Computer Programming-1

CSC 111

Chapter 1 : Introduction
 Chapter Outline

• What a computer is
• What a computer program is
• The Programmer’s Algorithm
• How a program that you write in Java is
changed into a form that your computer can
understand
• Characteristics of Java

Page 2 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 What Is a Computer?
• Computer
– Executes statements (computations/logical decisions)
• Hardware :Physical devices of computer system
• Software: Programs that run on computers

Central Processing Unit

Control Unit

Input device Output Device

Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Memory Unit My data My Progam

Page 3 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer system

– Input unit (Mouse, keyboard)
– Output unit (Printer, monitor, audio speakers)
– Memory unit (Retains input and processed information)
– Central processing unit (CPU) which consists of:
• Control unit (Supervises operation of other devices)
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) (Performs calculations)
– Secondary storage unit (Hard drives, floppy drives)

Page 4 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 What a computer program is?

• For a computer to be able to perform specific

tasks (i.e. print what grade a student got on
an exam), it must be given instructions to do
the task.

• The set of instructions that tells the computer

to perform specific tasks is known as a
computer program

Page 5 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Levels of Abstraction
• Human thought
• Pseudo-Natural Language (English, Arabic)
• High Level Programming Language (C, C++,
Java, …)
• Machine Code

Page 6 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

The Programmer’s Algorithm
• An algorithm is a finite sequence of
instructions that produces a solution to
a problem.

• The programmer’s algorithm:

– Define the problem.
– Plan the problem solution.
– Code the program.
– Compile the program.
– Run the program.
– Test and debug the program.
Page 7 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
 Defining the Problem
• The problem must be defined in terms of:
– Input: Data to be processed.
– Output: The expected result.
• Look for nouns in the problem statement that suggest output and
input.
– and processing: The statements to achieve.
• Look for verbs to suggest processing steps.

input data output data

Keyboard Processing Screen

Page 8 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Input and Output
• Inputs
– Can come from many sources, such as users,
files, and other programs
– Can take on many forms, such as text, graphics,
and sound

• Outputs
– Can also take on many forms, such as numbers,
text, graphics, sounds, or commands to other
programs

Page 9 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Example 1
Area and Perimeter of a rectangle

• Input
– Length
– width
• Processing
– Area = length*width
– Perimeter = 2*( length + width)
• Output
– Area
– Perimeter

Page 10 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Example 2
Sum and Average of 5 numbers
• Input
– five number x1, x2, x3, x4, x5
• Processing
– Sum = x1+x2+x3+x4+x5
– Average = Sum/5
• Output
– Sum
– Average

Page 11 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Example 3
Area and Perimeter of a circle
• Input
– Radius
– PI
• Processing
– Area = PI * Radius * Radius
– Perimeter = 2 * PI * Radius
• Output
– Area
– Perimeter

Page 12 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Planning the Solution

• When planning, algorithms are used to

outline the solution steps using
Englishlike statements, called
pseudocode.

Page 13 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Coding the Program
• Coding is writing the program in a formal language
called Programming Language.
• Programming Language : A set of rules, symbols and special
words used to write statements.
• The program is written by translating the algorithm
steps into a programming language statements.
• The written program is called Source code and it is
saved in a file with “.java” extension.
Algorithm Pseudocode

Coding Translating

Program Source Code

(The “.java”)
Page 14 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
 Why Coding in Programming
Languages

• We write computer programs (i.e. a set of

instructions) in programming languages such
as C, C++, and Java.

• We use these programming languages

because they are easily understood by
humans

• But then how does the computer understand

the instructions that we write?

Page 15 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

Compiling Computer Programs

• Computers do not understand programs

written in programming languages such as
C++ and Java
• Programs must first be converted into
machine code that the computer can run
• A Software that translates a programming
language statements into machine code is
called a compiler
Program Source code

Compiling Translating

Machine code Machine Code

Page 16 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
Programming Language Compiler
• A compiler is a software that:
– Checks the correctness of the source code
according to the language rules.
• Syntax errors are raised if some rules were
violated.
– Translates the source code into a machine
code if no errors were found.

Page 17 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

Platform dependent Compiling
• Because different platforms , or hardware
architectures along with the operating systems
(Windows, Macs, Unix), require different
machine code, you must compile most
programs separately for each platform.

Page 18 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Compiling Java Programs
• The Java compiler produces bytecode (a “.class”
file) not machine code from the source code (the
“.java” file).
• Bytecode is converted into machine code using a
Java Interpreter
Source Code Bytecode

Page 19 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Platform Independent
Java Programs Compiling
• You can run bytecode on an computer that
has a Java Interpreter installed

“[Link]” “[Link]”

Page 20 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

Multipurpose Java Compiling

Page 21 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Running The Program

Class
Loader

Running
Bytecode
Verifier

Bytecode
The Bytecode Interpreter
(the “.class” file) JVM

Operating System

Hardware

Page 22 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 The Java Virtual Machine
Components
• The Class Loader
• stores bytecodes in memory
• Bytecode Verifier
• ensures bytecodes do not violate security
requirements
• Bytecode Interpreter
• translates bytecodes into machine language

Page 23 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 The Java Virtual Machine
• The class Loader, the Bytecode Verifier
and Interpreter constitute the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).

• JVM is platform specific.

• The interpreter translates the bytecodes
into specific machine commands.

Page 24 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Testing and Debugging the
Program
• Testing
– Be sure that the output of the program
conforms with the input.
– There are two types of errors:
• Logical Errors: The program run but provides
wrong output.
• Runtime errors: The program stop running
suddenly when asking the OS executing a non
accepted statement (divide by zero, etc).
• Debugging
– Find, Understand and correct the error
Page 25 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
 Program is created in
Editor an editor and stored
Phase 1 Disk on disk in a file ending
with .java.

Compiler creates
Phase 2 Compiler Disk bytecodes and stores
them on disk in a file
ending with .class.

Primary
Memory
Phase 3 Class Loader Class loader reads
.class files
containing
bytecodes from
disk and puts
those bytecodes
Disk in memory.
. ..
..
.

Primary
Memory
Phase 4 Bytecode Bytecode verifier
Verifier confirms that all
bytecodes are valid
and do not violate
Java’s security
restrictions.

. ..
..
.

Primary
Memory Interpreter reads
Interpreter bytecodes and
Phase 5 translates them into
a language that the
computer can
understand,
possibly storing
data values as the
program executes.
. ..
..
.

Page 26 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

Some Characteristics of Java

• Object-Oriented
– Combines data and behavior into one unitÎ objects
– Provides Data abstraction and encapsulation
– Decompose program into objects.
– Programs are collections of interacting and cooperating objects.
• Platform-independent
– Portable
– Architecture neutral
– ”Write-once, run-anywhere”
• Secure
– The bytecode verifier of the JVM :
• checks untrusted bytecode
• controls the permissions for high level actions.

Page 27 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP