BEAM FORMULAS

Other books by the author:

HANDBOOK OF FORMULAS FOR STRESS AND STRAIN

PLATE FORMULAS

SHELL FORMULAS (in preparation)

 BEAM
FORMULAS
WILLIAM GRIFFEL
Mechanical Engineering Scientist
Department of the Army
Picatinny Arsenal

FREDERICK UNGAR PUBLISHING CO.

NEW YORK
Copyright © 1970 by
Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 68-31449

Standard Book Number: 8044-4338-6

 For my grandson
SCOTT WILLIAM GRIFFEL
PREFACE

The fast tempo of the competitive industrial scene today imposes many
restrictions on the engineer. One prime restriction is time.
A valuable aid-particularly for the design engineer-when working
against a project deadline, is the use of the most simplified, accurate, and
least time-consuming beam formulas. The order of simplification should be
such that a complex beam analysis can be reduced merely to an exercise in
algebra. This is precisely the purpose of this volume.
Tabulated equations for beams are presented to supply the practicing
engineer with ready-to-be-used formulas in their most simplified form.
Examples are provided to show ho~ to solve a beam with any combination
of load and support using the formulas in this book.
My knowledge of the French, German, and Polish languages has
allowed me to survey the field of the strength of materials-with the startling
conclusion that the presentation of beam formulas has not changed for the
last quarter century. Textbook equations for the deformation of beams are
still cumbersome and, even more important, quite time consuming.
With simplicity as the predominant factor, I have rewritten the standard
beam formulas using a unique nondimensional form which facilitates the
evaluation of equations by slide rule. In addition, a table is provided in
which nondimensional quantities are given numerically.
This volume, third in a series of four, contains 101 loading conditions
for beams and rigid frames with various supports, each complete with load,
shear, moment, and deflection diagrams. Using the formulas for fixed-end
moments in this volume, the tabulated data could also be used for con-
tinuous beams or frames. In the case of an indeterminate analysis, data for
end slopes and deflections can also be taken from the book.
To expose the nondimensional beam formulas to criticism, I have
published them in Product Design and Value Engineering. The readers'
reactions were most encouraging and some of their constructive suggestions
were incorporated in the book.
vii
viii Preface
A book on beam formulas would not be complete without chapters on
simultaneous loading and beams on elastic foundations. Tabulated, simplified
equations for beams under simultaneous axial and transverse loading appear
in my first book, Handbook of Formulas. In this volume, the formulas are
extended to include cases where the axial load is near zero.
The proper arrangement of supports of beams (if required) is of prime
importance from the viewpoint of economy of material. This relates both
to statically determinate and statically indeterminate beams. Section 5 deals
with this subject.
In collating this material, I have had to rely on the work and contri-
butions of others. It is my sincere hope that due acknowledgment has been
made to the source of all material. To the publishers and others who have
generously permitted the use of the material, I ,,,ish to express my apprecia-
tion. Most of the material of this volume is based on my 130 articles published
from 1961 to 1969 in the following professional magazines: Product Engineer-
ing, Design News, Machine Design, Engineering Materials and Design,
Product Design and Value Engineering, and Design Engineering. The oppor-
tunity thus afforded for criticism was of great advantage.

WILLIAM GRIFFEL
CONTENTS

Part I DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS 1

1 Basic Principles and Definitions 1
General 1
Stress 1
Tensile Properties 2
Compressive Properties 4
2 Types of Failures 5
General 5
Material Failures 5
3 Symbols and Units 8
Sign Convention 8
A Summary of Sign Conventions 10

Part II STRAIGHT BEAMS 13

4 Tabulated Formulas 13
Notations for Tables 1 and 2 14
Assumptions 16
Bending Moment and Shearing Force Diagrams 16
Fixed-End Moment 17
Continuous Beams 18
5 Optimum Arrangement of Supports 121
6 Simultaneous Axial and Transverse Loads 125
Notations for Table 3 126
7 Beams on Elastic Foundation 129
Introduction 129
Notations for Tables 4, 5, and 6 129
Classification of Beams According to Stiffness 130
Beams of Medium Length 131
Sign Convention 132
REFERENCES 165
INDEX 167
ix
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Summary of Beams and Rigid Frames 21

Straight Beams 21
Rigid Frames 29

Table 2 Tabulation of Beam and Rigid-Frame Formulas 31

Beam Formulas 31
Shear, Moment, and Deflection (Cases 1-70) 31
Rigid-Frame Formulas 101
Frame Constants and Notations 101
Rectangular Frames
with Hinged Supports (Cases 71-80) 101
Rectangular Frames with Fixed Supports (Cases 81-86) 107
Single-Leg Frames (Cases 87-92) 113
Trapezoidal Frames (Cases 93-98) 116
Triangular Frames (Cases 99-101) 120

Table 3 Beams under Simultaneous Axial and Transverse Loads 127

Table 4 Equations for Medium-Length Beams 133

Table 5 Equations for Unlimited Length Beams 137

Table 6 Beams on Elastic Foundation (Cases 1-14) 139

xi
 Part I
DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS

1 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS*

General
It is assumed that engineers using this volume are thoroughly familiar
with the basic principles of strength of materials, such as can be found in any
standard textbook on this subject. A brief summary of such material is pre-
sented here for the sake of uniformity and to emphasize certain principles of
special importance.

Stress
The term stress as used here always implies a force per unit area and is a
measure of the intensity of the force acting on a definite plane passing through
a given point. The stress distribution mayor may not be uniform, depending
on the nature of the loading condition. For example, tensile stresses as found
from the equation S = PI A are considered to be uniform, whereas the bending
stress determined from the equation S = Mel] refers to the stress at a point
located at a distance c from the neutral axis. Obviously the stress over the cross
section of a member subjected to bending is not uniform.
Normal and shear stresses. The stresses acting at a point in any stressed
member can be resolved into components acting on planes through the point.
The normal and shear stresses acting on any particular plane are the stress
components perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the plane. A simple
conception of these stresses is that normal stresses tend to pull apart (or press
together) adjacent particles of the material, whereas shear stresses tend to
cause such particles to slide on each other.
Axial strain. This term refers to the elongation per unit length in a
member or portion of a member in the axial direction. There are usually
• Reference 19.
2 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS

strains present in other directions also. To determine the stress state of a

member, therefore, strains in three directions must be considered, and the
principle stresses can then be calculated.
Poisson's ratio. Uniaxial strain in a metal is always accompanied by
lateral strains of opposite sign in the two directions mutually perpendicular
to the uniaxial strain. Under uniaxial conditions, the absolute value of the
ratio of either of the lateral strains to the uniaxial strains is called Poisson's
ratio. This ratio is usually between 0.25 and 0.33 for steel and aluminium alloys.
In multiaxially stressed members, the lateral strain will affect strain readings
and must be considered in strain measurements under these conditions. The
formulas for principle stresses and principle strains in terms of the other
principle stresses are given in standard texts on the theory of elasticity. For
materials stressed beyond the elastic limit Poisson's ratio is not a constant
but is a function of the axial strain.
Shearing strain. If a square element of uniform thickness is subjected
to pure shear there will be a displacement of each side of the element relative
to the opposite side. The shearing strain is obtained by dividing this displace-
ment by the distance between the sides of the element. It should be noted that
shearing strain is obtained by dividing a displacement by a distance at right
angles to the displacement, whereas axial strain is obtained by dividing the
deformation by a length measured in the same direction as the deformation.

Tensile Properties

When a specimen of a certain material is tested in tension it is customary

to plot the results of such a test as a "stress-strain diagram." This diagram
forms the basis for most strength specifications and should be thoroughly
understood and frequently applied. Typical tensile diagrams, not to scale,
are shown in Fig. 1. It should be noted that the strain scale is nondimensional,
whereas the stress scale is in pounds per square inch. The important physical
properties which can be shown on the stress-strain diagram are discussed in
the following sections.
Modulus of elasticity (E). Referring to Fig. 1, it will be noted that the
first part ofthe diagram is substantially a straight line. This indicates a constant
ratio between stress and strain over that range. The numerical value of the
ratio is called the modulus of elasticity, denoted by E. It will be noted that
E is the slope of the straight portion of the stress-strain diagram and is
determined by dividing the stress (in pounds per square inch) by the strain
(which is nondimensional). Therefore, E has the same dimensions as a stress.
A useful conception of E is the stress at which the member would have
elongated a distance equal to its original length (assuming no departure from
the straight portion of the stress-strain diagram).
Other moduli that are often of interest are the tangent modulus E t and
 TENSILE PROPERTffiS 3

--- -- ........
YIELD STRESS
ULTIMA TE TENSILE STRESS'

PROPOR TIONAL LIMIT

(a) MA TERIAL HAVING A DEFINITE

YIELD POINT (SUCH AS SOME STEELS)

STRAIN - INCHES PER INCH

en
-- ..............
~
I
I
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRESS\ "
I
I

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (b) MA TERIALS NOT HA VING A

DEFINITE YIELD POINT ([Link]
ALUMINUM ALLOYS, MAGNESIUM,
AND SOME STEELS)

0.002 STRAIN - INCHES PER INCH

Figure 1.

the secant modulus E s • The tangent modulus is the slope of the stress-strain
diagram at a point corresponding to a given stress, whereas the secant modulus
is the slope of a line drawn through the same point and the origin.
Tensile proportional limit. Since it is practically impossible to determine
the stress at which the stress-strain diagram begins to depart from a straight
line, it is customary to assign a small value of permanent strain for this
purpose. As a rule, the limit of proportionality will be taken as the stress at
which the stress-strain diagram departs from a straight line by a strain of
0.0001. This property or characteristic of a material gives an indication of the
type of stress-strain diagram which applies in the working range. It also
indicates the stress beyond which the standard value of E cannot be accurately
applied. This is of special interest in the analysis of redundant structures.
Tensile yield stress. The stress-strain diagrams for some steels show a
sharp break at a stress below the ultimate tensile stress. At this critical stress
the material elongates considerably with little or no increase in stress. (Refer
to Fig. 1.) The stress at which this takes place is referred to as the yield point.
Nonferrous metals and some steels do not show this sharp break but yield
more gradually so that there is no definite yield point. This condition is
illustrated in Fig. 1. Since permanent deformations of any appreciable amount
4 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS

are undesirable in most structures, it is customary to adopt an arbitrary

amount of permanent strain that is considered admissible for general purposes.
The value of this strain has been established by material testing engineers as
0.002, and the corresponding stress is called the yield stress. For practical
purposes, this may be determined from the stress-strain diagram by drawing
a line parallel to the straight or elastic portion of the curve through a point
representing zero stress and 0.002 strain. The yield stress is taken as the stress
at the intersection of this straight line with the stress-strain curve.
Ultimate tensile stress. Figure 1 shows how the ultimate tensile stress is
determined from the stress-strain diagram. It is simply the stress at the
maximum load reached in the test. It should be noted that all stresses are
based on the original cross-sectional area of the test specimen, without regard
to the lateral contraction of the specimen which actually occurs during the
test. The ultimate tensile stress is commonly used as a criterion of the strength
of the material of aircraft structures.

Compressive Properties
The results of compression tests can be plotted as stress-strain diagrams
similar to those shown in Fig. 1 for tension. The preceding remarks (with the
exception of those pertaining to ultimate stress) concerning the specific tensile
properties of the material apply in a similar manner to the compressive
properties. It should be noted that the moduli of elasticity in tension and
compression are approximately equal for most of the commonly used
structural materials.
2 TYPES OF FAILURES
General

In the following discussion the term "failure" will usually denote actual
rupture of the member, or the condition of the member when it has just
attained its maximum load.

Material Failures

Fracture of a material may occur by either a separation of adjacent

particles across a section perpendicular to the direction of loading or by a
sliding of adjacent particles along other sections. In some cases the mechanism
of failure includes both of these actions. For instance, in a simple tension test
sliding action along inclined sections may occur first with a consequent
reduction in the cross-sectional area of the specimen. This may result in strain
hardening of the material so that the resistance to sliding is increased, and the
final failure may occur by separation of the material across a section per-
pendicular to the direction of the loading.
Direct tension or compression. This type of failure is associated with the
ultimate tensile or compressive stress of the material. For compression it can
apply only to members having large cross-sectional dimensions as compared
to the length in the direction of the load.
Shear. Pure shear, failures are usually obtained only when the shear
load is transmitted over a very short length of the member. This condition is
approached in the case of rivets and bolts. In cases where the ultimate shear
stress is relatively low, a pure shear failure may result, but in general a member
subjected to a shear load fails under the action of the resulting normal stresses
usually the compressive stresses. The failure of a tube in torsion, for instance,
is not usually caused by exceeding the allowable shear stress but by exceeding
a certain allowable normal compressive stress which causes the tube to buckle.
It is customary, for convenience, to determine the allowable stresses for
members subjected to shear in the form of shear stresses. Such allowable
shear stresses are therefore an indirect measure of the stresses actually causing
failure.
Bearing. The failure of a material in bearing may consist of crushing,
splitting, or progressively rapid yielding in the region where the load is applied.
5
6 TYPES OF FAILURES

Failure of this type will depend, to a large extent, on the relative size and shape
of the two connecting parts. The allowable bearing stress will not always be
applicable to cases in which one of the contacting members is relatively thin.
It is also necessary, for practical reasons, to limit the working bearing stress
to low values in such cases as joints subjected to reversals of load or in bearings
between movable surfaces. These special cases are covered by specific rulings
involving the use of higher factors of safety.
Bending. For compact sections not subject to instability, a bending
failure can be classed as a tensile or compressive failure caused by exceeding
a certain allowable stress in some portion of the specimen. It is customary to
determine, experimentally, the modulus ofrupture in bending, which is a stress
derived from test results through the use of equation M c/I in which case M is
the value of bending moment which caused failure. If not determined experi-
mentally, the value of the modulus of rupture in bending may be assumed
equal to the ultimate tensile stress when instability is not critical. Since the
above equation is based on assumptions which are not always fulfilled at
failure, the modulus at failure cannot be considered as the actual stress at
the point of rupture. This should be borne in mind in dealing with combined
stresses, such as bending and compression, or bending and torsion.
Failure due to stress concentrations. The static strength properties are
determined on machined specimens containing no notches, holes, or other
avoidable stress raisers. In the design of machine structures such simplicity
is unattainable, and stress distributions are not of the uniform quality obtained
in the specimen tests. Consideration must be given to this condition since
maximum stresses in a material, and not average stresses, are the critical
factor in design. The effects of stress raisers vary, and references should be
made to available data.
Failure due to fatigue. Although the component parts of structures are
usually designed for static load conditions, they are subjected in service to
repeated loads. It is well known that the strength of a material under repeated
loads is less than that which would be obtained under static loading. This
phenomenon of the decreased strength of a material under repeated loading
is commonly called fatigue. Stress raisers, such as abrupt changes in cross
section, holes, notches and re-entrant corners, cause a much greater effect on
the fatigue strength than they do on static strength. The local high-stress
concentrations caused by such stress raisers are often greatly in excess of the
nominal calculated stress on the part, and consequently it is at such locations
that fatigue fractures usually begin. Other factors of major importance in
fatigue are the range of a repeated stress cycle, from maximum to minimum
stress, and the mean stress in the stress cycle.
Failure from combined stresses. In combined stress conditions where
failure is not caused by buckling or instability, it is necessary to refer to some
theory of failure. The "maximum shear" theory has received wide acceptance
 MATERIAL FAILURES 7

as a simple working basis in the case of ductile materials. It should be noted

that this theory interprets failure as the first yielding of the material, so that
any extension of the theory to cover conditions of final rupture must be based
on the experience of the designer. The failure of brittle materials under com-
bined stresses can generally be treated by the "maximum stress" theory.
3 SYMBOLS AND UNITS
In a book of this scope the use of a master tabulation of symbols and units
is not practical. The preferred method, which is used throughout this book,
is to indicate in each discussion and at the head of each table of formulas
the notation and units there employed. To further facilitate comparison, it
was sometimes considered advantageous to adopt a notation identical with
that used in papers to which reference was made, even though such notation
might differ from that used elsewhere in this book. The symbols listed below,
however, have been used in all cases.
E = Modulus of elasticity (psi)
G = Modulus of rigidity (psi)
I = Moment of inertia of an area (in. 4 )
J = Polar moment of inertia of an area (in. 4 )
M = Bending moment (in.-Ib)
S = Unit stress, with subscript indicating kind or direction (psi)
T = Twisting moment (in.-Ib)
v = Poisson's ratio (nondimensional)

In all formulas, unless other units are specified, the unit of distance is
the inch, and the unit of force is the pound. Therefore, all areas are in square
inches, all loads are in pounds per linear inch or pounds per square inch, all
moments are in inch-pounds, and all stresses are in pounds per square inch.

Sign Convention
Shear. The shearing force at a cross section mn of a beam (Fig. 2a) is
considered to be positive if the resultant of the external forces to the left of

m p rn

n n
Figure 2 (a) Vmn>O: (b) Vmn<O.
8
 SIGN CONVENTION 9

the section acts upward and if the resultant of the external forces to the right
of the section acts downward.
Moment. The bending moment at a cross section mn ofa beam (Fig. 3a)
is considered to be positive if the resultant moment of the external forces to
the left of the section is clockwise and to the right of the section is counter-
clockwise. Thus, the positive moment (Fig. 3a) produces bending of the beam
concave upward, and the negative moment (Fig. 3b) produces bending of
the beam concave downward. It is evident that the fibers of the beam located
in the concave part undergo compression, and those in the convex part
undergo extension.
m
M m M

<e ~ M n
d)
M
n
Figure 3 (a) M m,,> 0: (b) Mmn<O.

y y
M >0 M<O
y" >-0 y"( 0
'----/
~
X X
(a)
x x
'---/ ~
M>O M<O
y"<O y">O
y y
(b)
Figure 4.

Deflection and slope. The differential equation of the deflected axis of

a beam is
±Ely" = M. (1)
10 SYMBOLS AND UNITS

The choice of the sign is determined by the coordinate system adopted.

When y" and M have the sam~sign, as shown in the coordinate system shown
in Fig. 4a, Eq. (1) should be used in the form

Ely" = M. (2)

When y" and M have different signs, as shown in the coordinate system
of Fig. 4b, Eq. (1) should be used in the form

Ely" = -M. (3)

In this volume, unless otherwise noted, we shall use the coordinate

system shown in Fig. 4a and the differential equation of the deflected axis as
given by Eq. (2). Thus, positive deflection y is considered to be positive
upward, and the counterclockwise rotation (J is positive. This sign convention
may be changed at will as long as consistency exists.

A Summary of Sign Conventions (SEE FIG. 5)

1. External loads are positive downward.
2. End reactions are positive upward.
3. Shear forces on the left end of the beam are positive upward and on
the right end of the beam are positive downward.
4. Deflection is positive upward.
5. End slope is positive when the support rotates counterclockwise:
thus, the left support of the simply supported beam of Fig. 5 has a negative
slope, and the right support has a positive slope.
6. Bending moment is positive when it causes tension on the lower fiber
of the beam and compression on the upper fiber.

Figure 5 M> O.

Method of superposition. Equations for the moment, deflection and

slope, for beams with a single load may be obtained directly from Table 2.
(See Part II.) For beams subjected to uniformly distributed and concentrated
loads, the superposition method will be used. By this method, the resultant
deflection, for example, at a specific point on a beam is equal to the sum of the
 A SUMMARY OF SIGN CONVENTIONS 11

deflections produced by each load at this point. One caution about using this
method-each load must be individual, and its effect must be discreet and
neither affect nor be affected by any other load on the beam. A beam under
combined action of axial and transverse loads (beam-column) is an example
of a beam on which superposition cannot be used because the method of
solution in such cases takes into account the simultaneous effect of these loads.
 Part II
STRAIGHT BEAMS

4 TABULATED FORMULAS*
Tables 1 and 2 give formulas and diagrams for the bending moments, deflec-
tions, vertical shear, end reactions, end slopes, and deflection in terms of fiber
stress of beams supported and loaded in various ways. The cases listed have
been selected so that by superposition the formulas may be applied to almost
any combination of loading and support likely to occur.
In particular, seventy loading conditions for beams with various supports
are shown, each complete with load, shear, moment, and deflection diagrams.
All the formulas are given in terms of x, the distance from the left support
and/or x', the distance from the right support. Whenever a formula is valid
for part of the beam only, a second subscript is used, namely, 1, 2, 3, ....
This subscript denotes the region over which the particular formula is
applicable; the regions are identified in the diagram for each loading condition
by the same subscript 1, 2, 3, .... This is a more convenient and also a more
descriptive method as compared to the prevailing method of designating
various regions of a beam by letters A, B, C, ....
For example, the beam in Fig. 6 has three regions designated (1), (2),
and (3), where (1) denotes region A-B, (2) region B-C, and (3) region C-D.
Thus, shear, moment, and deflection relating to region B-C, denoted as (2),
are Vx2 ' M x2 ' and Yx2.

~~--->-------e

Figure 6.
*Reference 18.
13
14 TABULATED FORMULAS

This compendium of seventy different loading conditions, designated

here as Cases 1 through 70, is complete with loading, shear, and moment
diagrams for: (1) simply supported beams, (2) fixed-end beams,(3) cantilevers,
and (4) beams with one end fixed and one end supported. In addition, a
summary of the seventy cases is presented in Table 1 where, at a glance, any
case may be identified with its equations for maximum deflection and end
slopes.
It should be noted that if a beam is subject to vertical loads only, it is
immaterial to know which support is hinged and which is movable. Therefore,
both supports of all the beams in Tables 1 and 2 are shown alike.
For simplicity, all tabulated formulas are arranged in a nondimensional
form; that is, the units of a particular quantity appear in a short fraction
which is then multiplied by a nondimensional expression in brackets as a
function of xlL, aiL, blL, or x'IL.
The advantage of the nondimensional form of equations used in Table 2
can be best demonstrated by analyzing, for example, Case 61 of a beam with
end supports and intermediate couple. The equation, used in the engineering
literature for the deflection of such a beam is
2 3
y
x
= M[(6a-3-aL -2L
_0
6El
) x -x-
L
J·
By a simple technique of mathematical conversion, the above equation
may be written as follows

which is the nondimensional form used here. The simplicity of this formula
is apparent. The solution of such equations is greatly facilitated when using
a tabulation of xiL. Such a tabulation for xlL, varying from 0 to 1.0, in
increments of 0.05 is included for convenience.

