication concepts in the
communication practices of others and yourself.
Bringing the concepts to life
Evaluating how communication in the real world matches
with communication concepts.
Result when developed: Behavioral competence

Ability to use
Individual Factors
Physiological Characteristics
 Age
 Maturity
 Ability to Communicate
Psychological Characteristics
 Person’s mood
 Stress level
 Personality
 Level of communication apprehension

Ability to use
Individual Factors

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
80 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Physiological Characteristics
 Age
 Maturity
 Ability to Communicate
Psychological Characteristics
 Person’s mood
 Stress level
 Personality
 Level of communication apprehension
Ability to adapt to various contexts
Individual Level
Social Level
 Status
 Power
Cultural Level
 Race
 Nationality
Sound suggestions to gain communication competence
 State ideas clearly
 Communicate ethically
 Recognize when it is appropriate to communicate
 Identify communication goals
 Select appropriate and effective medium of communicating
 Demonstrate credibility
 Identify and manage misunderstandings
 Manage conflict
 Be open-minded about another’s point of view
 Listen attentively

Developing Competence

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
81 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Why is it needed?
 To understand communication ethics

 To develop cultural awareness

 To use computer-mediated communication

 To think critically

What does it involve?

 Knowledge

 Motivation

 Skills

THE COMCOM WINDOW

CONCIOUS COMPETENCE
UNCONCIOUS INCOMPETENCE

When you know you are communicating well in the moment,

which will add to your bank of experience to draw
not EVEN aware that you are communicating from in future interactions.
in an incompetent matter

CONCIOUS COMPETENCE
CONCIOUS INCOMPETENCE

Learned more about communication, When you just communicate successfully without
have a vocabulary to identify concepts
This is where you know what you should be doing and you straining to be competent
realize that you are not doing it as well as you could.

How To Progress Toward Communication Competence

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
82 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Burgoon,Berger, and Waldron, 2000

Become a mindful communicator.

 Actively and fluidly processes information

 Sensitive to communication contexts and
multiple perspectives,
 Able to adapt to novel communication situations

Benefits of being a mindful communicator

 Achieve communication goals

 Detect deceptions
 Avoid stereotypes
 Reduce conflicts

MODULE 9:
COM 1 I introduction to Communication
[Link]@[Link]
83 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

UNTO WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION:

Shall We Start?
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
84 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
85 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
86 | P a g e
 MODULE
COM 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

COM 1 I introduction to Communication

[Link]@[Link]
87 | P a g e