Monday, September 12, 2022

EDUC 11 (ADDITIONAL NOTES)

* Chopping and Pointing - this can mean you are cutting or chopping connections.

* Shifty eyes - this may suggest lying or uncertainty.

* Staring - this can be interpreted as too much aggressiveness

* Commencement speech or commencement address is a speech given to

graduating students.

* Welcome speech is presented to welcome all the eminent chief guests and other
attendees, and to express a sense of gratitude towards them to glorify the event with
their presence.

* Communication - it is a process which involves a sender who is required to

compose a message that is clear and purposive in order to elicit his intended
purpose. Its french word is communicacion (participate in) and its latin word is
communicare (to share information, join, impart). Communication is a transaction in
which a speaker and listener simultaneously send, receive and interpret messages. It
is a reciprocal process of sharing meaning. It involves common experience and
mutual influence.

* Nature of Communication - it is a whole process, inevitable and irreversible,

involves content and relationship, it happens in context.

* 4 Salient functions of communication according to Samovar, Porter and

Mcdaniel - it allows one to gather information about others, helps fulfill interpersonal
needs, establishes personal identities and influences other.

* Process of Communication - is a transaction between source and receiver that

includes mutual influence, the interpretation of meaning and the development of an
individualized message that includes how others respond. It is a dynamic
interrelationship of source, receiver, message, channel, noise and feedback.

* Elements of Communication : source, receiver, message, channel, feedback,

context , noise/ barrier
* Source : sender / encoder (provides the message)
* Receiver : the decoder of the message / listener

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* Grice and Skinner - communication means sharing of meaning by sending and
receiving symbolic cues.

* Samovar, Porter and McDaniel - communication is a dynamic process in which

people attempt to share their internal states with other people through the use of
symbols.

* Decoding - is a stage in communication where an intended audience tries to

understand the message relayed to him.

* The 4 basic types of speeches are to inform, to instruct, to entertain and to

persuade.

* Types of language acquisition are the first-language acquisition (L1 | they way the
children learn their native language) and the second- language acquisition (L2 |
learning the second language after a first language is already established ).

* Language learning - refers to learning about a language, its sound system and its
structure.

* Ethnical groups - are individuals who shares a common language as well as

common traditions or cultural heritage/ group of people who speak the same
language.

* Purposive communication - is the practice of using different communication forms

like writing, speaking and presenting for various purposes associated with different
target audiences.

* Diagonal communication - is an exchange of information between the persons at a

different level across department lines. It is used to spread information at different
levels of an organization to improve understanding and coordination so as to achieve
organizational objectives. The persons are neither working in the same department
nor has similar level of communicating. It cuts across the levels of organizational
structure.

* Morals - society’s standards of right and wrong.

* Non - verbal communication - is the process of sending and receiving messages

without using words, either spoken or written. It is the transfer of information through
body language, facial expressions, gestures, created space and more.

* Paralanguage - is a non - verbal code for the way we say something rather than
what we say. It has two main categories known as characteristics and vocal chords.

* Vocal characteristics includes the pitch ( the highness or lowness of your voice ),
volume ( how loud or softly you speak ) , rate ( the speed at which you speak )
and voice quality ( how pleasant or unpleasant your voice sound).

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* Vocal interferences - the sounds or words we use when we hesitate or are not sure
of the right word ex. Uh, er, well, you know, to indicate that we are searching for the
right word

* Feedback - this completes the communication process on the basis of response. It

is the response that is given after the message has been successfully transmitted
received and understood. It indicates comprehension and can be done through
written or verbal response or in a form of action.

* Noise - is the interference that affects the message being sent, received or
understood. A static over a phone line, misinterpreting a local custom, or language
difference.

* Context - it is the setting and situation in which communication takes place.

* Keeping it relevant - is the sense of vitality that an interviewee should express on his
interviewer.

* Mixing it up a little bit - is to create impression that you have untapped strengths
from a previous job.

* Alignment to company’s spirit - knowing a company’s vision and mission before an

interview.

* Eliminate individuality - refers to categorizing people.

* Welcoming the experience of being in different environments can lead to: learning
about different types of people, adjusting to individuality, communicating more
effectively.
* Language - is a system of pairing sounds with a certain meaning, a code and has a
certain rule.

* A Feasibility Study is an example of verbally formal communication.

* Complete rules : grammar | sounds : phonology

* Monkeys have their own language system - false, because language requires
rules, sounds and grammar.
* Speech community - is a group of people sharing a common language or dialect.

* Language acquisition - is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to

perceive and comprehend language as well as to produce and use words.