Notations for Tables 1 and 2

E = Modulus of elasticity, psi
I = Cross-sectional moment of inertia, in. 4
P = Concentrated load, lb
q = Unit load, lb/in.
R" R, = Reactions on left and right ends of beam, lb
FEM" FEM, = Fixed-end moments of left and right ends of
beam, in.-Ib
= Moments at left and right ends of beam, in.-Ib
= Bending moment at a distance x from left support
of beam, in.-Ib
 NOTATIONS FOR TABLES 1 AND 2 15

= Bending moment in regions (1), (2), (3), ... of

beam at a distance x from left support, in.-Ib
V" V, = Shear at left and right ends of beam, lb
Vx = Shear at a distance x from left support, lb
Vx1 ' Vx2 ' Vx3 ' .•. = Shear in regions (1), (2), (3), ... of beam at a
distance x from left support, lb
Yx = Deflection at a distance x from left support
Yxl' Yx2' Yx3' ••• = Deflection in regions (1), (2), (3), ... at a distance
x from left support, in.
Yp = Deflection under concentrated load, in.
0" (J, = Slope at left and right supports, rad
a,b, C, d = Horizontal distances on beam, in.
L = Span length of beam, in.
ex = (aiL)
= (blL)
x = Distance from left support, in.
= Distance from right support, in.
= Distance from left and right supports of point of
maximum moment, in.
I, r = Designate left and right ends of beam
2c = Depth of beam, in.
NONDIMENSIONAL CONSTANTS TO BE USED WITH BEAM EQUATIONS

x/Lora/L,b/L (x/L)2 (x/L) 3 (x/L) 4 (x/L) 5 (x/L) 6

0.100 0.100 x 10-1 0.100 X 10-2 0.100 x 10-3 0.100 x 10-4 0.100 X 10-5
0.150 0.225 x 10-1 0.337 x 10-2 0.506 x 10-3 0.759 x 10-4 0.114 x 10-4
0.200 0.400 x 10-1 0.800 X 10-2 0.160 X 10-2 0.320 X 10-3 0.640 X 10-4
0.250 0.625 x 10-1 0.156x 10-1 0.391 x 10-2 0.977 X 10-3 0.244 x 10-3
0.300 0.900 x 10-1 0.270 X 10-1 0.810 X 10-2 0.243 X 10-2 0.729 x 10-3
0.350 0.122 0.429 x 10-1 0.150 X 10-1 0.525 X 10-2 0.184 x 10-2
0.400 0.160 0.640 x 10-1 0.256 X 10-1 0.102 X 10-1 0.410 X 10-2
0.450 0.202 0.911 x 10-1 0.410 X 10-1 0.185x 10-1 0.830 x 10-2
0.500 0.250 0.125 .0.625 x 10-1 0.312 X 10-1 0.156 X 10-1
0.550 0.302 0.166 0.915 x 10-1 0.503 x 10-1 0.277 X 10-1
0.600 0.360 0.216 0.130 0.778 x 10-1 0.467 X 10-1
0.650 0.422 0.275 0.179 0.116 0.754 x 10- 1
0.700 0.490 0.343 0.240 0.168 0.118
0.750 0.562 0.422 0.316 0.237 0.178
0.800 0.640 0.512 0.410 0.328 0.262
0.850 0.722 0.614 0.522 0.444 0.377
0.900 0.810 0.729 0.656 0.590 0.531
0.950 0.902 0.857 0.815 0.774 0.735
16 TABULATED FORMULAS

Assumptions
The formulas of Table 2 are based on the following assumptions: (1)
The beam is of homogenous material with the same modulus of elasticity in
tension and compression. (2) The beam is straight or nearly so; if slightly
curved, the curvature is at least ten times the depth. (3) The cross section is
uniform. (4) The beam has at least one longitudinal plane of symmetry.
(5) All loads and reactions are perpendicular to the axis of the beam and
lie in the same plane, which is a longitudinal plane of symmetry. (6) The
beam is long in proportion to its depth. (7) The maximum stress does not
exceed the proportional unit.

Bending Moment and Shearing Force Diagrams

The relationship between moment and shear is dM/dx = V. For the
condition of maximum moment we obtain dM/dx = 0, which means where
V = 0 the moment is maximum. There may be several such sections of zero
shear and maximum moment in beams, and all such sections must be con-
sidered in determining the absolute maximum moment. Moment and shear
diagrams may be constructed by plotting to scale the particular entity as
the ordinate for each section of the beam. Such diagrams show, in continuous
form, the variation along the length of the beam, thereby allowing the
identification of dangerous sections.
Because the shear and bending moment diagrams are very useful tools,
it was found necessary to plot them for all the seventy cases tabulated in
Table 2. It should be noted that, with the exception of the rigid frames, the
positive ordinates of the moment diagrams shown in Table 2 are drawn above
the base line of the diagram, and therefore the diagrams are found to be on
the side of the compressed fibers of beams.
All the beams in Table 2 are shown in their normal position. Such beams
have a lower and an upper face, a left and a right support. The lower face is
called negative, the upper face positive. Any simple beam may be rotated
into the normal position. This particularly applies to members of a rigid
frame when they have been separated from the remaining members of the
frame and are to be considered as simple beams. The terms upper, lower,
right, and left can be applied to any member of a rigid frame if such a member
is always viewed from its negative face, as shown in Fig. 7. (The broken line
in Fig. 7 indicates the lower face of the beam.)

(+) r
(-)
Figure 7.
 FIXED-END MOMENT (FEM) 17

When referring to Table 2, the following important points should be

emphasized.
1. A simple beam rests on supports at its ends, which permit rotation.
A cantilever beam is fixed (no rotation) at one end. When computing reactions
and moments, distributed loads may be replaced by their resultant acting at
the center of gravity of the distributed-load area.
2. Reactions R are the forces and/or couples acting at the supports and
holding the beam in place. In general, the weight of the beam should be
accounted for.
3. The bending moment M (inch-pounds) at any section is the algebraic
sum of the external forces acting on the beam on one side of the section. A
bending moment that produces tensile stress on bottom fiber is considered
positive.
4. The vertical shear V (pounds) effective on a section is the algebraic
sum of all the forces acting parallel to and on one side of the section.

Fixed-End Moment (FEM)

Fixed-end moment is a moment which would exist at the ends of a
beam if these ends were fixed against rotation.
For statically indeterminate beams having loading conditions for which
the simply supported case only is known, analysis can be undertaken using
the fixed-end moments at the left and right supports of the simple beam.
These moments, denoted here as FEM, and FEMn respectively, are tabulated
in Table 2. The fixed-end beam may be obtained by superimposing a beam
with the end moments FEM, and FEMr on the simple beam. As a general
rule, the end moments for restraint at the left and right are

M, = FEM,+tFEMr (4)

and (5)

Using Eqs. (4) and (5) together with the tabulated equations of Table 2, it
is possible to solve a beam problem having any combination of loading and
supports. This is based on the premise that any span of a fixed-end beam
can be assumed as the superposition of (0) a beam with free supports (called
"end supports") with the same external loads and (b) a beam with end
supports loaded by end moments only. Thus, in order to obtain reactions,
shear, moment, and deflection in a statically indeterminate beam, we super-
impose the simple beam formulas tabulated in Table 2 on the loading
conditions corresponding to Cases 53, 56, or 58. (See Examples 1 and 2 in
the following section.)
18 TABULATED FORMULAS

Continuous Beams
If data are required for continuous beams or frames, proceed as follows.
Obtain fixed-end moments from Table 2 to facilitate solution by moment
distribution method. If the method of superposition is used for the indeter-
minate analysis, data for end slopes and deflections can also be taken from
this book. Any span of a continuous structure can be thought of as the
superposition of (1) a simple beam span with the same external loads and
(2) a simple beam span loaded by the end moments only. Therefore, after
the true support moments of the continuous structure have been determined
by any method whatsoever, any quantity (reaction, shear, moment, slope,
or deflection) in the continuous structure is obtained by the superposition
of (1) the simple beam data for each span, obtained from Table 2, and (2)
the loading condition of Case 58 with the end moments M , and M r equal
to the true end moments for that span.
The use of the fixed-end moment FEM will be best demonstrated in
Examples 1 and 2.

EXAMPLE 1 (SEE FIG. 8)

Find the equation for the deflection of a beam carrying a uniform load q,
fixed at the left end, and supported at the right end (Case 25).

~:'1IIJ1ll!llI!Ji + p_FE_M....,--":A
CASE NO.25 CASE NO.23 CASE NO. 53

Figure 8.

SOLUTION: From Table 2 for the simply supported beam, Case 23,

FEM , = FEMr = (6)

(7)

Since the restraint is at the left end of the beam, Eq. (4) applies, and

1 qL2 qL2
M, = FEMl +2"FEMr = ----
12 24
 CONTINUOUS BEAMS 19

Now apply this moment M, to the left support of the simple beam, as in
Case 53, and we have

Yx = - ~~2 (~)[2-3(~) + (~rJ

= + :~I[2(~)-3(~r + (~YJ (8)

By adding Eqs. (7) and (8), we obtain the required equation for the deflection
(see Case 25), and
4
qL
Yx = - 48E/ 3
[ (X)2
L -5(X)3
L +2(X)4J
L

The slope of the left support of the simple beam, Case 23, is

qL 3
8, -- - 24E/·

The slope of the left support of the simple beam loaded with M, =
-(qL2 j8) is
3
8 ' _ _ M,L _ qL (Case 53)
, - 3E/ - + 24E/
Finally 8,+ 8,' = 0, which means that the left end of the beam (the fixed end)
remains fixed against rotation.

EXAMPLE 2 (SEE FIG. 9)

Find the formulas for the deflection and moment of a beam with both
ends fixed and carrying a uniform load.

~~+ pFEM FEMfiJ

CASE NO.24 CASE NO.23 CASE NO.59

Figure 9.

SOLUTION: We load a simple beam with two equal moments (Case 23),

qL2
M = FEM, = FEMr = -12.
20 TABULATED FORMULAS

Referring to Case 59,

Yx = - ~~;[(~) - (~YJ
+ ;:;I[(~) - (~YJ (9)

By superimposing Eq. (7) on Eq. (9), we obtain, by addition

4
Yx = -
qL [(
24£/ L
x) - (X)2J2
L '
which, as per Case 24, is the deflection of a uniformly loaded beam with
both ends fixed.
The end slopes of a simple beam (Case 23) are
qL 3 qL 3
8, = - - -
24£/
and 8 =
r
+--
24El·
The end slopes of a simple beam with equal end moments (Case 59) are
3 3
8 ' _ _ ML _ qL ,qL
,- 2E/ - + 24El and 8 = - 24E/·
r

8 + 8' = 0, indicating that both ends remain fixed against rotation.

The equation for the moment for the simply supported beam, as per
Case 23, is

By superimposing on this equation for

qL2
M = FEM, = FEMr = -12'
we obtain

which is the required formula for the fixed end beam. (See Case 24.)
TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF BEAMS AND RIGID FRAMES

Straight Beams

Maximum End Slope See

Case Beam
Deflection y 0 Page

Pab(l +fJ)
PL 3rx. 2 f32 0, =
--- 6£/
3£/ 31

under load
o_ Pab(l+rx.)
,- + 6£1

PL 3rx. 3fJ3
---
2 3£/ ---- 32

under load

3
-0.0098 PL 8, = 0
E/ 33
PL 2 rx. 2 f3
under load 8, = + 4£/

4
r ~ jP
LS :a
PL 3
- 48£I'
8, =
PL 2
8, = - 16£/

+
PL 2
16£/
34

!P PL 3
- 192£/
---- 35

~ ~
8, = 0
IP
3
-0.0093 PL
6 E/ 36
PL 2
~ :a 8, = + 32£/

5PL 2
PL 3 8, = - 81£/
-0.0179
7
m 4PL 2
37

8, = + 81£/

PL 3
-0.00403- 38
E/

21
Case Maximum End Slope See
Beam
Deflection y 8 Page

3 8, = 0
-0.0151 PL
9 E/ 39
PL 1
under load 8r = + 54E/

8 _ 21PL l
PL3 , - - 384E/
10 _0.0146 40
EI
1
8 = + 15PL
r 384E/

PL3
11 _0.OO2S
EI 41

3 8, = 0
12 -0.01099 PL
EI 42
3PL 1
8r = + 448EI

Pb~
PL 3 8, = + 2EI
13 - 6E/ (2 + a)f32 43

8, =0

14 !p PL 3
- 3E/
8, =
PL 1
+ 2E/
44

~ 8, =0

8 __ Pab
PL 3 1 ,- 2E/
15 - 24E/ oc(3-4a ) 45
8 _ Pab
,- + 2EI
PL 1
PL3 8, = - 9E/
16 _0.0355 46
E/
PL 1
8r = + 9EI

3PL1
8, = - 32EI
17 -0.028~
EI
47
3PL1.
8,. = + 32£1

8 _ 45PL 2
PLJ , - - 384£1
18 _0.0352 48
EI 2
() = + 39PL
, 384£1

22
 Maximum End Slope See
Case Beam
Deflection y (J Page

8 __ 39PL 2
PL3 ,- 375£1
19 -0.0315 49
Ei
39PL2
8, = + 375£1

33PL2
PL 3 8, = - 192£/
20 -0.0533 50
Ei
33PL2
IJ, = + 192£1

19PL2
PL 3 IJ, = - 144£1
21 -0.0409E/ 51
19PL2
8, = + 144£1

5PL2
PL 3 IJ,'= - 32£1
'22 -0.0495 52
Ei
5PL?'
IJ, = + 32£1

qL3
q IJ, = - 24£1
23 -0013~
~
. £1 53
qL3
8, = + 24£1

q qL4
24 -0. OO26 Ei 54

~
q qL4
8, = 0
2S -0.OOS4 55

~
Ei qL~
8, = + 48£/

q qL4 8, = + 6£1
qL3
26 -0.125 El 56

illIIIIIIIi 8, = 0

Lf2 r-
' 3qL 3

27
-+i qi 4 8, = - 128£1
57

~
-O.OO66E[
3
7qL
8, = + 384£1
qLa 2(I + fJ)2
8,=
See Case 28 24£1
28 58
qLa 2(2-<X 2)
8, = + 24£1

23
- -
Maximum End Slope See
Case Beam Page
Deflection y tJ

-
I-a -+b1
'llTTll~ ~
29 --- 59

~I ~
- -

30 - --- 60

~
31 - 61

~
8qL 3

~
8, =- 243E/
32 - 62
7qL 3
8, = + 243E/
qL 3
8, = - 0.0265 E/
33 63
qL 3
tJ, = + 0.0087 Ei

34 l b~nr~a-.:t ~ ~_ bl.-
I

J -
8
,
= _qaL
48E/

qaL 2
2
_ (3_«2)
64

LS ~
8 = +_(3_«2)
, 48EI
-

Js ~ bJTI;1
13qL3
qL4 8, = - 648E/
35 -0.0066 E/ 65
13qL3
8, = + 648EI
qa 2L(2 + f31
r-a--tbra-i 8, = -
~C--2 )
12EI
36 66
~. - 4$EI «2
qa 2L(2 + f3)
8, = + 12EI
-
~ ~ r~--1~ ~
7qL 3
qL4 8, =- 324E/
37 67'

~
-0.0064E/
7qL 3
8, = + 324£1

7qL 3
8, =- 3f1JE/
qL4 68
38 -0.0065 EI

~q
qL3
8, = + 45£1
LS ~
I I
I
24
 Maximum End Slope See
Case Beam
Deflection y 0 Page

4
39 -0.001-3 qL 69
EI

8, = 0
qL4
40 -0.0031 70
ET qL3
9, = + 80EI

qL 3
qL4 8, = -120£1
41 -0.0024 71
E1
8, = 0

qL 3
qL4 8, = + 8£1
42 -0.0917 72
EI
8, = 0

qL3
qL4 8, = + 24£/
43 -0.0333 o
73
EI
8, = 0

5qL 3
4 (J, = - 192£1
44 -0.0083 qL 74
EI
SqL 3
8, = + 192£/

45
4
qa
- 120£1 e)
;I-4
(J,.= -

(J _
qa 2 (4-3oe)L
24£1

qa 2 (4-3oe)L
75

r - + 24£1

46 76

qL3
qL4 8, =- 64£1
47 -0.0047
EI 77
qL'3.
(J, = + 64£1
8 _ llqL 3
4 , - - 324£1
48 -0.0108 qL 78
E/
fl _ llqL~
, - + 324£1

25
 Maximum End Slope See
Case Beam
Deflection y 8 Page

8 _ 57qL 3
qL4 , - - 1536£1
49 -0.0104- 79
EI
8 _ 57qL 3
, - + 1536£1
qL 3
4 8, =- 90EI
50 -0.0039 qL 80
EI
qL 3
8, = + 90£1
3
8 _ llqL
4 ' - - 360EI
51 -0.0092 qL 81
EI
qL 3
8, = + 36EI

qL 3
-0.0106 qL
4
8, =- 30EI
52 EI 82
qL 3
8, = + 30EI

2
8, = _ MoL
-.0.0642 M oL 3EI
53
~Mo EI 83
8 = MoL
LS: Zi , + 6£1

2 8, = _ MoL
-0.0370 M oL 4£1
54 84
~Mo EI

LS B 8, =0

2 8, = _ MoL
55 -0.5000 M oL EI 85
~Mo EI

I 8, =0

2 8,=_M oL
6£1
M,~
_ 0.0642 MoL
56 EI 86
8 = + MoL
LS 2\ , 3EI

2 8, = 0
-0.0370 M oL
57 Mo~ EI
8 _ MoL
87

II :a '- + 4EI

(2M 1 +M2 )L
8, = -
6EI
58 88
~MI M2~ 8 = + (M 1 +2M2 )L
LS: :a ' 6EI

26
Ca~c Beam Maximum End Slope See
Deflection y 8 Page

8 __ MoL
Mo ,- 2EI
M~
2
59

r;; 6
-0.125 M oL
EI
8 _
r - +
MoL
2EI
89

8 __ MoL
6EI
M., Mo 0
-0.0481-
M L2 1-

r;;
60 - 90

~
EI
8 = _ MoL
r 6EI

61 --- 91

62 92

----
63 93

8, = + MoL
~L -0.0080 M oL
2
24EI
64
I
LS
"2(bMo
' 6
EI
8 = + MoL
94

r 24EI

~ L
11 2~Mo I
---
65 95

8, = 0
L
66
J-"2(P M D
•
o 8 _
,. - +
MoL
16EI
96

8 _ M oLf3
,--~

67 ---- 97
8 = + M oLf3
,. 2EI

98
68

27
 Maximum End Slope See
Case Beam ()
Deflection y Page

69 99

70 100

28
 !!

n n
OS:
ta
ft)
fIj

~ WIlt ~111/, 7f1/M Wl~ 'lmh WIt 'lUI,I, 7Rlh Wl/~

Case 71 Case 72 Case 73 Case 74 Case 75 Case 76 Case 77

Case 78
n Case 79 Case 80
n n n n
Case 81 Case 82 Case 83 Case 84

I ~ I G
n~
I 1$

~ I

Case 85 Case 86 Case 87 Case 88 Case 89 Case 90 Case 91

n
rTTT1.

[1
Case 92 Case 93 Case 94 Case 95 Case 96 Case 97 Case 98
N
\C)
 Case 99 Case 100 Case 101

30
TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS
Beam Formulas
Shear, Moment, and Deflection (Cases 1-70)
1. End Supports:
Intermediate Load
a b
oe = L' [3 = L' oe+[3 = 1
Reactions: R, = P[3
R r = Poe
Shear: V, = +P[3
Vr = -Poe

Moments: M = Pb(~)
X1

M X2 = p~~)
Pab
M max = L
1--1 + ----J
2 FEM , = -L[3
Pab

~ L
;;S:eJ r FEMr = --oe
L
Pab

() _ _ Pab(1 + (3)
End slope: ,- 6EI

() = Pab(l + oe)
r 6EI
3
Deflection: 6El[3(X)[
Yxl = - PL L I-fJ2- L (X)2J
3
Yx2 = - PL
6E; L l-rx (X')2J
(X')[ L 2
-

PL
3 2~ 2) , J1- oe2
= ---oe(l-oe) 3(1-oe at x = L - - , lor a< b C
Y~ nm 3
PL 3 oe 2 [32
Yp = - 3EI under load

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
y = - - oefJ
3Ec
31
32 TABULATED FORMULAS

2. Fixed Ends:
Intermediate Load
a b
(X = L' fJ = L' (X + fJ = 1
Reactions: R, = PfJ2(1 + 2(X)
R r = P(X2(1 + 2fJ)

Shear: V, = +R, = Vx1

Vr = -Rr = Vx2

Moments: M X1 = PL,Bf -a+(1+2a{~)J

M X2 = PLa
2
[ -,B+(1+2,B{~)J
M p = 2PL(X2fJ2 under load
M, = - PL(XfJ2
M r = -PL(X2fJ

End slope: (J, = 0

(Jr =0

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2 (Xf3
Y= - - -
6Ec
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 33

3. One End Fixed, One End Supported:

Intermediate Load

(X+ fJ = 1

Reactions:

Rr

~.....IL
V, = +R , = Vx1
Vt ...............-.......................... Shear:

T yt-MomentS:Mx1 = P~,8[82-1+(3-,82{~)J
M X2 = PL~2(~)( 1+ ~)
M , = PL,8( 1 ~,82 )

Max M , = -0. 1927PL for fJ = 0.577

Mp = PL~2,8(I+ ~) under load

Max M p = 0.1174PL for fJ = 0.366
End slope: (), = 0
2
() =
r
+PL- (X2Q
4EI f.I
3
Deflection: Yxl = - PL
12ElfJ(X)2[
L 3(1_,82)_(3-,82)(X)J
L

Yx2 = - P~~;(~)[3,8-(2+,8{~YJ
PL 3 f3(1 - fJ2)3
Ymax = - 3El(3-,82)2 for ,8<0.414
PL 3(X3fJ2
Yp = - 12£/ (3 + fJ) under load

PL 3
Max yp = -0.0098 EI for fJ = 0.414

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

1 SL 2
y=---
20 Ee
34 TABULATED FORMULAS

4. End Supports:
Center Load

P
Reactions: R, = R, = 2:

P
Shear: V, = 2" = Vx1

P
V, = -2" = Vx2

..................... v.,
t Moments:

P
M X2 = 2"(L-x)

PL
M max = 4
PL
FEM, = FEM, = - -
8

PL2
End slope: 8, = - 16EI

PL2
8, = + 16EI

Deflection: Yxl = - ~~l~)[3-{~rJ

PL 3 L
Y max = - 48EI at x = 2:
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y= - - -
12Ec
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 35

5. Fixed Ends:
Center Load

P
Reactions: R, = R r = 2

Shear:

PL
Mp = 8 = +Mmax under load

PL
M, = M r = -8 = - M max

End slope: 0, = Or = 0

Deflection: Yxl = - ~~l~)T3-4(~)J

PL~
Y max = - 192£/ under load

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

36 TABULATED FORMULAS

6. One End Fixed, One End Supported:

Center Load

Reactions: R, = tip
5
Rr = 16P

Shear: V, = R , = tip = Vxl

Vr = -Rr = -l\P = Vx2

Moments: M X1 = ~~(22~ -6)

M X2 = nrPL
5 (X')
L
M p = APL = + M max under load
3
M, = - 1 6PL

Mr = 0

End slope: 0, = 0

PL 2
Or = + 32EI

(~)2[9-11(X)J
3
Deflection: Yxl = _ 96EI
PL
L L

Yx2 = - ~~l~)[3-5(~rJ
PL 3
Ymax = -0.00932 EI at x' = 0.4472L

7 PL 3
Yp = - 768 EI under load

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

O.0568SL 2
Y=
Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 37

7. End Supports:
Intermediate Load

Reactions: R, = tP
P
R=-
, 3

Shear: V, = R , = tP = Vx1
P
V, = R , = - -
3 = Vx 2

Moments: M X1 = tPx

M max = jPL

FEM , = -2\-PL

FEM, = -2~PL

lt~~
5PL 2
End slope: o = ---
I 81E/

4PL2
si at 0, = + 81E/

Deflection: Yxl = - ~~l~)[5-9(~YJ

Yx2 = -1:~~l~)[8-9(~YJ
PL 3
Y p = -0.01646 E/ under load

PL 3
Ymax = -0.01792 E/ at x = 0.4556L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
Y = - 0.08064-
Ee
38 TABULATED FORMULAS

8. Fixed Ends:
Intermediate Load

~LI
3 ~ Reactions: R, = ~~p

Lr
Rr = i7P
x
Shear: V, = +R, = Vxl
Vt + -1 Vr = -Rr = Vx2

I:
f Vr
Moments: Md = ~~[20(~)-4J
t Mr M X2 = ~~[7(~)-2J
~
2~t
M, = -!7PL

r'~ YX2 End slope:

