CE 623
ADVANCED SOLID MECHANICS
INSTRUCTOR:
Prof. Yogesh M. Desai
Department of Civil Engineering
desai@[Link]
Lectures: Every Monday and Thursday from 14:00 to 15:25 hrs
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LMS Portal: [Link]
Documents on use of moodle: [Link]
Course Resource Portal:
[Link]
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Course Contents
• Introduction
• Preliminary Mathematical Considerations 1 – 2 Lecture(s)
• Analysis of Stress 4 – 6 Lectures
State of stress at a point
Transformation of stress tensor
Principal stresses, planes of maximum shear
Pure shear, Octahedral stresses
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• Analysis of Deformation 5 – 7 Lectures
State – displacement models
Strain tensor, compatibility conditions
Volumetric Strain
Strain – displacement relations in various
coordinate systems
• Constitutive Relations 3 – 5 Lectures
• Formulation of Problems in Elasticity 4 – 6 Lectures
• Generalized plane stress, Generalized plane strain, 1 – 2 Lecture(s)
anti-plane strain
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• Overview of failure theories 5 – 6 Lectures
• Failure by yielding
• Failure surface, post yield stress-strain relations 4 – 6 Lectures
• Overview of Elasto-plastic formulations
Total 28 – 30 Lectures
Assessment Scheme: [Formative and Summative Assessments]
Quizzes : 10 % to 15 %
Mid - Term Exam : 30 %
Assignments & Term Projects : 15 % to 20 %
Final Exam : 40 %
Note : Keep Calculator, pen, pencil and writing papers with you for ALL
the lectures.
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Course Objectives / Learning Outcomes
• Fundamental understanding of the state of stress and the state of
strain
• Better understanding of constitutive relations
• Ability to formulate problems in mechanics
• Ability to solve a set of problems in 2-D domain analytically
• Better understanding of failure theories and failure surface
• Exposure to post-yield behaviour of materials
• Exposure to plastic stress / strain relations
• Exposure to viscoelasticity / viscoplasticity
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Course Objectives / Learning Outcomes
• Better foundation to properly understand and interpret results
from stress analysis
• Better foundation to tackle challenging problems in solid
mechanics
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Lecture 1
• Rigid Body
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Lecture 1
• Rigid Body Engineering Mechanics
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Lecture 1
• Rigid Body Engineering Mechanics
• Deformable Body
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Lecture 1
• Rigid Body Engineering Mechanics
• Deformable Body
Solid Mechanics
Strength of Material
Structural Mechanics
Soil Mechanics
Numerical Methods
Finite Element Method
…
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Poll - Select Correct Option.
A. Stress is a scalar quantity.
B. Stress is a vector quantity.
C. Stress is neither a scalar nor a vector quantity.
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Lecture 1
• Tensor:
• It is a physical quantity that follows certain transformation
rules.
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Lecture 1
• Tensor:
• It is a physical quantity that follows certain transformation
rules.
• Scalar:
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Lecture 1
• Tensor:
• It is a physical quantity that follows certain transformation
rules.
• Scalar:
• 30=1 (zeroth-order tensor)
• One term is needed to define it completely and unambiguously
• No direction only magnitude
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Lecture 1
• Tensor:
• It is a physical quantity that follows certain transformation
rules.
• Scalar:
• 30=1 (zeroth-order tensor)
• One term is needed to define it completely and unambiguously
• No direction only magnitude
• Vector:
• 31=3 (first-order tensor)
• 3 terms are needed to define it completely and unambiguously
• Magnitude + Direction
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Lecture 1
• Second-order tensor: [ Dyadic Tensor ]
• 32=9 (second-order tensor)
• 9 terms are needed to define it completely and unambiguously
• Magnitude + Direction + Orientation of plane
• For example: Stress/Strain
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Lecture 1
• Second-order tensor: [ Dyadic Tensor ]
• 32=9 (second-order tensor)
• 9 terms are needed to define it completely and unambiguously
• Magnitude + Direction + Orientation of plane
• For example: Stress/Strain
• Fourth-order tensor:
• 34=81 (fourth-order tensor)
• 81 terms are needed to define it completely and unambiguously
• For example: Constitutive law – requires 81 elastic constants
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• Tensor Notations:
• Compact presentation
• Efficient computer coding
• 6x6 matrix multiplication in analytical form (closed form) is
possible.
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Lecture 1
• Einstein's summation convention:
• Example 1 – Representation of a first order tensor
1 2 3
𝑖 𝑖 where i = 1 to 3
Note: i → Dummy Index, it repeats for all possible values of i
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Lecture 1
• Einstein's summation convention:
• Example 2 – Simultaneous equations
∗ ∗ ∗
where i = 1 to n
where i, j = 1 to n
Note: i → Free index and j → Dummy Index (it repeats)
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Lecture 1
• Note:
• Number of free indices represents the order of tensor
• First-order tensor
• Second-order tensor
• Third-order tensor
• Fourth-order tensor
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• Einstein's summation convention:
• Example 3 – Dot Product
Where, 1 2 3 𝑖 𝒊
1 2 3 𝑖 𝒊
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• Einstein's summation convention:
• Example 3 – Dot Product
Where, 1 2 3 𝑖 𝒊
1 2 3 𝑖 𝒊
=
Kronecker
Delta
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Scalar Product (Dot Product):
Applications :
• To compute angle between two vectors in
space
• To compute projection (i.e. component) of a
vector on a given axis
• To compute work done by a force
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• Einstein's summation convention:
• Example 3 – Dot Product
Where, 1 2 3 𝑖 𝒊
1 2 3 𝑖 𝒊
=
Kronecker
Delta
NOTE: is not defined. A dummy index cannot be
repeated more than once.