* Complete first language (L1) : Language acquisition | Second language (L2) :

Language learning
* Language contact - is the phenomenon by which speakers of different languages
interact with one another, leading to a transfer of linguistic features.

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* Language change - is the phenomenon by which permanent alterations are made in
the features and the use of a language over time.

* All languages have a grammar system.

* Change happens to all languages.

* Not all living creatures have the capacity for language.

* Two persons who do not speak the same language are able to communicate with
each other through non verbal cues.

* Verbal and Non-verbal communication - blended for an effective communication.

* Communication is a 2-way process, it involves exchange of ideas, feelings,

information, thoughts and knowledge, and it happens between or among two or
more parties ( sender and receiver). It also involves mutual understanding
between the sender and the receiver.

* It is not possible to communicate using the single way process because

communication is a 2-way process.

* Feedback - allows the communicator to adjust his message and be more effective.

* Informal communication - is the casual and unofficial form of communication

wherein the information is exchanges spontaneously between two or more persons.

* Communication mode - verbal and non-verbal communication ; visual

communication.

* Message - the content of communication

* Upward - suggestions or improvements from an employee in the accounting

department.

* Horizontal - when the accounting manager communicates to the purchasing

manager the dollars available for purchases in the current month.

* Gossip chain - there is a central person who seeks out and transmit information to
all that he has obtained.

* Probability chain - under this communication pattern the information passes

randomly from persons to persons.

* Cluster chain - there is an individual who acts as a source of a message, transmits

information to the pre-selected group of individuals out of whom few individuals
again tell the same message to other selected group of individuals.

* Knowing your audience - considering the age, educational background, profession

and culture.

* Globalization began before the internet was invented. ( Barter system )

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* All globalization processes are economic in nature.

* Sequential : Linear Sequence time | Synchronic : Interconnected time

* Inner Circle : Native Language | Expanding Circle : Foreign Language

* Expanding - they belong to the circle of people of country that doesn’t really
implementing English speaking zones and only learned for specific purpose.

* Pidgin - is a language that has developed from a mixture of two languages, to be

able to understand each other.

* Encoding - when the sender translates ideas into perceivable messages and decides
the medium to use in transmitting a message.

* Feedback is given by the decoder, it is based on the decoded message received.

* Decoding - involves interpretation, assigning meaning to the message and it is

usually done by the receiver in a communication process.

* Communication is unavoidable - one can’t not communicate (it is essential to

consider the unintentional messages you send)

* Communication is irreversible - an offhand comment or a critical remark uttered in

the heat of conflict can haunt you long afterward.

* Communication is not a panacea - misunderstandings and ill feelings can increase

when people communicate badly.

* Communication networks - system for structuring who will communicate with

whom.

* 2 Kinds of Messages : Content messages ( information about the topic under

discussion ) | Relational messages (signals indicating how they feel about one
another ).
* Relational messages (Variety of Attitudes) : Affinity (the degree to which
communicators like the other person in general or a particular message that is
being sent | Control (the amount of influence in that situation ).
* Aristotle’s Model - this model shows communication process as one-way, from
speaker to receiver. This process of communication can be used to develop public
speaking skills and create a propaganda. The speaker’s words should influence in
audience mind and persuade their thoughts towards him. The speaker is the main
figure in communication since he/she is the one fully responsible for all
communication.

* Berlo’s Model - focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before the
sender sends the message and before the receiver receives the message.

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* Lasswell’s Model - a convenient way to describe an act of communication is to
answer the following questions “who?”, “says what?”, “ in which channel”, “to
whom” and “with what effect?”.

* Shannon and Weaver’s Model - also known as “Mathematical Theory of

Communication”. This model deals with various concepts like information source,
transmitter, channel, noise, information destination, encoder and decoder.

* Dance’s Helical Model - this model introduces the concept of time where
continuousness of the communication process and relational interactions are very
important. It can be seen with communication of humans, where you know nothing
about a person at first and the knowledge grows steadily as you know the person
better. It considers all the activities of the person, from the past and present.

* Schramm’s Interactive Model - a two-way process where both sender and receiver
take turns to send and receive a message.

* Types of Communication : Verbal, Non-verbal and Written

* Linguistics - it is the scientific study of language.
* Pragmatics - it is the way a language is used to communicate rather than the way
language is structured.
* Intimate - the language register usually employed in private conversations.

* Illocution - is a type of speech act involves an intention to make an interaction.