Mr
Mp

0,
= -IrPL
= 8~PL under load

= Or = 0

(~)2[6-10(~)J
3
Deflection: Yxl = _ 81E/
PL
L L

Yx2 = - 1:~:I(~)T6-7(~)J
PL 3
Y max = - 0.00403 E/
PL 3
Y p = -0.00366 E/ under load

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
y = -0.02470-
Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 39

9. One End Fixed, One End Supported:

Intermediate Load

Reactions: R, = ~:p

R r = /'iP

Shear:

Mxl = PL[23(~)-5J
27 L

M X2 = I7PL( ~)
M, = 7PL-2
5

Mp = s\PL under load

End slope: 0, =0

0-+--
PL2
r - 54E/

Deflection: Yxl = -~(~)2[15-25(~)J

162E/ L L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

y = -0.08154-
SL 2
Ee
40 TABULATED FORMULAS

10. End Supports:

Intermediate Load
3P
Reactions: R'=T

R=~
r 4
3P
Rl, x· Shear: V,= +-
4
L P

~!!IIII
Vr = - -
4
I !-I I I I I I.'
1.1. 3PL
LVr Moments: M max = -
16
M _ 3Px
xl - 4

Px'
M X2 =4
FEM, = _ 9PL
64
FEM = _ 3PL
r 64
2
() __ 21PL
End slope:
1- 384EI
2
() _ 15PL
r - + 384EI

Deflection: Yxl = - 1~~;I(~)[7-16(~YJ

Yx2 = - 3:~;l~)[15-16(~YJ
PL 3
Yp = -0.01171 EI under load

PL 3
Ymax = -0.01462 EI at x' = O.559L
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = - 0.07797 Ec
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 41

11. Fixed Ends:

Intermediate Load

Reactions: R, = ~~P
5
Rr = 32P

Shear: V, = +R , = Vx1

Moments'
•
M = 9PL[~(~)_~J
x
1
16 2 L 4

M = PL[~(~)_~J
x
2
16 2 L 4
M , = -APL
3
Mr = - 6 4PL

Mp = T!sPL under load

End slope: (J, = (Jr = 0

Deflection: Yxl = - -
::~;(~)T~ ~(~)J
Yx2 = - ~~l~)T: ~(~)J -
PL 3
Yp = - 0.00220 EI under load

PL 3
Ymax = -0.00281 EI at x = 0.4L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
Y = -0.01998 Ee
42 TABULATED FORMULAS

12. One End Fixed, One End Supported:

Intermediate Load

Reactions: R , = ~~tP
R, = NaP

Shear: V, = +R, = Vx1

V, = -R, = Vx2

Moments:
M X1
= 3PL[39(~)-7J
128 L

_ 11PL(~)
M X2 - 128 L

M, = -l2\PL
Mp = 5;~PL under load

End slope: (J, = 0

3PL2
8, = + 448£/

Deflection: Yxl = - ~~~l~)T21-39(~)J

Yx2 = -7:~~l~)[9-1l(~rJ
PL 3
Y p = -0.01099 EI under load

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
Y = - 0.06699 Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 43

13. Cantilever:
Intermediate Load

~L:j~
a b
rx = L' f3 = L' rx+f3=l
Reactions: R, = 0
Rr = P

f-x x-1-l
l
Shear: Vx1 = 0

Vx2 = Vmax = -P
Vt Moments: M X1 =0
I IT
-P~~ -«)
L~~T
M X2 =

M max = -PLf3 at x = L
1 2----t
Pb 2

~Y
End slope: (}, = + 2EI

X1 Or = 0

Deflection: Yxl = - :~;[2+«-3(~)}2

Yx2 = - :~;[2+~ -3«J(I- ~y
PL 3fJ3
Yp = - 3EI at x =a
PL 3
Ymax = --(2+rx)f32
6EI
at x =0
44 TABULATED FORMULAS

14. Cantilever:
End Load

rp Li Reactions: R, = 0

~x
Rr =P

1-1 Shear: V = -P constant

V Moments: M x = -Px
I' M max = -PL
~
f\t1 tn 0.1.
....1. PL 2
End slope: (J -
,- +2EI
-
I

Deflection:

PL3
Ymax = - 3EI at x = 0
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 45

15. End Supports:

Two Loads

Reactions: R, = Rr = P

Shear: V, = +P
Vr = -p

Moments: M X1 = Px
M X2 = Pa
M X3 = Px'
Pab
FEM , = FEMr = - -
L

Pab
End slope: (J, =
2EI

PL 3 2 L
Ymax = ---oc(3-4oc
24EI
) at x = -
2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
2 2
y = _ SL [3-4oc ]
Ee 24
46 TABULATED FORMULAS

16. End Supports:

Two Loads

Reactions: R , = Rr = P

Shear: V, = +P
Vr = -P

Moments: M X1 = Px
PL
M X2 =3
M X3 = Px'
2PL
FEM, = FEMr = - -
9

PL 2
End slope: () ---
1- 9El

PL 2
Or = + 9El

PL 3
Yp = -0.03086 El under each load

PL 3 L
Ymax = -0.03549 El at x = 2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = -0.1065 Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 47

17. End Supports:

Two Loads

Reactions: R, = R r = P

Shear: V, = +P
Vr = -P

Moments: M Xl = Px
PL
M X2 =4
M X3 = Px'
3PL
FEM , = FEMr
16
= ---

3PL2
End slope: () - ---
,- 32El

3PL2
(}r = + 32E/

PL (~)[9-16(~)2J
3
Deflection: Yxl = _
96E/ L L

Yx2 = - 384E/ !:£[48(1-~)(~)-IJ

L L

PL 3 L
Ymax -- - 0 •0286-
E/ at x = -2

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
y = -0.1144 Ee
48 TABULATED FORMULAS

18. Ends Support: 5P

Two Loads Reactions: RI =4
3P
R=-
, 4
5P
Shear: V, = +4 = Vx1
3P
V, = -4 = Vx3

P
Vx2 ="4
5PL
Moments: M1 =16
3PL
M 2 = -8-

5P
M x 1 =-x
4

M :L(I+ ~)
X2 =

3Px'
M X3 = -4-

17PL
FEM, = - - -
64
45PL 2 I1PL
End slope: {} - --- FEM = - - -
, 64
1- 384E/
39PL2
{}, -- +384E/
--
3
Deflection: Yx1
- - 5PL
-
-- -
384E/ L
(x)[ 9-16-
(X)2J
L
3
Y
x
2 = - -PL-[(x)
384E/
45 - - 80(X)3
L
-
L
+ 64(x
L 4
1)3J
- --
3
PL- -
Y3= - -
x 128E/ L
(X')[ 13-16-
(X')2J
L
PL 3
Y p = -0.03515 E/ under right load

PL 3
Ymax = -0.03523 EI at x = 0.479L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
Y = -0.0939-
Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 49

19. End Supports: 6P

Two Loads Reactions: R, = -
5
4P
R =-
r 5
6P
Shear: V, = Vxl = +S-
4P
V=V
r x 3 = -5-
RL x~~-
P

~Lrrn~"'1
Vx2 = +5
Lill ... -,. . .~..1
11 I Moments: Ml
6PL
=25
LU:llJVr
I I T 8PL
M2=~
6P
Ml=-x
x 5
P
M X2 = S(L+x)
4P ,
M X3 = S-X
28PL
FEM , =-125
22PL
FEMr = -125
39PL 2
End slope: (J, = - 375EI
36PL2
(Jr = + 375EI
Deflection: Yxl = _~(~)[13_25(~)2]
125EI L L

Yx2 = - l~~;I[13( ~ )-25( ~ Y+ 20.833( ~ - ~ y]

Yx3 = - 1~~;I[7.2(~)-16.7(~Y]
3

Ymax = -0.0315 PLEI at x = 0.497L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
y = -0.098~
50 TABULATED FORMULAS

20. End Supports:

Four Loads
Reactions: R, = R r = 2P
Shear: V, = Vx1 = +2P
Vr = Vxs = -2P
Vx2 = P
Vx3 = 0
Vx4 = -P

Moments:

PL
M 2 = M 3 = M X3 = 2
T
Vr M X1 = 2Px
..L

M X2 = p(~ +x)
M,+ M, I

-11 ~2+3+4~5~ M X4 = p( ~ +x')

~7
M xs = 2Px'
IIPL
FEM, = FEM = - - -
9l 9r r 32
2
(J _ _ 33PL
End slope:
1- 192EI
8 _
r -
33PL
+ 192EI
2

Deflection: Y
x
1 = -~(~)[33-64(X)2J
192EI L L

Yx2 -1:~;I[33(~)-6~~Y +3~~ - ~YJ

=

Yx3 = - ~~;[(~)-(~r-l~2J
3
Ymax = -0.0533 PLEI at x = 2L
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = -0.1066-
Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 51

21. End Supports:

Three Loads

~--L--.......... 3P
Reactions: R,=Rr =-
2
P
3P
Shear: V, = Vx1 = +2
3P
v:r = Vx 4 = - -
2
P
Vx 2 =-Vx 3 = 2
-

PL
Moments: M1 = M 3 =4
5PL
M2 =12
3Px
M X1 = -2-

M X2 = p(~ + ~)
M X3
L X')
=p( 6"+2
3Px'
M X4 = -2-
19PL
FEM, = FEMr = - -72-
19PL2
End slope: (J, = - 144EI
19PL2
(Jr = + 144EI

Deflection: Yxt = - 1:~l~)[19-36(~rJ

Yx2 = -1:~I[19(~)-36(~r +2{~ - ~rJ
PL 3 L
Ymax = -0.0409 EI at X =2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
52 TABULATED FORMULAS

22. End Supports:

Three Loads
3P
Reactions: R, = Rr = 2
3P
Shear: V, = Vx1 = +2
P
Vx2 = +2
P
Vx3 = -2
3P
Vr = Vx4 = -2
- Vr
f Moments:

5PL2
End slope: 8, = - 32EI
5PL2
8r = + 32EI

Deflection: Yxl = - ~~l~)[5-8(~rJ

Yx2 = - ~~X5(~)-8(~Y +5.333(~ - ~YJ
PL 3 L
Ymax = -0.0495 EI at x = "2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = -0.0990-
Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 53

23. End Supports:

Uniform Load

qL
Reactions: R, = R r = 2
qL
Sheer: v,= +2
V = _ qL
r 2

Moments: Mx = ~(~)-(~rJ
qL2
M max = -8-
qL2
FEM, = FEMr = - 12
-

qL3
End slope: (J, = - 24E/
qL3
(Jr = + 24E/

Deflection:

5 qL4 L
Y max = - 384 E/ at 2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
y = -0.1402 Ee
54 TABULATED FORMULAS

24. Fixed Ends:

Uniform Load

qL
Reactions: R, = R r = 2
qL
Shear: v,= +2
qL
v=--
r 2

------................. .l.
- Vr qL2
Moments: M,=Mr = - 12
- =M max
IT
T
.......-rPJI6-..........&....&....L...8IlI............. qL2 L
M= - at x = -
-M 24 2
~
I
End slope:

Deflection: Yx = -
qL
24El
4
[(x) (X)2J2
L - L

qL4 L
Ymax = - 384El at x = 2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL2
Y = -0.0313-
Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 55

25. Left End Fixed, Right End Supported:

Uniform Load
Reactions: R , = iqL
L~ Rr = iqL
Shear: V, = +iqL
Vr = -iqL

V = qL[~ - ~J
x

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~.............I.J. Moments:
qL2
M, = M max = --8-

Vr
2
qL [ -5 L
M x = --8- (x) +
It ,~y +IJ
x
M = 0.07qL 2 at L = 0.625

End slope: 0, = 0
qL 3
Or = + 48EI

Deflection: qL
Yx = - 48El L
4
(x)[ 3(x)
L -
5(~)2 2(~)3J
L + L

qL4
Y max = -0 •005~
EI at x = 0.578L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
Y = - 0.0432 Ee
56 TABULATED FORMULAS

26. Left End Free, Right End Fixed:

Uniform Load

Reactions: R, = 0
R r = qL

Shear:

~.,...,..~~ L
Vr Moments:
IT
_~ ..........,..-..t-~...-.-_ .... ~

.J!
I End slope:

Deflection:

qL4
Ymax = - 8El at x = 0
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 57

27. End Supports:

Partial Uniform Load
Reactions: R , = j;qL
R r = lqL
Shear: V, = +iqL
v r = -iqL

Vd = qL(~- ~)
qL
I Vx2 = -8

ii-~"'J~""""I I
....,_,__,_,...., J Moments: M 1 =16
qL2

I LV. 9qL2
128
3
M max = - - at x =-L
8

3 qL 3
End slope: 8 ----
1- 128 EI
7 qL 3
(Jr = - 384 EI

qL ~(x)
4[ (X)3 +2(X)4]
Deflection: Yd = - 48£/ 18\L -3 L L
4 I
qL [7 (XI) (X )3]
Yx2 = - 48EI 8 L - L
qL4
Y max = - 0.0066-
EI
at x = 0.46L
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL2
y = - 0.9387 Be
58 TABULATED FORMULAS

28. End Supports: Partial Uniform Load

a
n
2' oc+ fJQ = 1
= L--
n
v =-
L

L '--......-.~~.....-.. . . . .~I---i- Reaction:

R, = qa(l + (3)
2
qaoc
R =-
- V r 2
t Shear: V, = + qa(1 + (3) = R,
2
qaoc
v:r = - -
2 = -Rr

Vxl = -qa( x)
2 1+fJ-2-
a
qaoc
Vx2 -
-
--
2

End slope:
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 59

29. Fixed Ends:

Partial Uniform Load

oc = L'
a
{3=~
L
a
n = L--, oc+{3 = 1
2
n
v=-
L

R, =
qa 2 3
-[2(1-oc )+oc ]
2

vxl = qa[1-<x2+~-~J
2 a

V, = +R ,
Vr = Vx2 = -Rr
60 TABULATED FORMULAS

30. One End Fixed, One End Supported:

Partial Uniform Load

a
a.+fJ = 1, n = L--
2
n
v=-
L

"........- ~ Reactions:

qa 2
R, = Ta.(l - v )

. Shear:

v, = R,
v, = -R, = Vx2 constant
Sr

Moments: Md = q~2[-V2+V(2+~v{=)-(=YJ

End slope: (J, =0

qa 2La.
(J, = + 48EI (4-3a.)

Deflection: Yxl = - 2~~l=Y{2{3v-(2+~v{=)J+(=Y}

Yx2 = - 2~;l~){2(l;V2)[1-(~YJ-l}
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 61

31. One End Supported, One End Fixed:

Partial Uniform Load

~=~
a
<X = L' L
a
<x+fJ = 1, n = L--
2
n
V=-
L

Reactions:

v, = R,
v, = -R, = Vx2

el
Moments: M xl = q~2 ( : )[ v(1 + v) - ( : ) ]
M X2 = q:T-(2-oe2)+(6-oe2{~)J
qa 2
M, = _-g-(2-<X 2 )

qa 2L
End slope: 81 = - 48E/l+2~+3~2)
(J, =0

Deflection: Yxl = - 2~;l~)[3G+~)-4-{4-3oe+ ~)(~y +(~YJ

Yx2 = - :;l~)[:2- ~J[(~)-(~)]-(~)}
62 TABULATED FORMULAS

32. End Supports:

Partial cUniform Load
4qL
Reactions: R, = T
2qL
Rr=T
4qL
Shear: V,=+-
9
2qL
Vr = --
9 = Vx2

Vx1 = q~~-~)
2
4qL 4L
Moments: M max = n at x -
_
9
2
M = 2qL at x = 2L
1 27 3

Md = q~T5(~)-~(~rJ
(~)
2
q
M X2 = 2:
2qL2
FEM, = -27
4qL2
FEM, =-81
8qL 3
End slope: 0, = - 243EI

7qL 3
Or = + 243EI

Deflection: Yxl -
- -
~(~){16[~9 (~)2J
216EI L L -+ 9(~)3}
L

Yx2
qL
= - 243EI
4
(x'){
L 9[1 _(~)2J-2}
L
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 63

33. End Supports:

Partial Uniform Load
5qL
Reactions: R =18
'
qL
Rr = 18
5qL
Shear: V, = +18
- ........f--X'
qL
Vr = -18 = Vx2

~~ ~\I""-"'I"I.....
I~t.
, ...,...,..,....,...,.....,
5
Vx1 = qL ( 18 - ~)
I Vr
qL2
Moment: M 1 = 27
25qL2 5L
M max = - - at x = -
648 18

qL 3
End slope: (J, = -0.0128 EI

qL 3
(Jr = +0.0087 EI
4
Deflection: Yxl = -
qL
216EI L
(X)[25
9- 10(X)2 (X)3J
L +9 L
64 TABULATED FORMULAS

34. End Supports:

Partial Uniform Load

qa
Reactions: R, = R r = 2
qa
V, = Vx1 = +2
qa
Vr = Vx 3 = - -
2
~~ _ _ J.
- Vr
qab
, Moments: M 1 = M 2 =-
2
qa
M max = g(L+2b)
qa
M X1 = T X

M
x2
= qa2[~+
2 a
x-b
a
_(X-b)2J
a
qa
M X3 = T(L-x)
qaL 2
F£M I = FEMr = --(3-ex
24 )

qaL2
End slope: (J = _--(3-ex 2 )
I 48E/
2
qaL
(J = + __ (3-ex 2)
r 48EI

qL
4
ex(X)[3-ex 2 2(X)2J
Deflection: Yxl = - 24£1 L -2- - L

Yx2 = -
4( )[-2-
qL ex x
24£1 L
3 2 ()2J
-ex
-2 L
qa4(x- b )4
+ 24£1 -a-
X

4
5qL
= ---[1-4.8fi 2
+3. 2fJQ4 ] at x =-2
L
Y max 384£/
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 65

35. End Supports:

Partial Uniform Load

....--- L --------!~ qL
Reactions: R , = R , =6-

qL
Shear: V, = +6 = Vx1
qL
V, = -6 = Vx3
q

~. . . . . . . .I-l
Vx2 = 2(L-2x)

qL 2
-
,.
V Moments:
r
M1

M max = ~
= M2

5qL2
= 18

2(X)
qL
M X1 =6 L

M X2 = q~:[ -1+9(i)(1-i)]
2
_ qL (L-X)
M X3 - 6 L
13qL2
FEM , = FEM, = - 324
() __ 13qL 3
End Slope:
,- 648El
3
8 _ 13qL
,- + 648£1
L 4
Deflection: - --q-- ~
hl- 6~m L ()[13-18-
(X)2]
L

Yx2 6:~:I[13(~)-18(~J + 27(i -~r]

= -
4
qL L
Ymax = -0. 0067 at x = 2:

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

2
SL
Y = -0. 095 e>-&
66 TABULATED FORMULAS

36. End Supports:

Partial Uniform Load

a b
(X = L' f3 = L
Reactions: R , = R r = qa
Shear: V, = qa
Vr = -qa
Vx1 = +q(a-x)
Vx2 =0
Vx3 = q(a-x')

Moments: M X1 = qx(a- ~)
qa 2
MX2=Mmax=T

M X3 = qx'(a- ~/)
2
FEM, = FEM = _ qa (2+p)
r 6

() _ qa2L(2 + f3)
End Slope: ,- - 12E/

() _ qa 2L(2+ f3)
r - + 12EI
4
Deflection: Yxl = -
qa ~
24EI (X)[2~(3-2(X)-4(X)2
-;; + (X)3J
-;;

Y
x
2 = _~{~[(X)_(~)2J-1}
24EI L L
(X2

Ymax = _ ~~r IX?3 -2Jat x = 2L

-48EiL
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
2
Y sa ( -3- 2)
= -0.0417-
Ee (X2
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 67

37. End Supports:

Partial Uniform Load

qL
Reactions: R , = Rr = 3
qL
Shear: Vl = +3
V = _qL
r 3
Rt
1 Vd = +q(~ -x)
1-
Vt~----.. 1
I
Vx2 =0

r I ~Vr Vx3 = _q( ~ -XI)

T Moments: M max = M X2 =
qL 2
18
M~

qX(~- ~)
1-.......---...~................~...

~2~
M X1 =

M X3 = qX'( ~ - ~/)
e e ~
r
FEM , = FEMr = - 162
7qL 2

7qL 3
End slope: (}, = - 324£1

7qL 3
(}r -- +--
324£1

Deflection: Y
x
1 = _~(~)[14_36(~)2
648£/ L L
+27(~)3J
L

Y = - ~~I[(~)(I- ~)- 514J

x2

qL4 L
Ymax = -0.00644 EI at x = 2

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

68 TABULATED FORMULAS

38. End Supports:

Triangular Load
qL
Reactions: R =6
'
qL
Rr=T
qL
Shear: V, = +6
V = _qL
r 3

Vx = q~[1-3(~YJ
Moments: Mx = q~2(~)[1-(~YJ
qL2 2
M max = 9'V/3 = 0.0642qL
at x = 0.577L
qL2
FEM , = -30
qL 2
FEM = - -
r 20

7qL 3
End slope: () - ---
1- 360EI
qL3
()r -- + 45EI

Deflection: y
x
= _~(~)[7_10(~)2
360EI L L
+3(~)4J
L
qL4
Ymax = -0.00652 EI at x = 0.519L

Deflection, in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
Y = -0.1016 Ec
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 69

39. Fixed Ends:

Triangular Load

3
Reactions: R, = 20 qL

7
Rr = 20 QL

3
Shear: V, = 20 QL

7
Vr = - 20 QL

Vx = ~~[3-1O(~rJ

Moments: Mx = q~T4.5(~)-5(~Y -IJ

M = 0.0214QL 2 = Max+M at x = 0.548L
QL 2
M, = - 30

QL 2
M
r
= - 20
- = Max-M

Deflection:

4
QL
Ymax = - 764£/ at x = 0.525L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

70 TABU~ATED FORMULAS

40. One End Fixed, One End Supported:

Triangular Load

Reactions: R, = -l-oqL
R r = !!qL

9
V, = +4 0qL
Vr = -l~qL

Vx = ~~[9-20(~ YJ

2
Moments: Mx = qL
120 (X')[
L 33-60(X')
L +20(X')2J
L
M, = - lloQL2 = Max-M
M = 0.0423QL 2 = Max+M at x = 0.671L
End slope: 8, = 0
QL 3
8r -- +--
80El
4
Deflection: Yx
_
- -
qL (X)2[ 3(x')
240El L L +6(X')2
L -2(X')3J
L
qL4
Ymax = -0.00305 EI at x = 0.598L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
Y = -0.0523-
. Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 71

41. One End Supported, One End Fixed:

Triangular Load

qL
Reactions: RI=W

2qL
Rr =-
5

qL
Shear: V, = 10
2qL
v=--
r5

81,
Moments: Mx = ~~)[3-5(~YJ
M = 0.03qL 2 = Max+M at x = 0.447L
qL2
M = --=Max-M
r 15
qL3
End slope: 0, = - 120EI

Or =0
Deflection:

qL4
Ymax = -0.0024 EI at x = 0.447L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
Y = - 0.0360 Ec
72 TABULATED FORMULAS

42. One End Free, One End Fixed:

Triangular Load

R, = 0

R = qL
r 2

Moments:

M max = -tqL2 at x = L
qL 3
End slope: (J -
1-
+8EI
-

Deflection: y
x
= -~[11-15(~)+5(~)4
120EI L L
_(~)5J
L
llqL4
Ymax = - 120EI at x = 0
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 73

43. One End Free, One End Fixed:

Triangular Load

Reactions: R, = 0
qL
R , = 2-

Shear: V. = - q~(~y
qL
Vmax = - - at x = L
2

Moments: M = _lJ!!J~)3
JC 6\L
qL 2
M max = - - - at x = L
6
qL 3
End slope: (J, = + 24EI