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Matrices aij, bij, xi and tensor sij are known to be:
aij = ; bij = ; sij = ; xi =
Compute: a) a1ka2k
b) aj2b3j
c) A new matrix cij = aikbjk
d) dijsij (Note: dij = 1 for i = j; dij = 0 for i ≠ j)
e) aijxixj
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Lecture 1 i
• Einstein's summation convention:
k j
• Example 4 – Cross Product
𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝒋𝒌𝒊 𝒌𝒊𝒋
𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝟐𝟑𝟏 𝟑𝟏𝟐
where i, j, k = 1, 2, 3
= Permutation symbol or Levi-Civita symbol
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Lecture 1 i
• Einstein's summation convention:
k j
• Example 4 – Cross Product
𝒊𝒌𝒋 𝒌𝒋𝒊 𝒋𝒊𝒌
𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟑
where i, j, k = 1, 2, 3
= Permutation symbol or Levi-Civita symbol
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Lecture 1 i
• Einstein's summation convention:
k j
• Example 4 – Cross Product
𝒊𝒊𝒋 𝒌𝒌𝒊 𝒊𝒌𝒊
𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟑𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟐
where i, j, k = 1, 2, 3
= Permutation symbol or Levi-Civita symbol
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Applications of Cross Product:
• To compute area of a parallelogram
• To determine normal to a given plane
• To compute moment of a force about a point
• To compute the shortest distance
(perpendicular distance) from a point in space
to a known line / axis
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Lecture 1
• where i, j, k = 1, 2, 3
Relationship between Permutation Symbol and Kronecker
Delta
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Lecture 1
• where i, j, k = 1, 2, 3
Relationship between Permutation Symbol and Kronecker
Delta
• Triple Matrix multiplication
where i, j, i’, j’ = 1, 2, 3
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c
c Triple Matrix Multiplication using Indicial Notation
c
DIMENSION IA(3,3),IB(3,3),IC(3,3),ID(3,3)
DIMENSION IBC(3,3),IBCD(3,3)
OPEN (5,FILE='[Link]')
OPEN(6,FILE='[Link]',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
READ(5,*)((IB(I,J),J=1,3),I=1,3)
READ(5,*)((IC(I,J),J=1,3),I=1,3)
READ(5,*)((ID(I,J),J=1,3),I=1,3)
DO 10 I=1,3
DO 10 J=1,3
10 IA(I,J)=0
C
DO 20 I=1,3
DO 20 J=1,3
DO 30 IP=1,3
DO 30 JP=1,3
IA(I,J)=IA(I,J)+IB(I,IP)*ID(JP,J)*IC(IP,JP)
30 CONTINUE
20 CONTINUE
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C
WRITE(6,5)((IB(I,J),J=1,3),(IC(I,J),J=1,3),(ID(I,J),J=1,3),I=1,3)
5 FORMAT(8X,'B',8X,'C',8X,'D'//(9I4)/)
WRITE(6,15)((IA(I,J),J=1,3),I=1,3)
15 FORMAT(///1X,'[A] = [B][C][D]'//(3I6)/)
C
C PERFORM [IBC] = [IB] [IC]
C
DO 40 I=1,3
DO 40 J=1,3
IBC(I,J)=0
40 IBCD(I,J)=0
DO 50 I=1,3
DO 50 J=1,3
DO 60 K=1,3
60 IBC(I,J)=IBC(I,J)+IB(I,K)*IC(K,J)
50 CONTINUE
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C
C PERFORM [IBCD]= [IBC] [ID]
C
DO 70 I=1,3
DO 70 J=1,3
DO 80 K=1,3
80 IBCD(I,J)=IBCD(I,J)+IBC(I,K)*ID(K,J)
70 CONTINUE
WRITE(6,15)((IBCD(I,J),J=1,3),I=1,3)
CLOSE (5)
CLOSE (6)
STOP
END
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Matrix Multiplication using
Indicial Notation
Conventional Triple Matrix
Multiplication
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Lecture 1
• Einstein's summation convention:
• Example 5 – Mixed Triple Product
where i, j, k = 1, 2, 3
i, j and k are dummy
indices.
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Lecture 1
• Einstein's summation convention:
• Example 5 – Mixed Triple Product
where i, j, k = 1, 2, 3
i, j and k are dummy
indices.
Application of mixed triple
product:
• Volume of parallelopiped
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• Moment about an axis in space
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Lecture 1
• Einstein's summation convention:
• Example 6 – Decomposition of Tensors
i, j both are free indices
Symmetric about diagonal of
matrix
Anti-Symmetric [rotation]
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Lecture 1
• Einstein's Summation Convention:
• Example 6 – Decomposition of Tensors
Pure shear part of shear
tensor (trace-less)
• Hydrostatic stress tensor or
isotropic stress tensor
• Diagonal elements of a matrix
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