* Repeat - ex. point in a direction while stating directions

* Accent - ex. verbal tone indicates the actual meaning of the specific words

* Complement - ex. a nod reinforces a positive message

* Regulate - ex. non-verbal cues convey when the person should speak or not speak

* Substitute - used when a communication is blocked by noise ex. gestures (finger to

lips to indicate need for quiet ), facial expressions (nod instead of saying yes)

* Paralanguage : accent, pitch, volume, speech, rate, modulation and fluency. Also
known as vocalics.
* Oral communication - allowed for immediate feedback of the communication to the
sender. It employs readily understood spoken words. It mainly uses words to express
one’s self.

* Speeches about ideas - it helps the audiences learn about concepts like different
ideologies and beliefs to teach them about different perspectives.

* Semantics - it is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.

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* Syntax - it is the study of sentence structure, and how sentence structure interacts
with other dimensions of linguistic information such as phonology, morphology,
semantics and pragmatics. It is the order or arrangement of words and phrases to
form proper sentences.

* Morphology - it is the study of how words are put together. It is the study of words,
how they formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.

* The two concepts of purposive communication are audience and purpose.

* Organizational Structure: Formal, Informal communication

* Direction: downward, upward, horizontal, diagonal communication
* Mode of Expression: Non-verbal communication | Verbal communication : oral
and written communication
* Informative Speech - it is used to provide interesting, useful and unique information
to your audience.

* Informative speech about objects - focus on things existing in the world such as
things, people, places, animals or products.

* Informative speech about events - focus on things that happened, are happening
and will happen.

* Informative speech about processes - focus on pattern of action. One type of

speech about processes, the demonstration speech, teaches people “how to”
perform a process. It is used to explain a process in broader terms. This allow the
audience to understand the importance or the context of the process.

* Informative speech about concept - focus on beliefs, ideas and theories.

* Demonstrative speech - teach a process or skill. It is a process of “show and tell”

covering each step from set-up to finish.

* Persuasive speech - it is used to inspire others to do something or to take your side

of an issue.

* Speech to entertain - it provides pleasure and enjoyment that will make the
audience laugh or identify themselves with anecdotal information.

* Audience research - every communication must be in the form and style that suits
the audience where the speaker will consider the age factor, socio-culture,
educational background, economic background and expectation of audience.

* Speech has 3 fundamental parts : introduction, main body, conclusion

* Classification/ Models of World Englishes : English as a native language (ENL),
English as a second language (ESL) and English as a foreign language (EFL).

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* Braj Bihari Kachru - introduces the term “World Englishes” at the Teachers of
English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) Conference along with the global
profile of English. Propose the 3 Concentric Circle Models known as the
expanding circle, outer/middle circle and inner circle.

* Outer Circle - composed of post- colonial countries in which English, though not the
mother tongue, has for a significant period of time played an important role in
education, governance and popular culture. This includes nations such as India,
Bangladesh, Ghana, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore,
Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Zambia.
* Inner Circle - refers to countries where English is used as the primary language such
as the USA, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and Australia.
* Expanding Circle - countries where English is spoken but where it does not
necessarily have a colonial history or primary/official language status. This includes
nations such as China, Japan, South Korea, Egypt, Nepal,Indonesia, Israel,
Korea, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, USSR and Zimbabwe. Any country where English is
regularly spoken that does not fall under the two categories is considered to be in
this circle. They belong to the circle of people of country that doesn’t really
implementing English speaking zones and only learned for specific purpose.

* The 7C’s of communication are a list of principles for written and spoken
communications to ensure that they are effective: Clarity, Correctness,
Conciseness, Courtesy, Concreteness, Consideration and Completeness.
* Creole - is a language that comes from a simplified version of another language, or
the mix of two or more languages. It is formed in conditions where speakers from
distinct languages are brought together without a shared first language.

* Pidgin - is a simplified speech used for communication between people with different
languages. It is a reduced form of speech derived from one or more existing
languages and used as a patios by persons who do not speak another language. A
language that has developed from a mixture of two languages, to be able to
understand each other.

* Acrolect - Professional Overseas Filipino Worker in US used English standard

language. The variety of speech that is closest to a standard prestige language,
especially in an area in which creole is spoken. It is a register of a spoken language
that is considered formal and high- style

* Mesolect - a variety of speech that is midway between the acrolect and basilect. It
refers to a register or range of registers of spoken language whose character falls
somewhere between the prestige of the acrolect and the informality of the basilect. It
is used by lower and lower-middle classes.

* Basilect - is a dialect of speech that has diverged so far from the standard language
that in essence it has become a different language. It represents the opposite end of

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the scale of linguistics formality from an acrolect. It is the lowest or least prestigious
variety.