(J, = 0

Deflection:
74 TABULATED FORMULAS

44. End Supports:

Triangular Load
qL
Reactions: R, = Rr = 4
qL
Shear: V, = +-
4
qL
v=--
r4

qL2
Moments: M max = 12

5qL 3
End slope: O, = - 192EI

5qL3
Or = + 192EI
4
Deflection:
Yxl
qL
= - 120El L
(X)[25
8- 5(X)2 (X)4J
L +2 L

qL4 L
Ymax = - 120EI at x = 2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = -0.1000 Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 75

45. End Supports:

Triangular Load
a
(X =-
L
qa
Reactions: R, = R r = 2

Shear:

Vx3 = qa[ 1- (X')2J

-2 a-
V, = +R, = - Vr

qa 2 (4-3(X)L
End slope: 8, = - 24El

qa 2 (4-3(X)L
8r -- + -24El
---

Deflection: Yxl = _~(~)[~_3_2(~)2

24EI a a
+~(~)4J
5 a
(X

4
Yx2
qa { 5 [x
= - 30EI L - (X)2J
L
(X2 -1 }

Ymax
qa
= - 120EI
4
(5)
(X2 -4 at x =
L
2:
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
2
SL ( -5- 4)
y = -0.025-
Ee (X2
76 TABULATED FORMULAS

46. End Supports: Triangular Load

a b
<X--
- L' Q=L,<x+ fJQ =1
fJ

R , = qa(2 + fJ)
Reactions:
6
R = qa<X
r 6

Shear: V, = + qa(2+fJ)
6
v = _ qa<x
r 6

qa<x
Vx 2 = V
r
= -6-

End slope:

Deflection: Yxl = -~(~){![~+(~-<x)2J-I0(~)2(1-!<x)

120£1 a 12 2
<X a 3

+5(~Y -(~J}
Yx2 = -
4
qa
360£1 (X'){ 10[1- (X'L )2J}
L -3+~
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 77

47. End Supports:

Triangular Load

qL
Reactions: R, = R, = 4
qL
Shear: V,= +-
4
qL
V, = -4-

qL2
M max =24
qL 2
FEM, = FEM, = -32
qL3
End slope: (J = ---
, 64E/
(J _ ql.,3
r - + 64E/
Deflection: Yxl = - 1;~:l~){~5 -(~)T5(1- ~)+~~rJ}
qL4 L
Ymax = -0.00469 E/ at x = 2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = -0.1126 Be
78 TABULATED FORMULAS

48. End Supports:

Trapezoidal Load
qL
Reactions: R, = R r = 3
qL
Shear: v,= +3
V = _qL
r 3

Vx1 = + i~[6-27(~Y]
V = q~[1-2(~)]
x2

5
Moments: M1 = 54qL 2
23 ,T2
M max = 2T6q-L

(J _ _ l1qL 3
End slope:
1- 324E/
() _ l1qL 3
r - + 324EI
4 (x)[ 110
Deflection: Yxl
qL
= - 360EI L 9 - 20(X)2 (X)4]
L +9 L
4
Yx2
qL
= - 216EI [(x)
7 L +2 L
(X)2 -18(X)3 (X)4 1]
L +9 L + 45
qL4 L
Ymax = -0.0108 EI at x = 2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 79

49. End Supports: Trapezoidal Load

~--L--.....-.t

3qL
Reactions: R, = Rr = -8-

3qL
Shear: V, = +-8-

V = _ 3qL
r 8

V = q~[3-16(~ rJ
x1

Vx2 = q~2-4(E)J

Moments:

M max = ~~qL2

M X1 = q~2(~)[36-6{~rJ
M
x2
= qL2[4(~)_4(~)2
8 L L
__1
12
J
19qL2
FEM, = FEMr = -256
3
8 __ 57qL
End slope:
1- 1536E/
8 _ 57qL 3
r - + 1536E/
4
Deflection: y xl -- qL (X)[285 15(X)2 + 8(X)4J
- 240E1 L 32 - L L

qL
4[3(x ) 1(X)2 (X)3 (X)4 1 J
Yx2 = - 24E/4 L +"4 L -2 L + L + 1280
qL4 x 1
Ymax = -0.01044 E1 at L = 2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = -0.0911 Ee
80 TABULATED FORMULAS

50. End Supports:

Parabolic Load

qL
Reactions: R, = 12
Rr
I R =-
r 4
qL
- T
qL
Vr Shear: V,= +-
-i. 12

~ I v=--
4r
qL

I~.~
8L 9r

Moments: Mx = ~~Il-(~YJ
M max = 0.0394qL 2 at Xo = 0.630L
qL 2
FEM, = - 60

qL 2
FEMr = -3()

qL3
Slope: O, = - 90EI
qL3
Or = + 72EI
Deflection: Yx = - 3:~:l~)[4-s(~Y +(~)]
qL4
Ymax = -0.0039 EI at x = 0.53L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
Y = - 0.0989 Ec
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 81

51. End Supports:

Parabolic Load

5qL
Reactions: R'=12
qL
R'=4
5qL
Shear: V,= + -
12
qL
v=--
, 4

I~~~ e~ 9r
Moments: Mx = ~~15-6(~)+(~Y]
M max = 0.08967qL 2 at Xo = 0.4463L
qL 2
FEM, = -15
qL2
FEM = - -
, 20
8 _ l1qL 3
End slope: , - - 360EI
qL 3
8, = + 36EI

Deflection: Yx = - 3:~:l~)[11-25(~Y +15(~Y -(~y]

qL4
Ymax = -0.0092 EI at x = 0.49L
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = -0.10260 Ee
82 TABULATED FORMULAS

52. End Supports:

Parabolic Load

qL
Reactions: R , = Rr = 3
qL
- V, Shear: V, = +-
3

~
IT v=--
3r
qL

I~~
e~ at'
Moments: Mx = ~~)[1-2(~J +(~YJ
5qL2
M max = ~
qL 2
FEMI =FEMr =--
15
3
qL
End slope: (J - ---
1- 30EI
qL3
(J -
r -
+--
30EI

Deflection:
Yx = - :~;I(~I3-5(~J +3(~r-(~rJ
qL4 L
Ymax = -0.01059 EI at x = "2
Deflection in terms of fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = -010166-
· Ec
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 83

53. End Supports:

End Couple

M
Reactions: R z = - -o
L

M
R = +_0
r L
x Rr
M
RL Shear: V = - - o constant
I IJL L

-.L. ~ Moments:

Mm~~ M max = M o

TI~~
MoL
End slope: 8 - ---
z- 3EI

et e,.
Deflection:

M L2
o
Y max = - 0.0642 -EI
- at x = 0.423L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
y = -0.0642-
Ee
84 TABULATED FORMULAS

54. One End Supported, One End Fixed:

End Couple

L----j Reactions:
3Mo
R, = - - -
2L

I R _
r - +
3Mo
2L

Shear: v= _ 3Mo constant

2L

Moments: Mx = M{l-~(~)J
M,=M o
Ml, + i M
T M = -2-o
Mt r

1 IT
":t 9 1,
End slope:

8r = 0
MoL
8, = - - -
4EI

Deflection:

M oL 2 L
Ymax = -0. 0370 ----m- at x = 3"
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = -0.0370-
Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 85

55. Cantilever:
End Couple

Reactions: R, = 0
Rr = 0
Shear: V=O
Moments: M = M o = M max

End slope: (J, = _ MoL

EI
J
-.

Deflection:
Yx = +~~~Tl-2(~)+(~YJ
M L2
Ymax = + -o- at x = 0
2EI
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y= +2Ee
-
86 TABULATED FORMULAS

56. End Supports:

End Couple

M
Reactions: R,= - o
L
Mo
Rr =--
L

Mo
Shear: V = +- constant
L

Moments:

+ Mmo,1t
M max = Mo

~'-""""""''''''''''''IT End slope: (J, = ---

MoL
6EI

~~~
az' 9,
(J -
r -
MoL
+--
3EI

Deflection: Yx = - ~~~2 (~)[l-(~YJ

M oL 2
Ymax = -0. 0642 --m- at x = 0.577L

Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:

SL 2
Y = -0.0642-
Ec
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 87

57. One End Fixed, One End Supported:

End Couple

3Mo
R,=--
2L

Mo
M,=--
2

End slope: 8, = 0
MoL
8r = + 4EI

Deflection:

2
M oL 2L
Ymax = -0. 0370 -m at x = 3
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = -00370-
· Ee
88 TABULATED FORMULAS

58. End Supports:

End Couples

M 1 > M 2 or M 1 < M 2
For M 1 = M 2 see Case 59

Reactions: R __ M 1 -M2
,- L

R = _M_1_-_M_
2
r L
M 1 -M2
Shear: V = - constants
L

Moments: M" = Ml-(Ml-M2{~)

M,=M 1
M r =M2
() __ (2MI +M2 )L
End slope:
1- 6EI

() _ (M 1 +2M2 )L
r - + 6EI

Deflection:
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 89

59. End Support:

End Couples Equal

v=o
Moments: Mx = M 0 = constant
MoL
End slope: (J, = ---
2EI

Deflection:

M oL 2 L
Ymax = - 8El at x = "2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL2
y = _O.1250
Ee
90 TABULATED FORMULAS

60. End Supports:

End Couples Equal

2M
Reactions: R, = - - -o
L
2M
R
r
=L-o

2M o
Shear: V = - - - constant
L

Moments:
---............~~-.L
- Mo End slope: 8 = _ MoL
, 6EI

8 = _ MoL
r 6EI

Deflection:

M L2
Ymax = -0.0481 ;/ at x = 0.21lL

2
M oL
Ymax = +0. 0481 -m at x = 0.789L

L
Y = 0 at x = -
2
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = -0.04810-
Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 91

61. End Supports:

Intermediate Couple

a b
(X= L' 13= L' (X+f3= 1

M
Reactions: R,=--o
L

oM
Rr = +-
L
......-.....-~.........,~~.....I .i.
V Mo
..........................................T Shear: v= L
constant

I Moments:

M = +Mo(~)
.~1~2
X2

M1 = -Mo(X
M 2 = +Mof3
FEM, = M of3(2-3f3)
r
FEMr = M o(X(3(X-2)

End slope:

MoL 2
(Jr = + 6EI (1-3(X )

Deflection: Yxl = ~~~2(~)[I_(~Y _3 p2 ]

2
Yx2 = - M6~I
L L (X')[ 1- (X')2
L -3«2 ]
ML 2
YM = - 3EI (Xf3(f3 - (X) at x = a for 13 > (X
ML 2
YM = + 3EI (Xf3(f3 - a,) at x = a for f3 < (X
92 TABULATED FORMULAS

62. Fixed Ends:

Intermediate Couple

a b
oc = L' f3 = L' oc+f3=l
Mo
Reactions: R, = --6ocf3
L
M
o
R, = + -6ocf3
L

V o M
Shear: V = - T6ocf3, constant
T
1 Moments: M X1 = M{3a(1-2f)-1]
O

- M..
Mo{1-3P(1-2~)]
~+2~f
M X2 =

M, = M of3(2-3f3)

~ End slope:
M, = M ooc(3oc - 2)
8, = 8, = 0

Deflection:
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 93

63. One End Fixed, One End Supported:

Intermediate Couple

a b
(X = L' f3 = L' a.+{3 = 1

3Mo 2
Reactions: R, = - 2L (1- f3 )

...................,.-.....,...........-.--~I-l
Rr = + 2L0
3M
(1- f12)

V
...................................,T Shear:
3Mo
V = - 2L (1- f12) constant

Moments: M X1 = ~O[(1-3f12)
-3(1-f12{~)J
'±2 M X2 = 3~0(1_f12{~)
Mo 2
M, = T(1-3fJ )

End slope: 8, = 0
8 _ MoLa.
r - 4EI (2-3a.)
2
Deflection: Yxl = 4EI (X)2[
M L L
O
3f3 -1+(I-f3)(X)J
L2 2

2
oL a.(X')[
Yx2 = - M4EI L 2-3a.-(2-a.)(X')2J
L
94 TABULATED FORMULAS

64. End Supports:

Center Couple
M
Reactions: R,= -To
M
R = +_0
r L
Mo
Shear: V = - - constant
L

Moments: Md = -Mo(~)
M = Mo(~)
X2

M
M1 = - -o
2
M o
M2 = +-
2
M
FEM , = + -o
2
Mo
FEMr = - 4-

8 _ MoL
End slope: ,- + 24El
8 _ MoL
r - + 24E1

Deflection: Yxl =
O2(X)[
+ M24EI
L L 1-4(X)2J
L

L 1-4(X'L )2J
2

Yx2 = - (X')[
oL
M24EI
2
Ymax = -O.OO80 --m at x = O.711L
M oL

2
M oL
Ymax = +0. 0080 --m at x = 0.289L
L
Y = 0 at x = 2"
Deflection in terms of maximum fiber stress:
SL 2
Y = 0.0080 Ee
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 95

65. Fixed Ends:

Center Couple

3M o
Reactions: R,= - - -
2L
3M o
Rr =2i:

3M constant
Shear: v= - - -o
2L
V
T Moments: M = MO[!_3(~)]
2 2
xl L

Mo [ 1 (XI)]
M = T - 2 + 3 [;
X2

Mo
M,= -Mr = 4

End slope: 0, = Or = 0

M oL
2(X)2[X 1]
Deflection: Yxl = 4EI L L - 2:
2
M oL (X')2[ x' 1]
Yx2 = 4EI [; -[;+2:
L
Y = 0 at x = -
2
96 TABULATED FORMULAS

66. One End Fixed, One End Supported:

Center Couple

9M o
Reactions: R, = -8£
R = ~Mo
r 8 L
9M
.................~..-... ..............,....r-l Shear: V = - - -o constant
8L
V
...................................tMoments:

1=tJ2 End slope: 0, = 0

~
(J _ 1 MoL
--~ r - + 16 EI

Deflection: y = _ M oL
2(~)2[ - + 3(~)J 1
xl 16EI L L

Yx2 = - ~~;(~)[1-3(~YJ
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 97

67. End Supports:

Intermediate Couples

fJ = ~
L
Reactions: R, = R r = 0
Shear: V= 0
Moments: M X1 = 0
M X2 = M o
M X3 =0
FEM, = FEMr = - M ofJ

End slope: () = _ MoLfJ

, 2EI

() MoLfJ
r = + 2EI

Deflection:
98 TABULATED FORMULAS

68. End Supports:

Intermediate Couples

a b
ex= L' f3=L' 2ex+f3=1

Reactions: R = _ 2Mo
j
L
2M o
R r = +--
L
2M
Shear: V = - - -o constant
L

Moments: Md = -2Mo(~)
M = M{I-2(~)J
X2

M = 2Mo(~)
X3

M 1 = -2M oex = -M4

M 2 = M o = -M3 f3
FEM, = - FEMr =
M 0(1- 3(32)
2
End slope:
8 _ M 0(1- 3(32)L
,- + 12EI
8 = _Mo (I-3f32)L
r 12EI
Deflection: Y 1 = + M OL
2(X)[4_4(x)2 -3(1 +,82)J
x 12£/ L L
2
Yx2 = - L
M6~I[XL - 3(X)2
L + 2(X)3
L - 3a;2 ( 1- 2 LX)J
2
Y 3 = _M_L (X')[ 4-4(X')2
0_ - - -3(l+f32)J
x 12EI L L
2
M oL ex 2 2
YM = - --[(l-3ex) -ex ] at x = a
6EI
M L 2 ex
YM = + 6~I [(1- 3a;)2 - a;2] at X' = a

L
Y = 0 at x = -
2
 TABLE 2 TABULATION OF BEAM AND RIGID-FRAME FORMULAS 99

69. End Supports:

Couple

Reactions: R, = PfJ
R, = -PfJ
Shear:
- Rr
"1 V"2 = - 2Prx.
.......--..---........---+....... ~ Vr Moments: M"l = +Pb(~)

M"3 = -Pb( ~)
M, = Pba
M r = -Pba
FEM, = -Pba(I-a)
FEM, = +Pba(I-a)
PbLa
End slope: (J, = - 6EI (1- a)

PbLa
(Jr = - 6EI (I-a)

Deflection:
100 TABULATED FORMULAS

70. End Supports:

Couples

....---L--..........
p p p p a b c
cx= L' f3= L' v= -
L
Reactions: R, = Rr = 0
Shear: Vx1 = Vx3 = Vxs = 0
V2 = P = - Vx4
Moments: M max = Pb
M X1 = M xs = 0
M X2 = P(x-a)
M X4 = P(x' -a)

FEM, = FEM = -Pbe;c) r

End slope: _ (J = (J = Pb(b+c)

, r 2EI

Pb(b+c)
Deflection: Yxl = 2EI x

Yx2 = PL3f1[
6EI 3(f1 + v)(x)
L - f1 2(x-a)3J
-b-

Yx3 = PL3f1[X (X)2 1

2EI L - L -cx(cx+ f1 )-3 f12
J
 Rigid-Frame Formulas
Frame Constants and Notations II = Moment of inertia of the cross section of
the frame, in. 4 ; 12 = for cross tie
F = 12(~) C = I2(~) L = Span of frame, in.
II b 11 L
M 2 ,M3 = Bending moment at joints 2 and 3, in.-Ib
G = 3+2F D = 2+C Mm = Maximum bending moment, in.-Ib
J = 4C+3 E = 1+6C Mx,M, = Bending moment at any section of frame,
located by distance x or y, in.-Ib
K=--
3+2C
1
£2 = F(l- ~:) P =
V =
Applied point load, lb
Vertical component of frame reaction, lb
h = Frame height, in. w= Applied distributed load, lb/in.
H = Horizontal component of frame reaction, lb x = Distance from joint to point of interest

Rectangular Frames with Hinged Supports (Cases 71-80)*

71. Pinned Supports:
Concentrated Central Load on Horizontal Member
M2
2 t: 1 P 1-13 M 2 = M 3 = -tPLK H=
h
r r12
II It v= P
2 Mm =
PL
4+ M2
J MOMENT
DIAGRAM
At any section of column: My = M 2 ~

§ * References 11, 24.

o 72. Pinned Supports:
N Concentrated Intermediate Load on Horizontal Member
3PKab y
M2 = M3 = --- M y =M2 -h
2L
M2
V 1 = P ( 1- La) Pa
V4 = L H =
h
Pbx
When x ~ a, M x = L+M2

When x > a, M" = P~l- ~)+M2

73. Pinned Supports:

Uniform Load on Horizontal Member
y
M2 = M 3 = -twL2 K My = M 2h

wL 2 K
H= - - V= !wL
4h
WLX(
M x = -2- 1- L
x) +M 2
~ l~----t
wL 2
M m =-g-+M2
 74. Pinned Supports:
Partial Uniform Load on Horizontal Member
wbK(3L 2 - b 2 ) M _ M 2y
r- o-,,- O M2 = M3 =
8L
y- -
h
I t?lr- x H= _M2 wb
v=-
IJ Ii h 2
1 .Y
";,,,rr
I,
,p", When x ~ a, M x
wbx
= -2-+M2
~L ----{

When a, < x ~
L
2' Mx = 2Wb[ x (x-a)2]
b +M 2

75. Pinned Supports:

Triangular Load on Horizontal Member

Y
M2 = M 3 = -lwL 2 K M =M-
,J J11 1]111 WUIlIIIrInmnn., 3 Y h
12
2
I, H = - M Vi = twL V4 = !wL
h

M x = wx [(L-x) (2L-x)]+M2
6L

o
~
~ 76. Pinned Supports:
Moment Acting at Joint 2
M 3
f2I-x k
3
Ii
M2- 1 = M3 = 2 MK M2- 3 = M 2 - 1-M
I, 11 /I H = - -
M2
V1 = -
M
V4 = - V 1
~y J!1 h L
~ L -----I
Mx = M2 - 3 (1- LX) +M x 3L My =
h
M 2 - 1I:

Note: M 2 - 3 = Moment acting at left end of member 2-3

77. Pinned Supports:
Uniform Load on Vertical Member

M 2, M 3 wa 2 [ ±1-CK(1-
= 4 a 2h2
2
)J H4 = M3
-h
Use + for M 2 -for M 3
wa 2
HI = H 4 - wa V4 = - - = - V 1
2L
L
waY1(b a-Y1) Yl
WhenY1 ~ a, M Y1 = -2- h+-a- +M2h
2
wa
WhenY1 > a, M Y1 = 2 ( Y1) +M Y1
1--,; 2h

M Y4 = M 3 }h; (x)
M x = M 2 1- L +M3 LX
 2 2 2
78. Pinned Supports: wa { CK[10-3(a /h )]} M3
M 2 M 3 =- +1------- H4 =
Triangular Load on Vertical Member , 12 - 10 h
Use + for M 2 - for M 3
3 wa wa 2
4 HI = H 4 - -2- V4 = -6L- VI = - V4
When Yl ~ a,
M = WaYl[~+ (a-Yl) (2a- Y 1 )]+M Yl
l !£1 yl 6 h a2 2 h

When Yl > a, M = Y1 W;2 (1_:1)+M :1 2

M Y4 = M 3h
Y4

M M(1- ~)+M3 ~
x = 2

79. Pinned Supports:

Uniform Load on Both Vertical Members

M2 = M 3 = -iwh 2 CK VI = V4 = 0
~T why Y . wh M 2
II
... M =-+M2 - H= - - - -
y 2 h 2 h
1
......
ov.
~ 80. Pinned Supports:
Concentrated Load on One Vertical Member

~.
2 M2, M 3 = ~ ± l-CK(l- ::)J
1--' t l Use + for M 2 - for M 3
o
M3
.L H4 = - -
h
H1 = H 4 -P
-.f
Pa
V4 = - V 1 = - V4
L
Y1
When Y1 ~ a, MY1 = I;(M2 +Pb)

When Y1 > a, M Y1 = Pa( I - IY1) Y1

; +M2T

Y4
M Y4 = M 3T

Mx = M2 (1- ~)+M3 ~
 Rectangular Frames with Fixed Supports (Cases 81-86)
81. Fixed Supports:
Concentrated Load on Horizontal Member

,--
h
2r a ~.P M
l'
M = Pab[ -.!-.+ L-2a]
4

For ±: M 1

M 2' M 3 -- - pab(
2L D-
= -

1 L-2a)
LE
M4 = +
H = 3Pab
2hD

L - D+ --
1._'1"" - 2LE
~l-'" where M 2 = + and M 3 = -

V4 = M - b-(2ab/L)] VI = P- V4
LL 1 LE

When x ~a M" = (Pb+M3)~ +M2(1- ~)

When x > a M" = (pa+M 2{1- ~)+M3~
M Y1 = Yl (Yl)
M 2 -,;+M 1 1--,;

( Y4)
M y4 = M 4 I-Ii" +M3Ji Y4

.....
o......:I
(5 82. Fixed Supports:
00 Partial Uniform Load on Horizontal Member
2 2
M = M = wb(3L -b ) H= 3M!
1 4
h
My
M 2 = M 3 = -2M! v= wb
2
wbx
When x :s:;; a, M x = -2-+M2

When a < x :s:;; a+b,

Wb[ x- (x-a)2]
Mx = T b +M2

wb
When x > a+b, M x = T(L-x)+M 2

My = M2~ +M{l-~)
 83. Fixed Supports:
Triangular Load on Horizontal Member

M
l'
M
4
=WL
-(1 1)
24
2
- +-
D - 5E
Utl it t it fi!n:. 3

M 2, M 3 = -U
1± 1)
WL
2
(
D 10E

For ± : M 1 = -, M2 = +, M 3 = -, M 4 = +
2
H = wL V4 = WL(t __1_)
8hD 6 10E
wL
VI = - - V4
2

M wx
= -(L-x)(2L-x)+M (x)
2 1-- +M3 -
x
x ~ L L
M Y1 = M 2h +M1 I- Yl (Yl)
h
M Y4 = M 4 I- ( hY4) +M3h
Y4

~
::: 84. Fixed Supports:
o Moment Acting at Joint 2

3 Ml> M 4 = - ~(~ ± ~)
C2FI, ~I
r;;
I, II
M2 -l> M3 = M(~ ± 2~)
II ~t 41 114 Signs: M 1 = -, M4 = +, M 2 - 1 = +, M 3 = -
L ----..{
3M
M2- 3 = M 2 - 1 -M H = - 2hD
6MC
V1 = -V4 =--
LE

Mx = M2 -{I- ~)+M3 ~
M Y1 = M 1( I - IY1) Y1
; +M2 - 11;

( Y4)
M Y4 = M 4 I - I ; +M31;
Y4
Note: M 2 _ 3 = Moment acting on left end of member 2-3
 85. Fixed Supports:
Uniform Load on Vertical Member M I ,M4 wa { 24D
=T
3
C[(8+ C6)
_~(l+2)-
h\ C 6hJ±[~_~J}
---J a 4a2E
4 'MIl
For ±: M 1 = - M4 = +
1j
J4 M 2, M 3 = wa [
-T
3
C ( 4-3/i
24D a) ± 2£1 ]
l~ For ±:M 2 = - M3 = +
H4 = Twa
2
{14+24D
C [ a
6-3 h2
2

-(2- :Y(3+ ~)J}

wa 3 C
HI = H 4 -wa V4 = -VI = - -
hLE

When Y ~ a, M Y1
waY1
= -2- (b
a-Y1)
h+-a-

Y1) +M Y1
+M1( I-I; 2T
2
Wheny> a, M Y1 wa
= ( T+M1 )

~
~
~
+(l-Y; )+M/;
M Y4 = M4 (1 -TY4) +M3T Y4
M= M(1- ~)+M3 ~
x 2
=
tv
86. Fixed Supports:
Concentrated Load on One Vertical Member

M1 M4 = _ pa{ bC (b+ h+b)

2 3 , 2 h2 D C
IT I,
h P
x It
1i ± 3C[I-(b/h)]
_ ±1
}

I;' +Jf J4. -4 -

G- I , 1"//1
Signs: M 1 = + -; M4 = - +
~L ---I ~ M M = _ pa{abC + 3C[I-(b/h)]}
2' 3 2 h2 D - E
Signs: M 2 = - M3 = +
H4 = -pa[--
bC(a-b+--
h+b) +1 ]
2h hD C
V
4
= - VI = 3aCP[I-(bj h)], HI = H -P
4
LE

Wheny ~ a, M Y1 = (M2+Pb)~ +M{l-~)

Wheny> a, M Y1 = (Ml+pa{l-~ )+M2~
M Y4 = M{l-y; )+M3~
Mx = M(1- ~)+M3 ~
2
 Single-Leg Frames (Cases 87-92)
87. Pinned Supports: wL 2 Al2
Uniform Load on Horizontal Member M 2 = 8(C+l) Hi = H3 = h
wL M 2 wL Al
HHtHHHHtHU~~UH.&J
- __3..!!J. VI = - - - V 3 = - + -2
1 Co
~ 2 L 2 L
VJ
Xm ----J + 'M"AX WX A(2) V3
+- Alx = (L-x) ( 2+£ = L-~
1/lJ,ty V3 Y
Xm

,- L .1 Almax = T(L-x m ) My = hAl2

88. Vertical Member Fixed, Horizontal Member Pinned: wL 2 M2 H= 3MI

Uniform Load on Horizontal Member Al2 = MI =
2J 2 h
wL M 2
VI = - - - V 3 = wL-Vl
2 L
V3X m V
M max = -2-' where Xm = W3
(h-y) y
My = M 1- - + M 2h
l----.l h

M x = (L-x) (
WX
2+£M2)
~
~
~
::: 89. Pinned Supports:
~ Moment Acting at Joint 2
M MC
M 2A = C+l M 2B = - - - M = M 2A - M2B
.. J j »J > -=-eJ-!it. C+l
II) M 2B M 2A
M3 = -2 M1 = Hi = H 3 = 3Mi
2 h

Vi = -V3 = 3M3
L
L-x y
Mx=M2B~ My = M 2Ah

90. Vertical Member Pinned, Horizontal Member Fixed:

Uniform Load on Horizontal Member
wL 2 wL2 (2C+ 1)
M2 = M3 =
4J 4J
y
Hi = H 3 _- - -M
2
--- M = - M2
h y h
Mf~Km--J + wL M 2 -M3
fIJ t1 Vt = 2- T ' V3 = wL- V t
-4/
VtX m VI
M max = -2- + M 2 where Xm = --;-

wx(L-x) L-x x
M = + - - M2 +-M3
x "" L L
 91. Pinned Supports:
Uniform Load on Vertical Member

whC M2
M 2 = - 8(C+l) VI = - V 3 =
L

~J
wh M2 H = wh _ M 2
HI = -2- h 3
2 h
~777?7777'

f.- l M= M(1- ~)
x 2
My = M2~+ wy(h-y)
h

92. Fixed Supports: ,T2 _M

Uniform Load on Horizontal Member 2 WL MI = - 22
M = 12(C+l) 3M
2
wL (3C+2) HI = H 3 = -h I
M3 = - 24(C+ 1)
WL M 2 -M3 V3 = wL- VI
VI = 2-
,T
T

VI x m VI
Mmax = -2- + M 2 , where X m = ---;-

wx(L-x) L-x x
Mx = '" +~M2+LM3

h-y y
~
My = -h-MI +-,;M2
~

VlI
= Trapezoidal Frames (Cases 93-98)
0'\
93. Pinned Supports:
Uniform Load on Horizontal Member
wb 2 Wb( b)
M2 = M 3 = - - - H = 2j; a+ 4G
4G

Xl
M"l = M 2- M"2 = wX2(b-x2)+M2
a

If.

94. Pinned Supports:

Concentrated Load on Horizontal Member

M 2' M 3 = _~r_3u_v + a(b-2U)]

2LbG ---L--
For ±: M 2 = - M3 = +

H = ~a+ ~~) VI = «1+_b-_2_U)

L
1
MZ2=M{1-~)
~/",

f--- l .1 V4 =P-V1 MZ1 =M2:

When X2 ~ U, M Z2 = (PV+M3)~ + M 2(1- ~)

When X2 > U, M Z2 = (PU+M2)(1- ~ ) + M 3~
 95. Fixed Supports:
Horizontal Concentrated Load
(ljF) +2 + (Ljb) Phb
Let Z= . . ')+2[1 + (Ljb) + (L 2 jb 2 )] M3= - 2L (l-z)

Ml = --
nz M4 = -
nz M2
nb
= -(I-z)
2 2 2L
P P Ph
HI = -- H4 =- V4 = - VI = -(I-z)
2 2 L

M Xl = M l
Xl) + M 2a
(I-a Xl
X2) X2
M X2 = M 2 ( I -
b + M 3b
X3) + M X3
I-a
M X3 = M 3( 4a

~
~

--..I
=
00
96. Pinned Supports:
Horizontal Concentrated Load

M 2, M 3 = PU(EG2 -+~)
-2 L

Pu
V4 = - VI = L
H.
'V; For ±: M 2 = - M3 = +
E2)
~
H4 = u 1+- HI = H 4 -P
2h G
YI
When YI ~ U, M Y1 = (Pv+M2 )h

( YI)
WhenYI > u, M Y1 = Pu I-I; +M2 1; YI
M X2 = M 2 ( I- X2) +M X2
b 3b
M X3 = M{l- ~)
 97 Fixed Supports: wb 2 wb 2
Uniform Load on Horizontal Member M1 = M4 -- .~,~ . ~, M2 = M 3 = -6(2+F)
--

Wb( b) wb
H= 2h a+ 4+2F V="2

M xl = M x3 = M 1 1 -a- Xl) + M Xla

( 2-

M X2
_ WbX2(1_~)+M
- 2 b 2

98. Pinned Supports:

Horizontal Uniform Load M2, M 3 = -4
Wh
2
( F b)
2G ± L' V4 =
2
wh
2L = - Vl
For ±: M 2 = - M3 = +
H4 Wh( 1+ F) ,
=4 H l =H4 -wh
2G
fl
.!-!1. M
11
= WhYl(t_~)+M~
2 h 2 h
~
X ) 2
MX2 = M2 ( I-I; + M3 /X2;

~
~
M X3 = M{t- :3)
'0
N Triangular Frames (Cases 99·101)
o
99. Pinned Supports:
Vertical Uniform Load

~ M
2
= - wL32 '
2
M
x
= WLX(~_~)
2 8 L'
x
m
= 3L
16
9wL 2 wL 5wL 2
M max = 5"1"2' V = 2' H = 32h

100. Pinned Supports:

Vertical Concentrated Load

P
VI = V 3 = 2
PL
HI = H 3 = ~

101. Pinned Supports:

Horizontal Concentrated Load
p P
HI = -H3 =
2
Ph
VI = - V 3 =
L
5 OPTIMUM ARRANGEMENT OF SUPPORTS
It is always advisable, from the point of view of economy of material, to
arrange the supports of beams properly. In a simple beam supported at the
ends and subjected to a uniformly distributed load, the maximum bending
moment (Fig. lOa) occurs at the midspan and M max = qL 2 /8. In a beam of
the same length but with overhangs (Fig. lOb), the bending moment will be
reduced. The lowest value of the maximum bending moment is obtained in
a case where the moment at the section over the support is equal to the
maximum moment in the span. This assumes that the beam is equally strong
in tension and compression. This condition is satisfied when the length of
each overhang is a = 0.207L. The resulting maximum bending moment is
M max = qL 2 /46.6. Thus, by a proper arrangement of supports, the bending
moment can in this case be decreased to about one-sixth.

L I
I
&dT:1 I~
a) M max =
q

I I

b) M max =
Figure 10.

Both reactions of the beam in Fig. lOb are qL/2.

Maximum bending moment at center of beam is
M
max
= _ qL x L
2 4
+ qL(L _
2 2
a)
121
122 OPTIMUM ARRANGEMENT OF SUPPORTS

Over the left support, M, = -qa2 /2

To equalize moments: - M, = M max' or
L2 La a 2
-----=0
8 2 2
2 2
4a +4La-L = 0
therefore
a = 0.207L.
In the case of a beam with one overhang (see Fig. 11), the most efficient
overhang length is a = 0.414L, and the resulting maximum bending moment
is qL 2/11.7. Thus, by a proper arrangement of supports, the bending moment
in this case can be reduced to about 70% (qL 2 /11.7 versus qL2 /8).
q

Figure 11.
In a two-span statically indeterminate beam there are three different
bending moments to consider: M A' M B' and the moment in the span Ms·
(See Fig. 12.) In order that the beam may have the least cross-section constant
over the entire length, two of the above three moments must be equal.
q

9L l.
Ms:Ja-
Figure 12.
 OPTIMUM ARRANGEMENT OF SUPPORTS 123

The lowest value of the bending moments will be obtained when the
length of the overhang is O.408L; in this case M A = M B = qL 2/12 and
Ms = qL 2j24.
For a two-span beam of the same length (O.408L x 2 + 2L) without
overhangs, the maximum bending moment occurs at the section over the
middle support and is given by M = q(l.408L)2j8 = qL 2j4. Thus, the
introduction of two overhangs in this case permits the moment to be reduced
to one-third.

Figure 13.

Figure 13a shows the spacing suggested for a three-span beam without
overhangs and Fig. 13b for a five-span beam. If it is required to establish the
optimum arrangement of supports for the type of loading shown in Fig. 14
the required overhang is a = Lj2.

Figure 14.
124 OPTIMUM ARRANGEMENT OF SUPPORTS

Note: When the load is applied to the overhang (Fig. 14a), M max = qa2 j2.
When the load is applied to the portion between supports, M:nax =
qL2 j8.
By equating the two moments, we obtain the optimum value of the
length of the overhang.
It should be noted that the consideration of bending moments in deter-
mining the most effective overhang is not always decisive. A better method
would be to minimize the maximum deflection. For instance, considering the
beam shown in Fig. 10, the optimum length of the overhang will be obtained
from the condition that the deflection at the end of the overhang should be
equal to the deflection at midspan. For the beam in Fig. 10, the maximum
deflection at midspan is
0.013qL4
y= (10)
EI
With two overhangs, the deflection at midspan of the beam will be reduced.
(See Fig. lOb.) Omitting the calculation which the reader is recommended
to carry out, we obtain the optimum length of the overhang from the condition
of rigidity, a = 0.223L. For this overhang, the maximum deflection of the
beam will be y = 0.OOO9(5qL4 jEI), which is less than the deflection of the
beam without overhangs (Eq. 10) by a factor of 13.7.
6 SIMULTANEOUS AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE
LOADS
The problem of simultaneous action of axial and transverse loads is discussed
at length in Reference 1. However, it should be pointed out that the pertaining
equations are inadequate when the axial load is near zero. To demonstrate
this, let us consider a beam on free supports acted upon by a concentrated
center load and by an axial compressive force. From Table 4 in Reference 1,
the formula for maximum deflection of such beam is
3
= WL [tan U/2- U/2J (11)
y 48E1 (U 3 /24) ·
Krawitz (Ref. 23) suggests the following demonstration to prove that when
U = L~(P/E1) is very small, Eq. (11) is inadequate. Let U = 0.02, U/2 = 0.01,
U 3 /24 = 0.000000333, and tan U/2 = tan 0.01 = 0.010000333. Then
tan U/2- U/2 .
(U 3 /24) = 1.0 approxImately.
It is impossible to get a more accurate value of this fraction either by the
use of computing machines with seven-place accuracy or tangent tables with
five-place accuracy. To overcome this difficulty, let us note a series expansion
for tan U/2:
U U (U/2)3 2(U/2) 5 17(U/2)7
tan 2=2+-3-+ 15 + 315 + ...

U U U3 US 17 U 7
tan---
2 2 M+ 240 + 315 128 + ... U2 17U4
or
(U 3 /24) (U 3 /24) = 1 +10+ 1680
Let U 2 = PL 2 /E1 = Q. Therefore
3 Q2
WL ( Q 17 )
y = 48E1 1+10+ 1680

Now, if U = 0.02, then Q = U 2 = 0.0004 and y = (WL 3 /48E1) (1.0004)

Formulas for maximum bending moment and end slope for twelve-beam
loading-support conditions were similarly calculated and tabulated. When
125
126 SIMULTANEOUS AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE LOADS

using these tabulated equations, it is important that Q does not exceed the
values given in Table 3 so that the equations will be accurate within 1 %.

Notations for Table 3

L = Length of beam, in.
W = Total transverse load, lb
P = Axial load, lb
E = Young's modulus of elasticity, psi
I = Moment of inertia, inch4
Q = PL 2 /EI
M = Bending moment, lb-in.
(J = Slope, rad
y = Deflection, in.
TABLE 3 BEAMS UNDER SIMULTANEOUS AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE
LOADS

Loadings Equations

W M = WL(I+
g+ 2Q2 )atB Q~0.56
3 15

L_~JI 2
8 = -WL ( 1 + 61 Q2
5Q - + -) atA Q~0.53
p----~ 11 8 2EI 12 360
A y =~.
3
WL ( 1 + 17 Q2
2Q - + -) atA Q~0.53
3EI 5 105

w M = -WL( 1+-+-
4
Q Q2) atB
12 120
Q~2.2

p-1'~_p o
3
16EI
2
= -WL ( 1 +
5Q - 61
+ -) atAorC

Q2
48 5760
Q2
Q~2.1

-WL-( 1 Q- -17 ) atB Q~2.1

y - 48EI + 10 + 1680

W
A I c
p-~-p

w W~(I+~+~)atB
p-~-p
M = QS9.0
8 48 1920
3
y WL (
= 192EI Q + 0.000633 Q2 ) at B
1+ 40
B QS8.7

w
p-~--p
M = 8WL( 1-4"8+1920
Q Q2)
atB Q~9.0

3
y WL- (
= - Q
1--+0.000633 Q2 ) atB
B 192EI 40
Q~8.6

Q2
M = -WL( 1+-+-
Q 7 ) atB Q~0.61
W=wL 2 4 72

p-~
2
WL ( 9Q 31 Q2 )
8 = 6EI 1 + 20 + 168 at A Q~0.52

A WL
3
( 7Q 113 Q2 )
Q~0.53
y = 8EI 1+ 18 + 720 atA

127
128 SIMULTANEOUS AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE LOADS

Loadings Equations

W=wL M= -WL( 1 -
Q- +
Q2
7 - ) atB Q~0.41

p-~
. 2 4 72
3 Q2
WL ( 7Q 113 )
Y = 8£1 1 -18 + 720 at A Q~0.34
A
Q2
WL( 5Q 61 )
W:wL M = -8- 1+ 4"8 + 5760 at B· Q~2.1

2 Q2
WL ( 'Q 17 )
(J = 24£1 1+10+ 1680 at A and C Q~2.1

61 Q 277 Q2 )
3
5WL (
Y = 384£1 1+ 600 + 26880 at B Q~2.1

W=wL WL( 5Q 61
Q2
)
M = -8- 1-4"8+ 5760 at B Q~2.1

P 5WL
3
( 61Q 277 Q2 )
y = 384£1 1- 600 + 26880 at B Q~2.0

M = -WL ( 1- --
Q + - Q2) at A and C
Q~5.8
W=w·L 12 60 1260

P P M
-'rf( 7Q
= 24 1- 240 + 40320 at B
31 Q2) Q~8.6

A B C y WL
=- - (1+
Q
3
--+ 0.OOO633Q2 ) at B Q~8.0
384£/ 40

0
M = -WL( 1----+-~
Q2) at A and C Q~4.4
W=wL 12 60 1260

M = _"",L ( 1_ 7_Q + 31 Q2 -) at B Q~7.1

P P 24 240 40320

A B C y = --we
- - ( 1- -Q-+ 0.OOO633Q2 ) at B Q~9.3
384£1 40
7 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Introduction

The elementary theory of the bending of a beam on an elastic foundation

assumes that the beam is resting on a continuously distributed set of springs
the stiffness of which is defined by a modulus of the foundation k. However,
it is rather the exception than the rule that the foundation is actually constituted
this way. Generally, the foundation is an elastic continuum characterized by
two elastic constants, a modulus of elasticity E and a Poisson's ratio v.
Problems of elastically supported beams pertain to beams for which the
elastic support is provided by a load-bearing medium distributed continuously
along the length of the beams. This load-bearing medium is referred to as
foundation. Beams on an elastic foundation have a wide application in many
technical problems: shells, thin-walled tubes, domes, and beams, to mention
just a few. The elastic foundation in such cases is supplied by the resilience
of the adjoining portions of a continuous elastic structure. For example,
bending analysis of spherical shells can be reduced to the problem of flexure
of elastically supported curved beams where the elastic foundation is repre-
sented by the resilience of the hoop elements in the shell.

Notations for Tables 4, 5, and 6

y = Deflection of beam (in.)

fJ = Slope of beam (rad)
M = Bending moment of beam (in.-Ib)
Q = Shearing force (lb)
P = Applied load (lb)
q = Unit applied load (lbjin.)
E = Modulus of elasticity (lbjin. 2 )
I = Moment of inertia of beam (in. 4 )
129
130 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

A = Stiffness characteristic (in. - 1); for beam,

A = ~(k/4EI)
k = Modulus of foundation (lb/in. 2 )
X = Distance, as noted on loading diagrams
K, = Loading-support factor for y
K(J = Loading-support factor for (J
Table 4
KM = Loading-support factor for M
KQ = Loading-support factor for Q
L = Length of beam (in.)
AL = Stiffness parameter (rad)

Classification of Beams According to Stiffness

An important factor influencing the shape of the elastic line is the factor
V
A = (k/4EI). The dimensional unit of A is L - 1, in which L is the dimension
of length. Consequently, AL is dimensionless and is usually thought of as
being expressed in radians. The AL quantity characterizes the relative stiffness
of a beam on an elastic foundation. It determines the magnitude of the
curvature of the elastic line and defines the rate of which the effect of a loading
force dies out in the form of a damped wave along the length of the beam.
According to these AL values, we may classify beams into three groups:

I. Short beams: AL<'IT/4

II. Beams of medium length: 'IT/4 < AL < 'IT (Table 4)
III. Long beams: AL> 'IT (Table 5 and Fig. 15)

For beams belonging to Group I we can neglect, in most practical

problems, the bending deformation of the beam; this deformation will be so
small as to be negligible compared with the deformation produced in the
foundation. Hence, computing beams of AL < 'IT/4, we can assume them to be
absolutely rigid; consequently the computation of the deflections is a statically
determinate problem. The deflection then may be calculated by assuming a
straight-line distribution of the reaction forces from the elastic supports and
applying the equations of equilibrium to the system of forces acting on the
beam.
Group II comprises the situations in which accurate computation of the
beam is necessary. The characteristic of this group is that a force acting at
one end of the beam has a finite, and not negligible, effect at the other end.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS ACCORDING TO STIFFNESS 131

Beams belonging to Group III have a AL value such that the countereffect
of the end-conditioning forces on each other is a diminishing one. When
investigating one end of the beam, we may assume that the other end is
infinitely far away. Forces applied at one end will have a negligible effect
at the other.

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Ot----~......._-~-~-~--~----!!!!IIIi-~--.--L-
5

-0.2

Figure 15 Beam on an Elastic Foundation.

TABLE 4 EQUATIONS FOR MEDIUM-LENGTH BEAMS·
Loading and Case

1. Hinged Ends:
Concentrated Center Load

2. Hinged Ends:
Uniform Load

3. Hinged Ends:
Equal Moments at Both Ends

4. Hinged Ends:
Concentrated Moment at
One End

5. Fixed Ends:
Concentrated Center Load

6. Fixed Ends:
Uniform Load

7. Cantilever Beam:
Concentrated End Load

* For tabulated values of K y, Ko, K M , and K Q , see Table 6

132
 Deflection Slope Moment Shear
y 8 M Q

PA
2k (Ky )

2Mo>..3 (Kg)
k

PA
2k (Ky )

2~\Ky)

133
Table 4 continued

Loading and Case

8. Cantilever Beam:
Uniform Load

9. Cantilever Beam:
Triangular Load

10. Free Ends:

Equal Concentrated Loads
~11111~
at Both Ends ~X L .1

11. Free Ends:

Equal Moments at Both Ends

12. Free Ends:

Concentrated Load
at One End

13. Free Ends:

Concentrated Moment
at One End

p X

14. Free Ends:

Center Load

134
 Deflection Slope Moment Shear
y () M Q

q 2qA q q
k(Ky) --(K(J) 2A 2 (KM ) T(KQ)
k

«1- ~)
q
--
q
kL
q
q
4A 3L (KM )
q
- 2A 2 L (KQ)
+ 2AkL (Ky ) + 2kL (K(J)

4M A2
--_o-(Ko)
k

2PA 2
--(K(J)
k

PA
2k (Ky )

135
TABLE 5 EQUATIONS FOR UNLIMITED LENGTH BEAMS (SEE FIG. 15)

Loading and Case

1. Infinite Beam:
Single Concentrated Load

2. Infinite Beam:
Concentrated Moment ~ Mo
-1-1-,/-1"""'/111/ 1/1

3. Semi-Infinite Beam:
Concentrated Load
at One End
pn»1111 JJII1111 1

. X

4. Semi-Infinite Beam:
Concentrated Moment
at One End
~: . 1'/1'7"fT7'i1Jl/111I

5. Semi-Infinite Beam:
One Hinged Support,
End Moment

136
 Deflection Slope Moment Shear
y 8 M Q

2
2MoA (
---c, )
k ""x

2
2MoA (B )
k Ax

137
138 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Beams of Medium Length

The basic equations for the deflection, end slope, moment and shear of
medium-length beams on elastic foundation have the form of perplexing
combinations of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions for which special
tables are required. In order to remove all the tedium that is connected with
the use of these equations it was conceived to solve them by a simple expedient
of loading-support factors.
Fourteen different loading and support cases, as shown in Table 4, are
considered. The tabulated, simplified equations together with the tabulated
constants are all one needs to find y, M, and Q at any section of the beam.
The equations presented here apply to (1) beams on continuous elastic
foundation and (2) to beams supported by a number of equidistant elastic
supports. The latter has the wider field of application in engineering.

Sign Convention
Downward acting load (P), downward deflection (y), and angular
deflection (0) rotating clockwise will be regarded as positive. In addition, the
bending moment (M) is positive when it causes compression in the top fibers,
and the shearing force (Q) is positive when it is an upward force on the left
face of an elemental portion of the beam.
TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

These tables of constants for deflection (Ky), slope (Ko), moment (KM ),
and shear (KQ) are to be used together with equations tabulated in Table 4.
These constants were based on: Hetenyi, M. Beams on Elastic Foundation,
University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1958. For intermediate
values of AL and XjL a straight line interpolation should be used.

Case 1 Hinged Ends, Center Load

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

2.0 O. 0.8122 O. 1.3557 1.0000

2.0 0.0625 0.7923 0.1544 1.1183 0.9000
2.0 0.1250 0.7373 0.2806 0.9056 0.8000
2.0 0.1875 0.6540 0.3817 0.7159 0.7220
2.0 0.2500 0.5483 0.4604 0.5465 0.6500
2.0 0.3125 0.4255 0.5191 0.3943 0.5850
2.0 0.3750 0.2903 0.5596 0.2553 0.5460
2.0 0.4375 0.1471 0.5833 0.1254 0.5110
2.0 0.5000 O. 0.5911 O. 0.5000
3.0 O. 1.0880 O. 1.1191 1.0000
3.0 0.0625 1.0529 0.1771 0.7822 0.7930
3.0 0.1250 0.9623 0.2979 0.5189 0.6085
3.0 0.1875 0.8348 0.3759 0.3231 0.4440
3.0 0.2500 0.6842 0.4227 0.1858 0.3000
3.0 0.3125 0.5203 0.4486 0.0966 0.1850
3.0 0.3750 0.3494 0.4613 0.0439 0.1000
3.0 0.4375 0.1753 0.4666 0.0158 0.0570
3.0 0.5000 0.0000 0.4679 0.0000 0.0420
4.0 O. 1.0522 O. 0.9954 1.0000
4.0 0.0625 0.9997 0.1918 0.5606 0.7400
4.0 0.1250 0.8759 0.2907 0.2500 0.5050
4.0 0.1875 0.7196 0.3259 0.0486 0.3050
4.0 0.2500 0.5564 0.3225 -0.0629 0.1480
4.0 0.3125 0.4003 0.3003 -0.1049 0.0280
4.0 0.3750 0.2567 0.2742 -0.0966 -0.0500
4.0 0.4375 0.1249 0.2546 -0.0562 -0.1000
4.0 0.5000 0.0000 0.2475 -0.0000 -0.0200
5.0 O. 1.0090 O. 0.9832 1.0000
5.0 0.0625 0.9317 0.2198 0.4554 0.6900
5.0 0.1250 0.7625 0.3035 0.1081 0.4200
5.0 0.1875 0.5699 0.3028 -0.0907 0.2200
139
140 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 1 Hinged Ends, Center Load-continued

AL XjL Ky K8 KM Ka

5.0 0.2500 0.3931 0.2584 -0.1779 0.0700

5.0 0.3125 0.2498 0.1997 -0.1877 -0.0300
5.0 0.3750 0.1424 0.1462 -0.1482 -0.0900
5.0 0.4375 0.0634 0.1099 -0.0804 -0.1200
5.0 0.5000 0.0000 0.0972 -0.0000 -0.1300
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 141

Case 2 Hinged Ends, Uniform Load

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

2.0 o. o. -0.8122 o. -1.3600

2.0 0.0625 0.1007 -0.7923 0.1544 -1.1300
2.0 0.1250 0.1966 -0.7373 0.2806 -0.9000
2.0 0.1875 0.2838 -0.6540 0.3817 -0.7200
2.0 0.2500 0.3592 -0.5483 0.4604 -0.5500
2.0 0.3125 0.4202 -0.4255 0.5191 -0.3900
2.0 0.3750 0.4650 -0.2903 0.5596 -0.2450
2.0 0.4375 0.4924 -0.1471 0.5833 -0.1200
2.0 0.5000 0.5017 o. 0.5911 o.
2.0 0.5625 0.4924 0.1471 0.5833 0.1200
2.0 0.6250 0.4650 0.2903 0.5596 0.2450
2.0 0.6875 0.4202 0.4255 0.5191 0.3900
2.0 0.7500 0.3592 0.5483 0.4604 0.5500
2.0 0.8125 0.2838 0.6540 0.3817 0.7200
2.0 0.8750 0.1966 0.7373 0.2806 0.9000
2.0 0.9375 0.1007 0.7923 0.1544 1.1300
2.0 1.0000 0.0000 0.8122 O. 1.3600
3.0 o. O. -1.0880 O. -1.1200
3.0 0.0625 0.2017 -1.0529 0.1771 -0.7800
3.0 0.1250 0.3914 -0.9623 0.2979 -0.5220
3.0 0.1875 0.5603 -0.8348 0.3759 -0.3200
3.0 0.2500 0.7030 -0.6842 0.4227 -0.1900
3.0 0.3125 0.8161 -0.5203 0.4486 -0.1000
3.0 0.3750 0.8977 -0.3494 0.4613 -0.0500
3.0 0.4375 0.9469 -0.1753 0.4666 -0.0200
3.0 0.5000 0.9633 -0.0000 0.4679 o.
3.0 0.5625 0.9469 0.1753 0.4666 0.0200
3.0 0.6250 0.8977 0.3494 0.4613 0.0500
3.0 0.6875 0.8161 0.5203 0.4486 0.1000
3.0 0.7500 0.7030 0.6842 0.4227 0.1900
3.0 0.8125 0.5603 0.8348 0.3759 0.3200
3.0 0.8750 0.3914 0.9623 0.2979 0.5220
3.0 0.9375 0.2017 1.0529 0.1771 0.1800
3.0 1.0000 0.0000 1.0880 O. 1.1200
4.0 O. O. -1.0522 -0. -1.0000
4.0 0.0625 0.2585 -0.9997 0.1918 -0.5600
4.0 0.1250 0.4940 -0.8759 0.2907 -0.2500
4.0 0.1875 0.6938 -0.7196 0.3259 -0.0900
4.0 0.2500 0.8532 -0.5564 0.3225 0.0600
142 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 2 Hinged Ends, Uniform Load-continued

>tL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ
4.0 0.3125 0.9726 -0.4003 0.3003 0.1000
4.0 0.3750 1.0544 -0.2567 0.2742 0.0900
4.0 0.4375 1.1019 -0.1249 0.2546 0.0600
4.0 0.5000 1.1175 o. 0.2475 o.
4.0 0.5625 1.1019 0.1249 0.2546 -0.0600
4.0 0.6250 1.0544 0.2567 0.2742 -0.0900
4.0 0.6875 0.9726 0.4003 0.3003 -0.1000
4.0 0.7500 0.8532 0.5564 0.3225 -0.0600
4.0 0.8125 0.6938 0.7196 0.3259 0.0900
4.0 0.8750 0.4940 0.8759 0.2907 0.2500
4.0 0.9375 0.2585 0.9997 0.1918 0.5600
4.0 1.0000 0.0000 1.0522 o. 1.‫סס‬OO
5.0 o. o. -1.0090 -0. -0.9600
5.0 0.0625 0.3068 -0.9317 0.2198 -0.4500
5.0 0.1250 0.5729 -0.7625 0.3035 -0.1000
5.0 0.1875 0.7810 -0.5699 0.3028 0.0900
5.0 0.2500 0.9308 -0.3931 0.2584 0.1700
5.0 0.3125 1.0302 -0.2498 0.1997 0.1800
5.0 0.3750 1.0906 -0.1424 0.1462 0.1500
5.0 0.4375 1.1222 -0.0634 0.1099 0.0800
5.0 0.5000 1.1319 o. 0.0972 o.
5.0 0.5625 1.1222 0.0634 0.1099 -0.0800
5.0 0.6250 1.0906 0.1424 0.1462 -0.1500
5.0 0.6875 1.0302 0.2498 0.1997 -0.1800
5.0 0.7500 0.9308 0.3931 0.2584 -0.1700
5.0 0.8125 0.7810 0.5699 0.3028 -0.0900
5.0 0.8750 0.5729 0.7625 0.3035 0.1000
5.0 0.9375 0.3068 0.9317 0.2198 0.4500
5.0 1.0000 0.‫סס‬OO 1.0090 O. 0.9600
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 143

Case 3 Hinged Ends, Equal Moment at Both Ends

AL X/L K, KB KM KQ

2.0 o. o. 1.3557 1.0000 -0.8100

2.0 0.0625 0.1544 1.1183 0.8993 -0.7900
2.0 0.1250 0.2806 0.9056 0.8034 -0.7600
2.0 0.1875 0.3817 0.7159 0.7162 -0.6700
2.0 0.2500 0.4604 0.5465 0.6408 -0.5500
2.0 0.3125 0.5191 0.3943 0.5798 -0.4300
2.0 0.3750 0.5596 0.2553 0.5350 -0.2900
2.0 0.4375 0.5833 0.1254 0.5076 -0.1400
2.0 0.5000 0.5911 -0. 0.4983 o.
2.0 0.5625 0.5833 -0.1254 0.5076 0.1400
2.0 0.6250 0.5596 -0.2553 0.5350 0.2900
2.0 0.6875 0.5191 -0.3943 0.5798 0.4300
2.0 0.7500 0.4604 -0.5465 0.6408 0.5500
2.0 0.8125 0.3817 -0.7159 0.7162 0.6700
2.0 0.8750 0.2806 -0.9056 0.8034 0.7600
2.0 0.9375 0.1544 -1.1183 0.8993 0.7900
2.0 1.‫סס‬OO O. -1.3557 1.0000 0.8100
3.0 O. O. 1.1191 1.0000 -1.0800
3.0 0.0625 0.1771 0.7822 0.7983 -1.0500
3.0 0.1250 0.2979 0.5189 0.6086 -0.9600
3.0 0.1875 0.3759 0.3231 0.4397 -0.8300
3.0 0.2500 0.4227 0.1858 0.2970 -0.6900
3.0 0.3125 0.4486 0.0966 0.1839 -0.5200
3.0 0.3750 0.4613 0.0439 0.1023 -0.3400
3.0 0.4375 0.4666 0.0158 0.0531 -0.1700
3.0 0.5000 0.4679 -0.0000 0.0367 o.
3.0 0.5625 0.4666 -0.0158 0.0531 0.1700
3.0 0.6250 0.4613 -0.0439 0.1023 0.3400
3.0 0.6875 0.4486 -0.0966 0.1839 0.5200
3.0 0.7500 0.4227 -0.1858 0.2970 0.6900
3.0 0.8125 0.3759 -0.3231 0.4397 0.8300
3.0 0.8750 0.2979 -0.5189 0.6086 0.9600
3.0 0.9375 0.1771 -0.7822 0.7983 1.0500
3.0 1.‫סס‬OO O. -1.1191 1.0000 1.0800
4.0 O. O. 0.9954 1.0000 -1.0500
4.0 0.0625 0.1918 0.5606 0.7415 -1.‫סס‬OO
4.0 0.1250 0.2907 0.2500 0.5060 -0.8800
4.0 0.1875 0.3259 0.0486 0.3062 -0.7200
4.0 0.2500 0.3225 -0.0629 0.1468 -0.6000
144 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 3 Hinged Ends, Equal Moment at Both Ends-continued

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

4.0 0.3125 0.3003 -0.1049 0.0274 -0.4300

4.0 0.3750 0.2742 -0.0966 -0.0544 -0.2900
4.0 0.4375 0.2546 -0.0562 -0.1019 -0.1500
4.0 0.5000 0.2475 -0.0000 -0.1175 o.
4.0 0.5625 0.2546 0.0562 -0.1019 0.1500
4.0 0.6250 0.2742 0.0966 -0.0544 0.2900
4.0 0.6875 0.3003 0.1049 0.0274 0.4300
4.0 0.7500 0.3225 0.0629 0.1468 0.6000
4.0 0.8125 0.3259 -0.0486 0.3062 0.7200
4.0 0.8750 0.2907 -0.2500 0.5060 0.8800
4.0 0.9375 0.1918 -0.5606 0.7415 1.0000
4.0 1.0000 o. -0.9954 1.0000 1.0500
5.0 o. o. 0.9832 1.0000 -1.1000
5.0 0.0625 0.2198 0.4554 0.6932 -0.9300
5.0 0.1250 0.3035 0.1081 0.4271 -0.7600
5.0 0.1875 0.3028 -0.0907 0.2190 -0.5700
5.0 0.2500 0.2584 -0.1779 0.0692 -0.3900
5.0 0.3125 0.1997 -0.1877 -0.0302 -0.2500
5.0 0.3750 0.1462 -0.1482 -0.0906 -0.1400
5.0 0.4375 0.1099 -0.0804 -0.1222 -0.0700
5.0 0.5000 0.0972 -0.0000 -0.1319 o.
5.0 0.5625 0.1099 0.0804 -0.1222 0.0700
5.0 0.6250 0.1462 0.1482 -0.0906 0.1400
5.0 0.6875 0.1997 0.1877 -0.0302 0.2500
5.0 0.7500 0.2584 0.1779 0.0692 0.3900
5.0 0.8125 0.3028 0.0907 0.2190 0.5700
5.0 0.8750 0.3035 -0.1081 0.4271 0.7600
5.0 0.9375 0.2198 -0.4554 0.6932 0.9300
5.0 1.0000 o. -0.9832 1.0000 1.1000
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 145

Case 4 Hinged Ends, Concentrated Moment at One End

AL X/L Ky K8 KM KQ

2.0 O. O. 1.0030 1.0000 0.9500

2.0 0.0625 0.1104 0.7678 0.8820 0.9300
2.0 0.1250 0.1932 0.5618 0.7674 0.8900
2.0 0.1875 0.2520 0.3836 0.6587 0.8700
2.0 0.2500 0.2902 0.2317 0.5579 0.7850
2.0 0.3125 0.3109 0.1039 0.4661 0.7000
2.0 0.3750 0.3171 -0.0021 0.3840 0.6200
2.0 0.4375 0.3112 -0.0889 0.3117 0.5400
2.0 0.5000 0.2955 -0.1588 0.2492 0.4600
2.0 0.5625 0.2721 -0.2142 0.1958 0.3900
2.0 0.6250 0.2425 -0.2574 0.1510 0.3150
2.0 0.6875 0.2082 -0.2904 0.1137 0.2700
2.0 0.7500 0.1703 -0.3148 0.0829 0.2200
2.0 0.8125 0.1298 -0.3323 0.0574 0.1900
2.0 0.8750 0.0874 -0.3439 0.0360 0.1600
2.0 0.9375 0.0440 -0.3505 0.0173 0.1400
2.0 1.0000 O. -0.3526 -0.0000 0.1400
3.0 O. O. 1.0062 1.0000 1.0000
3.0 0.0625 0.1557 0.6662 0.8139 0.9700
3.0 0.1250 0.2541 0.3944 0.6384 0.9000
3.0 0.1875 0.3075 0.1853 0.4805 0.7900
3.0 0.2500 0.3270 0.0314 0.3440 0.6700
3.0 0.3125 0.3222 -0.0756 0.2304 0.5400
3.0 0.3750 0.3011 -0.1442 0.1393 0.4250
3.0 0.4375 0.2700 -0.1827 0.0693 0.3200
3.0 0.5000 0.2340 -0.1986 0.0183 0.2300
3.0 0.5625 0.1965 -0.1985 -0.0162 0.1400
3.0 0.6250 0.1602 -0.1881 -0.0370 0.0800
3.0 0.6875 0.1263 -0.1722 -0.0464 0.0500
3.0 0.7500 0.0957 -0.1545 -0.0470 O.
3.0 0.8125 0.0683 -0.1378 -0.0408 O.
3.0 0.8750 0.0438 -0.1245 -0.0297 O.
3.0 0.9375 0.0214 -0.1159 -0.0156 O.
3.0 1.0000 O. -0.1130 -0.0000 O.
4.0 O. o. 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000
4.0 0.0625 0.1925 0.5612 0.7544 0.9500
4.0 0.1250 0.2904 0.2409 0.5320 0.8200
4.0 0.1875 0.3215 0.0232 0.3451 0.6700
4.0 0.2500 0.3090 -0.1109 0.1980 0.5100
146 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 4 Hinged Ends, Concentrated Moment at One End-continued

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

4.0 0.3125 0.2714 -0.1811 0.0892 0.3600

4.0 0.3750 0.2222 -0.2057 0.0142 0.2400
4.0 0.4375 0.1710 -0.2000 -0.0330 0.1400
4.0 0.5000 0.1237 -0.1763 -0.0587 0.0700
4.0 0.5625 0.0836 -0.1439 -0.0690 O.
4.0 0.6250 0.0520 -0.1091 -0.0687 O.
4.0 0.6875 0.0289 -0.0763 -0.0618 O.
4.0 0.7500 0.0135 -0.0479 -0.0512 O.
4.0 0.8125 0.0044 -0.0254 -0.0389 o.
4.0 0.8750 0.0003 -0.0092 -0.0259 O.
4.0 0.9275 -0.0007 0.0006 -0.0129 O.
4.0 1.0000 -0. 0.0038 -0. O.
5.0 O. O. 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
5.0 0.0625 0.2249 0.4712 0.6962 0.9400
5.0 0.1250 0.3132 0.1208 0.4342 0.7500
5.0 0.1875 0.3156 -0.0840 0.2319 0.5500
5.0 0.2500 0.2718 -0.1818 0.0905 0.3600
5.0 0.3125 0.2094 -0.2082 0.0019 0.2100
5.0 0.3750 0.1460 -0.1926 -0.0459 0.1000
5.0 0.4375 0.0911 -0.1568 -0.0649 0.0300
5.0 0.5000 0.0486 -0.1152 -0.0659 O.
5.0 0.5625 0.0188 -0.0764 -0.0573 O.
5.0 0.6250 0.0002 -0.0444 -0.0448 o.
5.0 0.6875 -0.0098 -0.0204 -0.0321 O.
5.0 0.7500 -0.0134 -0.0039 -0.0212 O.
5.0 0.8125 -0.0128 0.0067 --0.0129 O.
5.0 0.8750 -0.0097 0.0128 -0.0070 O.
5.0 0.9375 -0.0051 0.0158 -0.0030 O.
5.0 1.0000 -0. 0.0167 0.0000 O.
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 147

Case 5 Fixed Ends, Center Load

AL X/L Ky K(J KM KQ

2.0 o. 0.2967 -0. -0.9211 1.0000

2.0 0.0625 0.2836 -0.0640 -0.6757 0.9635
2.0 0.1250 0.2494 -0.1054 -0.4391 0.9300
2.0 0.1875 0.2014 -0.1265 -0.2103 0.9017
2.0 0.2500 0.1468 -0.1294 0.0123 0.8799
2.0 0.3125 0.0926 -0.1164 0.2302 0.8650
2.0 0.3750 0.0456 -0.0892 0.4453 0.8564
2.0 0.4375 0.0125 -0.0498 0.6589 0.8530
2.0 0.5000 -0. O. 0.8720 0.8524
3.0 O. 0.6967 -0. -1.0885 1.0000
3.0 0.0625 0.6627 -0.1346 -0.7377 0.8716
3.0 0.1250 0.5765 -0.2115 -0.4333 0.7547
3.0 0.1875 0.4597 -0.2417 -0.1692 0.6573
3.0 0.2500 0.3307 -0.2350 0.0626 0.5831
3.0 0.3125 2.2060 -0.2003 0.2711 0.5330
3.0 0.3750 0.1003 -0.1452 0.4651 0.5047
3.0 0.4375 0.0272 -0.0764 0.6518 0.4933
3.0 0.5000 O. o. 0.8363 0.4916
4.0 O. 0.9292 -0. -1.0538 1.0000
4.0 0.0625 0.8731 -0.1887 -0.6113 0.7726
4.0 0.1250 0.7396 -0.2791 -0.2771 0.5698
4.0 0.1875 0.5704 -0.2985 -0.0350 0.4057
4.0 0.2500 0.3960 -0.2703 0.1359 0.2851
4.0 0.3125 0.2382 -0.2133 0.2571 0.2063
4.0 0.3750 0.1122 -0.1421 0.3482 0.1633
4.0 0.4375 0.0296 -0.0680 0.4248 0.1466
4.0 0.5000 O. O. 0.4972 0.1441
5.0 O. 0.9898 -0. -1.0093 1.0000
5.0 0.0625 0.9100 -0.2235 -0.4796 0.6995
5.0 0.1250 0.7336 -0.3077 -0.1260 0.4412
5.0 0.1875 0.5304 -0.3037 0.0847 0.2437
5.0 0.2500 0.3420 -0.2511 0.1916 0.1081
5.0 0.3125 0.1899 -0.1786 0.2310 0.0261
5.0 0.3750 0.0823 -0.1051 0.2327 0.0152
5.0 0.4375 0.0200 -0.0428 0.2175 0.0301
5.0 0.5000 O. O. 0.1977 0.0321
148 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 6 Fixed Ends, Uniform Load

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ
2.0 O. 1.0000 O. 0.5991 -1.0800
2.0 0.0625 0.9918 -0.0611 0.3844 -0.9000
2.0 0.1250 0.9715 -0.0974 0.2007 -0.7300
2.0 0.1875 0.9449 -0.1126 0.0473 -0.5800
2.0 0.2500 0.9167 -0.1105 -0.0765 -0.4600
2.0 0.3125 0.8908 -0.0946 -0.1717 -0.3200
2.0 0.3750 0.8702 -0.0687 -0.2391 -0.2300
2.0 0.4375 0.8570 -0.0360 -0.2792 -0.1000
2.0 0.5000 0.8524 O. -0.2925 O.
2.0 0.5625 0.8570 0.0360 -0.2792 0.1000
2.0 0.6250 0.8702 0.0687 -0.2391 0.2300
2.0 0.6875 0.8908 0.0946 -0.1717 0.3200
2.0 0.7500 0.9167 0.1105 -0.0765 0.4600
2.0 0.8125 0.9449 0.1126 0.0473 0.5800
2.0 0.8750 0.9715 0.0974 0.2007 0.7300
2.0 0.9375 0.9918 0.0611 0.3844 0.9000
2.0 1.0000 1.0000 O. 0.5991 1.0800
3.0 O. 1.0000 O. 0.9722 -0.9200
3.0 0.0625 0.9704 -0.1462 0.5990 -0.8000
3.0 0.1250- 0.8983 -2.2289 0.2938 -0.6700
3.0 0.1875 0.8051 -0.2603 0.0516 -0.5500
3.0 0.2500 0.7080 -0.2518 -0.1340 -0.4400
3.0 0.3125 0.6200 -0.2132 -0.2697 -0.3200
3.0 0.3750 0.5508 -0.1534 -0.3618 -0.2300
3.0 0.4375 0.5067 -0.0800 -0.4149 -0.1000
3.0 0.5000 0.4916 O. -0.4323 O.
3.0 0.5625 0.5067 0.0800 -0.4149 0.1000
3.0 0.6250 0.5508 0.1534 -0.3618 0.2300
3.0 0.6875 0.6200 0.2132 -0.2697 0.3200
3.0 0.7500 0.7080 0.2518 -0.1340 0.4400
3.0 0.8125 0.8051 0.2603 0.0516 0.5500
3.0 0.8750 0.8983 0.2289 0.2938 0.6700
3.0 0.9375 0.9704 0.1462 0.5990 0.8000
3.0 1.0000 1.0000 O. 0.9722 0.9200
4.0 o. 1.0000 -0. 1.0570 -1.0600
4.0 0.0625 0.9443 -0.2036 0.5920 -0.7800
4.0 0.1250 0.8133 -0.3058 0.2442 -0.5900
4.0 0.1875 0.6508 -0.3341 -0.0022 -0.4000
4.0 0.2500 0.4876 -0.3115 -0.1673 -0.2600
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 149

Case 6 Fixed Ends, Uniform Load-continued

AL X/L Ky K(J KM KQ

4.0 0.3125 0.3448 -0.2556 -0.2713 -0.1600

4.0 0.3750 0.2354 -0.1794 -0.3318 -0.0800
4.0 0.4375 0.1672 -0.0921 -0.3624 -0.0500
4.0 0.5000 0.1441 o. -0.3716 o.
4.0 0.5625 0.1672 0.0921 -0.3624 0.0500
4.0 0.6250 0.2354 0.1794 -0.3318 0.0800
4.0 0.6875 0.3448 0.2556 -0.2713 0.1600
4.0 0.7500 0.4876 0.3115 -0.1673 0.2600
4.0 0.8125 0.6508 0.3341 -0.0022 0.4000
4.0 0.8750 0.8133 0.3058 0.2442 0.5900
4.0 0.9375 0.9443 0.2036 0.5920 0.7800
4.0 1.0000 1.0000 o. 1.0570 1.0600
5.0 O. 1.0000 -0. 1.0262 -1.0500
5.0 0.0625 0.9187 -0.2322 0.4916 -0.7000
5.0 0.1250 0.7386 -0.3258 0.1348 -0.4400
5.0 0.1875 0.5297 -0.3315 -0.0781 -0.2500
5.0 0.2500 0.3344 -0.2878 -0.1873 -0.1050
5.0 0.3125 0.1746 -0.2212 -0.2307 -0.0300
5.0 0.3750 0.0594 -0.1472 -0.2392 o.
5.0 0.4375 -0.0094 -0.0730 -0.2353 O.
5.0 0.5000 -0.0321 o. -0.2326 o.
5.0 0.5625 -0.0094 0.0730 -0.2353 O.
5.0 0.6250 0.0594 0.1472 -0.2392 O.
5.0 0.6875 0.1746 0.2212 -0.2307 0.0300
5.0 0.7500 0.3344 0.2878 -0.1873 0.1050
5.0 0.8125 0.5297 0.3315 -0.0781 0.2500
5.0 0.8750 0.7386 0.3258 0.1348 0.4400
5.0 0.9375 0.9187 0.2322 0.4916 0.7000
5.0 1.0000 1.0000 O. 1.0262 1.0500
150 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 7 CantjIever Beam, End Load

AL XjL Ky K(J KM KQ

2.0 o. o. o. 0.1334 0.2100

2.0 0.0625 0.0022 0.0368 0.1607 0.2200
2.0 0.1250 0.0095 0.0804 0.1880 0.2200
2.0 0.1875 0.0226 0.1307 0.2149 0.2200
2.0 0.2500 0.0424 0.1877 0.2411 0.2180
2.0 0.3125 0.0698 0.2512 0.2659 0.2100
2.0 0.3750 0.1055 0.3205 0.2886 0.1950
2.0 0.4375 0.1502 0.3952 0.3079 0.1700
2.0 0.5000 0.2044 0.4741 0.3225 0.1250
2.0 0.5625 0.2688 0.5559 0.3307 0.0700
2.0 0.6250 0.3435 0.6388 0.3305 0.0050
2.0 0.6875 0.4284 0.7202 0.3195 -0.1000
2.0 0.7500 0.5234 0.7974 0.2951 -0.2150
2.0 0.8125 0.6274 0.8664 0.2543 -0.3600
2.0 0.8750 0.7394 0.9229 0.1939 -0.5300
2.0 0.9375 0.8574 0.9614 0.1103 -0.7300
2.0 1.0000 0.9788 0.9758 o. -0.9600
3.0 o. -0. -0.0000 -0.0830 0.1900
3.0 0.0625 -0.0025 -0.0243 -0.0465 0.1950
3.0 0.1250 -0.0082 -0.0348 -0.0098 0.2000
3.0 0.1875 -0.0147 -0.0315 0.0276 0.2180
3.0 0.2500 -0.0192 -0.0140 0.0659 0.2300
3.0 0.3125 -0.0190 0.0181 0.1056 0.2450
3.0 0.3750 -0.0115 0.0653 0.1465 0.2500
3.0 0.4375 0.0064 0.1280 0.1882 0.2500
3.0 0.5000 0.0375 0.2064 0.2294 0.2400
3.0 0.5625 0.0847 0.2997 0.2678 0.2200
3.0 0.6250 0.1508 0.4065 0.3002 0.1800
3.0 0.6875 0.2378 0.5236 0.3218 0.1000
3.0 0.7500 0.3474 0.6458 0.3266 o.
3.0 0.8125 0.4798 0.7655 0.3069 -0.1700
3.0 0.8750 0.6336 0.8717 0.2532 -0.3800
3.0 0.9375 0.8050 0.9498 0.1550 -0.6500
3.0 1.0000 0.9869 0.9808 o. -0.9600
4.0 o. -0. -0. -0.0516 0.0500
4.0 0.0625 -0.0030 -0.0228 -0.0396 0.0500
4.0 0.1250 -0.0109 -0.0395 -0.0272 0.0550
4.0 0.1875 -0.0222 -0.0498 -0.0134 0.0600
4.0 0.2500 -0.0352 -0.0525 0.0032 0.0800
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 151

Case 7 Cantilever Beam, End Load-continued

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

4.0 0.3125 -0.0477 -0.0458 0.0242 0.1000

4.0 0.3750 -0.0571 -0.0272 0.0511 0.1300
4.0 0.4375 -0.0600 0.0065 0.0851 0.1700
4.0 0.5000 -0.0522 0.0591 0.1265 0.1850
4.0 0.5625 -0.0286 0.1341 0.1743 0.2080
4.0 0.6250 0.0169 0.2340 0.2254 0.2100
4.0 0.6875 0.0905 0.3591 0.2740 0.1850
4.0 0.7500 0.1983 0.5061 0.3111 0.1100
4.0 0.8125 0.3447 0.6660 0.3229 -0.0200
4.0 0.8750 0.5310 0.8218 0.2912 -0.2400
4.0 0.9375 0.7530 0.9461 0.1928 -0.5000
4.0 1.0000 0.9981 0.9989 o. -0.9600
5.0 o. o. 0.0000 -0.0091 o.
5.0 0.0625 -0.0010 -0.0064 -0.0115 o.
5.0 0.1250 -0.0042 -0.0143 -0.0136 o.
5.0 0.1875 -0.0100 -0.0233 -0.0149 o.
5.0 0.2500 -0.0188 -0.0325 -0.0142 o.
5.0 0.3125 -0.0302 -0.0403 -0.0098 0.0200
5.0 0.3750 -0.0435 -0.0435 0.0006 0.0450
5.0 0.4375 -0.0565 -0.0378 0.0194 0.0800
5.0 0.5000 -0.0655 -0.0170 0.0492 0.1250
5.0 0.5625 -0.0647 0.0264 0.0916 0.1600
5.0 0.6250 -0.0458 0.1002 0.1464 0.1900
5.0 0.6875 0.0018 0.2112 0.2097 0.2100
5.0 0.7500 0.0903 0.3621 0.2720 0.1800
5.0 0.8125 0.2317 0.5474 0.3157 0.0800
5.0 0.8750 0.4340 0.7472 0.3132 -0.1200
5.0 0.9375 0.6961 0.9211 0.2249 -0.4700
5.0 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 O. -0.9600
152 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 8 Cantilever Beam, Uniform Load

AL X/L Ky K8 KM KQ
2.0 o. o. o. -0.9758 0.9300
2.0 0.0625 0.0141 -0.1082 -0.7599 0.8000
2.0 0.1250 0.0520 -0.1913 -0.5748 0.6800
2.0 0.1875 0.1079 -0.2531 -0.4192 0.5600
2.0 0.2500 0.1771 -0.2972 -0.2915 0.4600
2.0 0.3125 0.2554 -0.3270 -0.1894 0.3600
2.0 0.3750 0.3396 -0.3455 -0.1106 0.2700
2.0 0.4375 0.4274 -0.3555 -0.0525 0.2000
2.0 0.5000 0.5169 -0.3594 -0.0122 0.1300
2.0 0.5625 0.6068 -0.3592 0.0130 0.0700
2.0 0.6250 0.6963 -0.3567 0.0259 0.0300
2.0 0.6875 0.7850 -0.3531 0.0293 -0.0250
2.0 0.7500 0.8729 -0.3496 0.0259 -0.0400
2.0 0.8125 0.9599 -0.3468 0.0186 0.0300
2.0 0.8750 1.0464 -0.3450 0.0101 -0.0200
2.0 0.9375 1.1325 -0.3442 0.0030 -0.0100
2.0 1.0000 1.2186 -0.3441 0.0000 o.
3.0 o. 0.0000 o. -0.9808 1.0000
3.0 0.0625 0.0304 -0.1515 -0.6468 0.8000
3.0 0.1250 0.1066 -0.2468 -0.3806 0.6000
3.0 0.1875 0.2100 -0.2981 -0.1771 0.4600
3.0 0.2500 0.3261 -0.3166 -0.0290 0.3300
3.0 0.3125 0.4446 -0.3120 0.0717 0.2100
3.0 0.3750 0.5582 -0.2922 0.1333 0.1200
3.0 0.4375 0.6627 -0.2639 0.1637 0.0500
3.0 0.5000 0.7557 -0.2323 0.1704 o.
3.0 0.5625 0.8369 -0.2011 0.1599 -0.0500
3.0 0.6250 0.9070 -0.1731 0.1378 -0.0700
3.0 0.6875 0.9674 -0.1499 0.1091 -0.0800
3.0 0.7500 1.0201 -0.1323 0.0781 -0.0800
3.0 0.8125 1.0673 -0.1205 0.0484 -0.0700
3.0 0.8750 1.1111 -0.1139 0.0235 -0.0500
3.0 0.9375 1.1532 -0.1112 0.0064 -0.0300
3.0 1.0000 1.1948 -0.1108 0.0000 o.
4.0 o. 0.0000 o. -0.9989 1.‫סס‬OO
4.0 0.0625 0.0527 -0.1924 -0.5611 0.7500
4.0 0.1250 0.1767 -0.2904 -0.2409 0.5300
4.0 0.1875 0.3319 -0.3215 -0.0234 0.3400
4.0 0.2500 0.4909 -0.3090 0.1106 0.2000
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 153

Case 8 Cantilever Beam, Uniform Load-continued

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

4.0 0.3125 0.6368 -0.2715 0.1809 0.0900

4.0 0.3750 0.7605 -0.2224 0.2055 0.0150
4.0 0.4375 0.8588 -0.1712 0.2000 -0.0300
4.0 0.5000 0.9323 -0.1239 0.1765 -0.0600
4.0 0.5625 0.9839 -0.0837 0.1443 -0.0600
4.0 0.6250 1.0174 -0.0519 0.1099 -0.0700
4.0 0.6875 1.0372 -0.0285 0.0776 -0.0600
4.0 0.7500 1.0472 -0.0127 0.0498 -0.0500
4.0 0.8125 1.0510 -0.0031 0.0279 -0.0400
4.0 0.8750 1.0511 0.0018 0.0123 -0.0300
4.0 0.9375 1.0497 0.0035 0.0030 -0.0150
4.0 1.0000 1.0478 0.0038 o. o.
5.0 O. 0.0000 o. -1.0000 1.0000
5.0 0.0625 0.0789 -0.2249 -0.4713 0.6950
5.0 0.1250 0.2528 -0.3132 -0.1211 0.4300
5.0 0.1875 0.4526 -0.3158 0.0837 0.2100
5.0 0.2500 0.6379 -0.2721 0.1812 0.0750
5.0 0.3125 0.7890 -0.2099 0.2075 -0.0100
5.0 0.3750 0.9002 -0.1468 0.1919 -0.0500
5.0 0.4375 0.9742 -0.0921 0.1562 -0.0650
5.0 0.5000 1.0178 -0.0497 0.1149 -0.0700
5.0 0.5625 1.0390 -0.0199 0.0768 -0.0700
5.0 0.6250 1.0450 -0.0009 0.0461 -0.0680
5.0 0.6875 1.0419 0.0098 0.0239 -0.0500
5.0 0.7500 1.0339 0.0149 0.0099 -0.0350
5.0 0.8125 1.0239 0.0167 0.0025 -0.0100
5.0 0.8750 1.0134 0.0169 -0.0003 o.
5.0 0.9375 1.0028 0.0168 -0.0004 o.
5.0 1.0000 0.9924 0.0167 -0.0000 o.
154 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 9 Cantilever Beam~ Triangular Load

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

2.0 o. -4.0000 2.0000 1.9457 -2.7280

2.0 0.0625 -3.7230 2.4063 1.3248 -2.2448
2.0 0.1250 -3.4043 2.6721 0.8202 -1.7990
2.0 0.1875 -3.0597 2.8253 0.4219 -1.3948
2.0 0.2500 -2.7016 2.8910 0.1191 -1.0347
2.0 0.3125 -2.3396 2.8919 -0.0992 -0.7196
2.0 0.3750 -1.9805 2.8475 -0.2444 -0.4496
2.0 0.4375 -1.6289 2.7748 -0.3277 -0.2241
2.0 0.5000 -1.2874 2.6879 -0.3601 -0.0420
2.0 0.5625 -0.9571 2.5981 -0.3522 0.0982
2.0 0.6250 -0.6376 2.5142 -0.3144 0.1977
2.0 0.6875 -0.3280 2.4425 -0.2566 0.2580
2.0 0.7500 -0.0263 2.3868 -0.1886 0.2801
2.0 0.8125 0.2694 2.3483 -0.1197 0.2648
2.0 0.8750 0.5614 2.3262 -0.0593 0.2129
2.0 0.9375 0.8515 2.3172 -0.0163 0.1245
2.0 1.0000 1.1411 2.3158 -0. -0.0000
3.0 o. -6.0000 2.0000 3.9113 -4.9241
3.0 0.0625 - 5.5079 3.1464 2.2706 -3.8419
3.0 0.1250 -4.8539 3.7513 1.0162 -2.8687
3.0 0.1875 -4.1265 3.9512 0.1026 -2.0262
3.0 0.2500 -3.3901 3.8645 -0.5208 -1.3218
3.0 0.3125 -2.6890 3.5904 -0.9057 -0.7527
3.0 0.3750 -2.0504 3.2089 -1.1011 -0.3095
3.0 0.4375 -1.4884 2.7826 -1.1519 0.0210
3.0 0.5000 -1.0068 2.3581 -1.0976 0.2537
3.0 0.5625 -0.6019 1.9683 -0.9720 0.4033
3.0 0.6250 -0.2651 1.6345 -0.8037 0.4836
3.0 0.6875 0.0153 1.3679 -0.6165 0.5063
3.0 0.7500 0.2523 1.1720 -0.4300 0.4806
3.0 0.8125 0.4590 1.0432 -0.2612 0.4136
3.0 0.8750 0.6471 0.9721 -0.1244 0.3097
3.0 0.9375 0.8262 0.9442 -0.0332 0.1715
3.0 1.0000 1.0027 . 0.9400 -0. -0.0000
4.0 o. -8.0000 2.0000 5.9947 -6.9965
4.0 0.0625 -7.1931 4.2044 2.9825 -5.0859
4.0 0.1250 -6.0040 5.1320 0.8656 -3.4315
4.0 0.1875 -4.6989 5.1950 -0.5020 -2.0933
4.0 0.2500 -3.4505 4.7279 -1.2816 -1.0771
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 155

Case 9 Cantilever Beam, Triangular Load-continued

AL X/L Ky K(J KM KQ

4.0 0.3125 -2.3577 3.9855 -1.6282 -0.3550

4.0 0.3750 -1.4654 3.1490 -1.6780 0.1185
4.0 0.4375 -0.7809 2.3382 -1.5425 0.3951
4.0 0.5000 -0.2882 1.6230 -1.3073 0.5250
4.0 0.5625 0.0414 1.0370 -1.0345 0.5528
4.0 0.6250 0.2417 0.5878 -0.7654 0.5151
4.0 0.6875 0.3460 0.2667 -0.5256 0.4399
4.0 0.7500 0.3842 0.0551 -0.3283 0.3475
4.0 0.8125 0.3808 -0.0696 -0.1786 0.2513
4.0 0.8750 0.3546 -0.1314 -0.0764 0.1590
4.0 0.9375 0.3184 -0.1533 -0.0183 0.0784
4.0 1.0000 0.2795 -0.1564 -0. -0.
5.0 o. -10.0000 2.0000 7.9998 -8.9985
5.0 0.0625 -8.7612 5.4412 3.3210 -6.0392
5.0 0.1250 -6.8460 5.5064 0.3425 -3.5920
5.0 0.1875 -4.8422 5.1478 -1.3000 -1.7687
5.0 0.2500 -3.0768 5.0789 -1.9928 -0.5402
5.0 0.3125 -1.6909 3.7828 -2.0783 0.1942
5.0 0.3750 -0.7054 2.5506 -1.8271 0.5586
5.0 0.4375 -0.0745 1.5284 -1.4322 0.6721
5.0 0.5000 0.2769 0.7639 -1.0183 0.6343
5.0 0.5625 0.4286 0.2448 -0.6551 0.5198
5.0 0.6250 0.4510 -0.0722 -0.3736 0.3798
5.0 0.6875 0.3990 -0.2405 -0.1790 0.2457
5.0 0.7500 0.3107 -0.3121 -0.0618 0.1342
5.0 0.8125 0.2094 -0.3303 -0.0050 0.0528
5.0 0.8750 0.1065 -0.3269 0.0109 0.0035
5.0 0.9375 0.0053 -0.3210 0.0060 -0.0140
5.0 1.0000 0.0946 -0.3196 O. 0.0000
156 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 10 Free Ends, Equal Concentrated Loads at Both Ends

AL X/L Ky K(J KM KQ

2.0 o. 0.7376 -0.5991 o. -1.0000

2.0 0.0625 0.6634 -0.5844 0.1139 -0.8249
2.0 0.1250 0.5926 -0.5439 0.2070 -0.6680
2.0 0.1875 0.5283 -0.4825 0.2816 -0.5281
2.0 0.2500 0.4727 -0.4045 0.3396 -0.4032
2.0 0.3125 0.4277 -0.3139 0.3829 -0.2908
2.0 0.3750 0.3946 -0.2141 0.4127 -0.1883
2.0 0.4375 0.3744 -0.1085 0.4302 -0.0925
2.0 0.5000 0.3676 o. 0.4360 O.
2.0 0.5625 0.3744 0.1085 0.4302 0.0925
2.0 0.6250 0.3946 0.2141 0.4127 0.1883
2.0 0.6875 0.4277 0.3139 0.3829 0.2908
2.0 0.7500 0.4727 0.4045 0.3396 0.4032
2.0 0.8125 0.5283 0.4825 0.2816 0.5281
2.0 0.8750 0.5926 0.5439 0.2070 0.6680
2.0 0.9375 0.6634 0.5844 0.1139 0.8249
2.0 1.0000 0.7376 0.5991 O. 1.0000
3.0 o. 0.8936 -0.9722 o. -1.0000
3.0 0.0625 0.7133 -0.9408 0.1582 -0.6989
3.0 0.1250 0.5438 -0.8598 0.2662 -0.4637
3.0 0.1875 0.3929 -0.7459 0.3359 -0.2887
3.0 0.2500 0.2654 -0.6114 0.3777 -0.1660
3.0 0.3125 0.1644 -0.4650 0.4008 -0.0863
3.0 0.3750 0.1914 -0.3122 0.4122 -0.0393
3.0 0.4375 0.0475 -0.1567 0.4169 -0.0141
3.0 0.5000 0.0328 -0.0000 0.4181 0.0000
3.0 0.5625 0.0475 0.1567 0.4169 0.0141
3.0 0.6250 0.0914 0.3122 0.4122 0.0393
3.0 0.6875 0.1644 0.4650 0.4008 0.0863
3.0 0.7500 0.2654 0.6114 0.3777 0.1660
3.0 0.8125 0.3929 0.7459 0.3359 0.2887
3.0 0.8750 0.5438 0.8598 0.2662 0.4637
3.0 0.9375 0.7133 0.9408 0.1582 0.6989
3.0 1.0000 0.8936 0.9722 o. 1.0000
4.0 o. 1.0046 -1.0570 -0. -1.0000
4.0 0.0625 0.7449 -1.0043 0.1927 -0.5632
4.0 0.1250 0.5083 -0.8799 0.2920 -0.2512
4.0 0.1875 0.3076 -0.7229 0.3274 -0.0488
4.0 0.2500 0.1474 -0.5589 0.3240 0.0632
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 157

Case 10 Free Ends, Equal Concentrated Loads at Both Ends-continued

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

4.0 0.3125 0.0275 -0.4021 0.3016 0.1053

4.0 0.3750 -0.0547 -0.2579 0.2755 0.0971
4.0 0.4375 -0.1024 -0.1255 0.2558 0.0564
4.0 0.5000 -0.1180 o. 0.2486 0.0000
4.0 0.5625 -0.1024 0.1255 0.2558 -0.0564
4.0 0.6250 -0.0547 0.2579 0.2755 -0.0971
4.0 0.6875 0.0275 0.4021 0.3016 -0.1053
4.0 0.7500 0.1474 0.5589 0.3240 -0.0632
4.0 0.8125 0.3076 0.7229 0.3274 0.0488
4.0 0.8750 0.5083 0.8799 0.2920 0.2512
4.0 0.9375 0.7449 1.0043 0.1927 0.5632
4.0 1.0000 1.0046 1.0570 o. 1.0000
5.0 o. 1.0171 -1.0262 -0. -1.0000
5.0 0.0625 0.7050 -0.9476 0.2235 -0.4632
5.0 0.1250 0.4344 -0.7756 0.3087 -0.1099
5.0 0.1875 0.2227 -0.5796 0.3080 0.0923
5.0 0.2500 0.0704 0.3998 0.2628 0.1809
5.0 0.3125 -0.0308 -0.2540 0.2031 0.1909
5.0 0.3750 -0.0922 -0.1448 0.1487 0.1508
5.0 0.4375 -0.1243 -0.0645 0.1118 0.0818
5.0 0.5000 -0.1341 o. 0.0989 0.0000
5.0 0.5625 -0.1243 0.0645 0.1118 -0.0818
5.0 0.6250 -0.0922 0.1448 0.1487 -0.1508
5.0 0.6875 -0.0308 0.2540 0.2301 -0.1909
5.0 0.7500 0.0704 0.3998 0.2628 -0.1809
5.0 0.8125 0.2227 0.5796 0.3080 -0.0923
5.0 0.8750 0.4344 0.7756 0.3087 0.1099
5.0 0.9375 0.7050 0.9476 0.2235 0.4632
5.0 1.0000 1.0171 1.0262 O. 1.0000
158 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 11 Free Ends, Equal Moments at Both Ends

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

2.0 o. 0.5991 -0.9211 1.0000 o.

2.0 0.0625 0.3844 -0.7965 0.9918 -0.0611
2.0 0.1250 0.2007 -0.6737 0.9715 -0.0974
2.0 0.1875 0.0473 -0.5539 0.9449 -0.1126
2.0 0.2500 -0.0765 -0.4375 0.9167 -0.1105
2.0 0.3125 -0.1717 -0.3246 0.8908 -0.0946
2.0 0.3750 -0.2391 -0.2146 0.8702 0.0687
2.0 0.4375 -0.2792 -0.1067 0.8570 -0.0360
2.0 0.5000 -0.2925 o. 0.8524 o.
2.0 0.5625 -0.2792 0.1067 0.8570 0.0360
2.0 0.6250 -0.2391 0.2146 0.8702 0.0687
2.0 0.6875 -0.1717 0.3246 0.8908 0.0946
2.0 0.7500 -0.0765 0.4375 0.9167 0.1105
2.0 0.8125 0.0473 0.5539 0.9449 0.1126
2.0 0.8750 0.2007 0.6737 0.9715 0.0974
2.0 0.9375 0.3844 0.7965 0.9918 0.0611
2.0 1.0000 0.5991 0.9211 1.0000 o.
3.0 o. 0.9792 -1.0885 1.0000 o.
3.0 0.0625 0.5990 -0.9029 0.9704 -0.1462
3.0 0.1250 0.2938 -0.7272 0.8983 -0.2289
3.0 0.1875 0.0516 -0.5673 0.8051 -0.2693
3.0 0.2500 -0.1340 -0.4255 0.7080 -0.2518
3.0 0.3125 -0.2697 -0.3012 0.6200 -0.2132
3.0 0.3750 -0.3618 -0.1918 0.5508 -0.1534
3.0 0.4375 -0.4149 -0.0931 0.5067 -0.0800
3.0 0.5000 -0.4323 o. 0.4916 o.
3.0 0.5625 -0.4149 0.0931 0.5067 0.0800
3.0 0.6250 -0.3618 0.1918 0.5508 0.1534
3.0 0.6875 -0.2697 0.3012 0.6200 0.2132
3.0 0.7500 -0.1340 0.4255 0.7080 0.2518
3.0 0.8125 0.0516 0.5673 0.8051 0.2603
3.0 0.8750 0.2938 0.7272 0.8983 0.2289
3.0 0.9375 0.5990 0.9029 0.9704 0.1462
3.0 1.0000 0.9722 1.0885 1.0000 o.
4.0 O. 1.0570 1.0538 1.0000 -0.
4.0 0.0625 0.5920 -0.8087 0.9443 -0.2036
4.0 0.1250 0.2442 -0.5879 0.8133 -0.3058
4.0 0.1875 -0.0022 -0.4046 0.6508 -0.3341
4.0 0.2500 -0.1673 -0.2626 0.4876 -0.3115
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 159

Case 11 Free Ends, Equal Moments at Both Ends-continued

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

4.0 0.3125 -0.2713 -0.1591 0.3448 0.2556

4.0 0.3750 -0.3318 -0.0874 0.2354 -0.1794
4.0 0.4375 -0.3624 -0.0380 0.1672 -0.0921
4.0 0.5000 -0.3716 -0. 0.1441 O.
4.0 0.5625 -0.3624 0.0380 0.1672 0.9021
4.0 0.6250 -0.3318 0.0874 0.2354 0.1794
4.0 0.6875 -0.2713 0.1591 0.3448 0.2556
4.0 0.7500 -0.1673 0.2626 0.4876 0.3115
4.0 0.8125 -0.0022 0.4046 0.6508 0.3341
4.0 0.8750 0.2442 0.5879 0.8133 0.3058
4.0 0.9375 0.5920 0.8087 0.9443 0.2036
4.0 1.0000 1.0570 1.0538 1.0000 O.
5.0 O. 1.0262 -1.0093 1.0000 -0.
5.0 0.0625 0.4916 -0.7057 0.9187 -0.2322
5.0 0.1250 0.1348 -0.4453 0.7386 -0.3258
5.0 0.1875 -0.0781 -0.2470 0.5297 -0.3315
5.0 0.2500 -0.1873 -0.1127 0.3344 -0.2878
5.0 0.3125 -0.2307 -0.0343 0.1746 -0.2212
5.0 0.3750 -0.2392 0.0011 0.0594 -0.1472
5.0 0.4375 -0.2353 0.0077 -0.0094 -0.0730
5.0 0.5000 -0.2326 -0. -0.0321 o.
5.0 0.5625 -0.2353 -0.0077 -0.0094 0.0730
5.0 0.6250 -0.2392 -0.0011 0.0594 0.J472
5.0 0.6875 -0.2307 0.0343 0.1746 0.2212
5.0 0.7500 -0.1873 0.1127 0.3344 0.2878
5.0 0.8125 -0.0781 0.2470 0.5297 0.3315
5.0 0.8750 0.1348 0.4453 0.7386 0.3258
5.0 0.9375 0.4916 0.7057 0.9187 0.2322
5.0 1.0000 1.0262 1.0093 1.0000 o.
160 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 12 Free Ends, Concentrated Load at One End

AL X/L Ky K(J KM KQ

2.0 o. 1.1376 1.1341 o. 1.0000

2.0 0.0625 0.9964 1.1200 0.1080 0.7333
2.0 0.1250 0.8586 1.0828 0.1848 0.5015
2.0 0.1875 0.7264 1.0298 0.2347 0.3035
2.0 0.2500 0.6015 0.9673 0.2620 0.1377
2.0 0.3125 0.4848 0.9004 0.2704 0.0021
2.0 0.3750 0.3764 0.8333 0.2673 -0.1054
2.0 0.4375 0.2763 0.7695 0.2452 -0.1868
2.0 0.5000 0.1838 0.7115 0.2180 -0.2442
2.0 0.5625 0.0981 0.6610 0.1851 -0.2793
2.0 0.6250 0.0182 0.6192 0.1491 -0.2937
2.0 0.6875 -0.0571 0.5865 0.1125 -0.2887
2.0 0.7500 -0.1288 0.5628 0.0776 -0.2654
2.0 0.8125 -0.1981 0.5474 0.0468 -0.2245
2.0 0.8750 -0.2659 0.5389 0.0222 -0.1665
2.0 0.9375 -0.3330 0.5356 0.0059 -0.0916
2.0 1.0000 -0.3999 0.5351 O. -0.0000
3.0 O. 1.0066 1.0004 O. 1.0000
3.0 0.0625 0.8210 0.9695 0.1543 0.6575
3.0 0.1250 0.6459 0.8919 0.2508 0.3829
3.0 0.1875 0.4882 0.7870 0.3018 0.1709
3.0 0.2500 0.3515 0.6698 0.3184 0.0141
3.0 0.3125 0.2371 0.5514 0.3101 -0.0956
3.0 0.3750 0.1444 0.4394 0.2850 -0.1664
3.0 0.4375 0.0716 0.3389 0.2496 -0.2063
3.0 0.5000 0.0164 0.2528 0.2091 -0.2223
3.0 0.5625 -0.0242 0.1823 0.1673 -0.2205
3.0 0.6250 -0.0529 0.1271 0.1272 -0.2057
3.0 0.6875 -0.0727 0.0864 0.0908 -0.1819
3.0 0.7500 -0.0861 0.0584 0.0594 -0.1519
3.0 0.8125 -0.0953 0.0411 0.0340 -0.1178
3.0 0.8750 -0.1021 0.0321 0.0154 -0.0807
3.0 0.9375 -0.1077 0.0287 0.0039 -0.0414
3.0 1.0000 -0.1130 0.0282 o. -0.0000
4.0 O. 1.0008 1.0015 O. 1.0000
4.0 0.0625 0.7550 0.9488 0.1926 0.5616
4.0 0.1250 0.5323 0.8247 0.2907 0.2411
4.0 0.1875 0.3452 0.6693 0.3218 0.0234
4.0 0.2500 0.1979 0.5101 0.3093 -0.1108
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 161

Case 12 Free Ends, Concentrated Load at One End-continued

AL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

4.0 0.3125 0.08'90 0.3641 0.2717 -0.1810

4.0 0.3750 0.0140 0.2403 0.2226 -0.2055
4.0 0.4375 -0.0332 0.1419 0.1715 -0.1996
4.0 0.5000 -0.0590 0.0682 0.1243 -0.1758
4.0 0.5625 -0.0692 0.0163 0.0843 -0.1432
4.0 0.6250 -0.0687 -0.0176 0.0529 -0.1084
4.0 0.6875 -0.0615 -0.0379 0.0299 -0.0756
4.0 0.7500 -0.0505 -0.0488 0.0147 -0.0475
4.0 0.8125 -0.0376 -0.0536 0.0057 -0.0255
4.0 0.8750 -0.0239 -0.0552 0.0014 -0.0101
4.0 0.9375 -0.0101 -0.0555 0.0001 -0.0016
4.0 1.0000 0.0038 -0.0555 -0. 0.0000
5.0 O. 1.0003 1.0003 O. 1.0000
5.0 0.0625 0.6964 0.9214 0.2249 0.4711
5.0 0.1250 0.4342 0.7476 0.3131 0.1206
5.0 0.1875 0.2317 0.5479 0.3155 -0.0842
5.0 0.2500 0.0901 0.3628 0.2716 -0.1817
5.0 0.3125 0.0013 0.2121 0.2093 -0.2079
5.0 0.3750 -0.0466 0.1013 0.1461 -0.1919
5.0 0.4375 -0.0659 0.0277 0.0915 -0.1556
5.0 0.5000 -0.0671 -0.0157 0.0494 -0.1133
5.0 0.5625 -0.0584 -0.0368 0.0203 -0.0738
5.0 0.6250 -0.0456 -0.0435 0.0026 -0.0412
5.0 0.6875 -0.0321 -0.0419 -0.0063 -0.0169
5.0 0.7500 -0.0197 -0.0369 -0.0088 -0.0008
5.0 0.8125 -0.0090 -0.0317 -0.0075 0.0081
5.0 0.8750 0.0002 -0.0279 -0.0044 0.0108
5.0 0.9375 0.0086 -0.0261 -0.0014 0.0079
5.0 1.0000 0.0167 -0.0259 -0. 0.0000
162 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 13 Free Ends, Concentrated Moment at One End

'AL XjL Ky Ko KM KQ

2.0 o. -1.1341 1.0762 1.0000 o.

2.0 0.0625 -0.8807 0.9519 0.9836 0.1256
2.0 0.1250 -0.6579 0.8314 0.9397 0.2214
2.0 0.1875 -0.4664 0.7178 0.8751 0.2913
2.0 0.2500 -0.2982 0.6133 0.7959 0.3387
2.0 0.3125 -0.1569 0.5192 0.7073 0.3669
2.0 0.3750 -0.0376 0.4366 0.6138 0.3788
2.0 0.4375 0.0624 0.3658 0.5191 0.3771
2.0 0.5000 0.1463 0.3068 0.4262 0.3639
2.0 0.5625 0.2168 0.2519 0.3379 0.3411
2.0 0.6250 0.2767 0.2220 0.2564 0.3101
2.0 0.6875 0.3286 0.1946 0.1834 0.2722
2.0 0.7500 0.3747 0.1757 0.1208 0.2282
2.0 0.8125 0.4171 0.1640 0.0698 0.1787
2.0 0.8750 0.4572 0.1578 0.0318 0.1241
2.0 0.9375 0.4963 0.1554 0.0082 0.0645
2.0 1.0000 0.5351 0.1551 0.0000 o.
3.0 o. -1.0004 1.0038 1.0000 o.
3.0 0.0625 -0.6589 0.8183 0.9690 0.1545
3.0 0.1250 -0.3854 0.6433 0.8913 0.2514
3.0 0.1875 -0.1743 0.4857 0.7862 0.3029
3.0 0.2500 -0.0184 0.3493 0.6684 0.3202
3.0 0.3125 0.0905 0.2352 0.5491 0.3127
3.0 0.3750 0.1607 0.1429 0.4360 0.2887
3.0 0.4375 0.2002 0.0710 0.3339 0.2544
3.0 0.5000 0.2162 0.0168 0.2458 0.2150
3.0 0.5625 0.2147 -0.0222 0.1728 0.1744
3.0 0.6250 0.2011 -0.0489 0.1148 0.1353
3.0 0.6875 0.1793 -0.0661 0.0709 0.0995
3.0 0.7500 0.1524 -0.0763 0.0396 0.0684
3.0 0.8125 0.1227 -0.0816 0.0189 0.0426
3.0 0.8750 0.0916 -0.0839 0.0069 0.0225
3.0 0.9375 0.0599 -0.9846 0.0014 0.0083
3.0 1.0000 0.0282 -0.0847 0.0000 O.
4.0 o. -1.0015 1.0021 1.0000 o.
4.0 0.0625 -0.5624 0.7567 0.9472 0.1929
4.0 0.1250 -0.2409 0.5344 0.8229 0.2910
4.0 0.1875 -0.0220 0.3478 0.6673 0.3219
4.0 0.2500 0.1136 0.2010 0.5082 0.3090
 TABLE 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 163

Case 13 Free Ends, Concentrated Moment at One End-continued

>tL X/L Ky Ko KM KQ

4.0 0.3125 0.1855 0.0926 0.3626 0.2705

4.0 0.3750 0.2118 0.0178 0.2397 0.2200
4.0 0.4375 0.2079 -0.0295 0.1430 0.1671
4.0 0.5000 0.1858 -0.0558 0.0720 0.1176
4.0 0.5625 0.1545 -0.0674 0.0242 0.0749
4.0 0.6250 0.1200 -0.0696 -0.0043 0.0406
4.0 0.6875 0.0858 -0.0665 -0.0178 0.0149
4.0 0.7500 0.0538 -0.0616 -0.0206 -0.0025
4.0 0.8125 0.0242 -0.0568 -0.0166 -0.0122
4.0 0.8750 -0.0033 -0.0535 -0.0096 -0.0148
4.0 0.9375 -0.0296 -0.0520 -0.0029 -0.0106
4.0 1.0000 -0.0555 -0.0517 -0.0000 -0.
5.0 o. -1.0003 1.0002 1.0000 o.
5.0 0.0625 -0.4715 0.6964 0.9211 0.2250
5.0 0.1250 -0.1210 0.4343 0.7472 0.3133
5.0 0.1875 0.0840 0.2320 0.5472 0.3158
5.0 0.2500 0.1818 0.0907 0.3620 0.2720
5.0 0.3125 0.2084 0.0022 0.2111 0.2095
5.0 0.3750 0.1930 -0.0455 0.1002 0.1461
5.0 0.4375 0.1575 -0.0644 0.0267 0.0910
5.0 0.5000 0.1163 -0.0654 0.0161 0.0482
5.0 0.5625 0.0778 -0.0567 -0.0361 0.0180
5.0 0.6250 0.0461 -0.0444 -0.0409 -0.0012
5.0 0.6875 0.0223 -0.0321 -0.0365 -0.0117
5.0 0.7500 0.0055 -0.0221 -0.0276 -0.0159
5.0 0.8125 -0.0059 -0.0150 -0.0175 -0.0157
5.0 0.8750 -0.0139 -0.0110 -0.0086 -0.0125
5.0 0.9375 -0.0201 -0.0094 -0.0023 -0.0072
5.0 1.0000 -0.0259 -0.0091 -0.0000 -0.
164 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Case 14 Free Ends, Center Load

AL XjL Ky Ko KM KQ

2.0 o. 1.1785 o. 0.9211 -1.0000

2.0 0.0625 1.1654 -0.1003 0.6895 -0.8532
2.0 0.1250 1.1306 -0.1739 0.4942 -0.7095
2.0 0.1875 1.0803 -0.2253 0.3343 -0.5712
2.0 0.2500 1.0195 -0.2589 0.2080 -0.4399
2.0 0.3125 0.9520 -0.2786 0.1136 -0.3166
2.0 0.3750 0.8810 -0.2885 0.0490 -0.2021
2.0 0.4375 0.8083 -0.2920 0.0119 -0.0965
2.0 0.5000 0.7352 -0.2925 -0. o.
3.0 o. 1.0904 o. 1.0885 -1.0000
3.0 0.0625 1.0563 -0.1713 0.7516 -0.7977
3.0 0.1250 0.9690 -0.2865 0.4887 -0.6072
3.0 0.1875 0.8468 -0.3588 0.2937 -0.4365
3.0 0.2500 0.7037 -0.4003 0.1581 -0.2909
3.0 0.3125 0.5491 -0.4212 0.0720 -0.1743
3.0 0.3750 0.3893 -0.4297 0.0244 -0.0853
3.0 0.4375 0.2276 -0.4321 0.0042 -0.0275
3.0 0.5000 0.0655 -0.4323 -0. o.
4.0 O. 1.0800 O. 1.0538 -1.0000
4.0 0.0625 1.0238 -0.2066 0.6207 -0.7349
4.0 0.1250 0.8887 -0.3210 0.3148 -0.4946
4.0 0.1875 0.7132 -0.3732 0.1195 -0.2923
4.0 0.2500 0.5217 -0.3881 0.0132 -0.1393
4.0 0.3125 0.3280 -0.3852 -0.0279 -0.0332
4.0 0.3750 0.1373 -0.3776 -0.0280 0.0249
4.0 0.4375 -0.0501 -0.3726 -0.0109 0.0358
4.0 0.5000 -0.2360 -0.3716 O. O.
5.0 o. 1.0444 o. 1.0093 -1.0000
5.0 0.0625 0.9645 -0.2283 0.4849 -0.6824
5.0 0.1250 0.7869 -0.3226 0.1473 -0.4072
5.0 0.1875 0.5780 -0.3363 -0.0371 -0.1938
5.0 0.2500 0.3745 -0.3111 -0.1086 -0.0454
5.0 0.3125 0.1910 -0.2761 -0.1065 0.0424
5.0 0.3750 0.0278 -0.2485 -0.0668 0.0761
5.0 0.4375 -0.1226 -0.2349 -0.0215 0.0611
5.0 0.5000 -0.2683 -0.2326 o. o.
REFERENCES
1. Griffel, W., Handbook ofFormulas for Stress and Strain, New York: Frederick
Ungar Publishing Co. (1966).
2. Griffel, W., "Beams on Elastic Foundations," Machine Design (March 1,
1962).
3. Griffel, W., "Critical Speed of Shafts," Machine Design (October 1961).
4. Griffel, W., "Critical Speed of Multiple-Loaded Shafts," Machine Design
(May 10, 1962).
5. Griffel, W., "Beams under Combined Axial and Transverse Loads," Machine
Design (July 19, 1962).
6. Griffel, W., "Constant Strength Beams," Product Engineering (May 8, 1961).
7. Griffel, W., "Deformation of Beams," Product Engineering (December 26,
1961).
8. Griffel, W., "Beam Deflection Caused by Shearing Stress," Product Engineering
(January 7, 1963).
9. Griffel, W., "Unsymmetrical Bending of Beams," Product Engineering (July 22,
1963).
10. Griffel, W., "Maximum Safe Load for a Steel Beams," Product Engineering
(October 1, 1962).
11. Griffel, W., "Rigid Frame Formulas," Product Engineering (April 14, 1964).
12. Griffel, W., "Beams and Stepped Shafts," Product Engineering (August 2,
1965).
13. Griffel, W., "Shear Center for Beam Sections," Design News (June 13, 1962).
14. Griffel, W., "Beam Selection," Design News (June 5, 1961).
15. Griffel, W., "Energy Storage Capacity in Bending and Spring Rate of Beams,"
Design News (January 24, 1962).
16. Griffel, W., "Deflection of Beams," Design News (August 18, 1967).
17. Griffel, W., "Simplified, Graphical Solution for Beam Deflection," Engineering
Materials and Design (October 1968).
18. Griffel, W., "Beam Formulas," Product Design and Value Engineering, (July
1966 through January 1969).
19. "Strength of Metal Aircraft Elements," ANC-5 Bulletin (March 1955).
20. Kravitz, S., "Several Concentrated Loads Acting on a Beam," Product
Engineering (February 17, 1964).
21. Niedenfuhr, F. W., "Deflection of Beams," Journal of Engineering Education,
L, No.3 (December 1959).
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Applied Mechanics, IV (1937), 49-12.
165
166 REFERENCES

23. Kravitz, S., "Simultaneous Axial and Transverse Loads," Design News (May
13, 1967).
24. Kleinlogel, A., Rigid Frame Formulas, New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing
Co. (1958).
25. Kleinlogel, A., Beam Formulas, New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.
(1953).
 INDEX

A semi-infinite long (table), 135

shear in (table), 134
Axial strain, 1
short, 130
sign convention, 137
B slope of (table), 134
Beams, stiffness characteristics of, 130
bending moment diagram of, 16 unlimited length (table), 135
continuous, 18 Bending of beams, see Beams
deflection of (table), 31 Bending moment in beams (table), 31
end slope of (table), 31 Bending moment diagram (table), 31
fixed-end moments, 17
on elastic foundation, see Beams c
on elastic foundation
Compressive properties, 4
optimum supports of, 121
Combined axial and lateral load, 125
sign convention of, 8
Criteria of failure, 5
shear diagram of, 16
Continuous beams, 18
statically indeterminate (table), 31
under simultaneous axial and trans-
verse load, 125 D
Beams on elastic foundation, Deflection,
deflection of (table), 134 of beams, see Beams
finite length, 130 of beams under simultaneous axial
infinite length (table), 135 and transverse load (table), 125
loading support factors for deflection, of beams in terms of fiber stress
moment, shear, and slope of (table), (table),31
138
long, 130
E
medium length (table), 133
modulus of foundation of, 130 Elastic foundation, see Beams on elastic
moment equations of (table), 133 foundation
167
168 INDEX

F R
Fatigue, 6 Rigid frames,
Failure, rectangular with hinged supports, 101
from combined stresses, 6 rectangular with fixed supports, 107
due to fatigue, 6 single leg, 113
of material, 5 triangular, 120
caused by bending, 6 trapezoidal with fixed supports, 117
due to stress concentration, 6 trapezoidal with hinged supports, 116
Fixed-end moment, 17
Formulas for, s
beams on elastic foundation (table),
Secant modulus of elasticity, 2
134
Shear stress, 1
beams under simultaneous loading
Sign convention for straight beams, 8
(table), 125
Slope, formulas for (table), 31
rigid frames (table), 101
Stiffness characteristics of beams, 13
straight beams (table), 31
Strain,
axial, 1
M permanent, 3
shearing, 2
Materials failure, due to
Stress,
combined stresses, 6
normal, 1
bearing, 5
shear, 1
bending, 6
ultimate tensile, 4
direct tension or compression, 5
yield, 4
fatigue, 6
Stress strain diagram, 3
shear, 5
Superposition, principle of, 10
stress concentration, 6
Modulus of elasticity, 2
T
tangent, 2
secant, 2 Tangent modulus of elasticity, 2
Modulus of rupture, in bending, 6 Tensile yield stress, 3
Moment diagram for beams in bending Tensile properties, 3
(table),31 Tensile proportional limit, 3
Moment formulas for straight beams Tension, direct, 1
(table), 31
u
p Ultimate tensile stress, 4
Permanent strain, 3 y
Poisson's ratio, 2
Proportional limit, 3 Yield point, 4
Proportionality of Stress and Strain, 3 Yield stress, 4