DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE

Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: [Link] DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@[Link]

PRPC324: PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Module 2: Working Stress Design Analysis of
Reinforced Concrete Beam

I. Course Objectives:
1. The students are expected to familiarize the formula’s, principles and concepts used
in the analysis of reinforced concrete beam using Working Stress Design Method.

2. To educate the student about the procedure of the analysis and design of singly and
doubly reinforced beam using transformed section method.

II. Course Outline:

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Derivation of Formula’s for flexure under Elastic Design
1.3 Investigation of Singly Reinforced Beam using Transformed Section Method
1.4 Investigation of Doubly Reinforced Beam using Transformed Section Method
1.5 Sample Problems
1.6 Activity no.2

III. Learning Content:

1.1 Introduction
From the early 1900s until the early 1960s, nearly all reinforced concrete
design was performed by the working-stress design method (also called allowable-
stress design or straight-line design). In this method, frequently referred to as WSD,
the dead and live loads to be supported, called working loads or service loads, were
first estimated. Then the members of the structure were proportioned so that stresses
calculated by a transformed area did not exceed certain permissible or allowable
values.
Straight Line or Elastic Load Theory

This is based from the assumption that plane section remains plane and
normal to the longitudinal fiber before and after bending and that both materials are
elastic. The stress of concrete varies from fc in the extreme fiber to zero at the neutral
axis.

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Where:
 fc – compressive unit stress on the concrete at the surface must remote from the
neutral axis
 fs – tensile unit stress in the longitudinal reinforcement
 b – width
 d – depth of the center of the steel bars to the extreme fiber of the concrete
 kd – distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber of the concrete
 jd – distance between the compressive force C and tensile force T
 As – cross sectional area of steel bars
 ρ – ratio of steel to that of the effective area of concrete
 Mc – resisting moment of concrete
 Ms – resisting moment of steel
 Ec – modulus of concrete
 Es – modulus of elasticity of steel
 Δc – deformation per unit length of concrete
 Δs – deformation per unit length of steel
 n – ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete

1.2 Derivation of Formula’s for Flexure under Elastic Design

Derivation of k (for Design)

unit stress
Modulus of Elasticity =
unit of deformation

fs
Es=
∈s

fs
∈s=
Es
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fc
Ec=
∈c

fc
∈c=
Ec

fc
Ec = ∈ c
fs ∈s
Es
∈c ∈s
= (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)
kd d − kd

fc Es kd
× =
Ec fs d − kd

fc Es kd
× =
fs Ec d − kd
Es
=n
Ec

fc ∙ n kd
=
fs d − kd

fc ∙ n k
=
fs (1 − k)

fcn − fckn = kfs

k (fs + fcn) = fcn

fcn
k=
fs + fcn

(For design only)

n
k=
fs
n+
fc
k ranges from 0.3 to 0.45
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j ranges from 0.9 to 0.85

Mc = Cjd

1
C= fcbkd
2
1
MC= 2 fckjbd2 (Resisting moment of concrete)

Ms = Tjd

Ms=Asfsjd (Resisting moment of steel)

As
ρ=
bd

As = ρbd
Ms = ρbdfsjd
Ms = ρfsjbd2
Ms = Mc (for balanced design.)
1
ρfsjbd2 = 2fckjbd2
2ρfs = fck

fc 2ρ
=
fs k

but:

fc kd
=
fs n(d − kd)

fc kd
=
fs n(1 − k)

k 2p
=
n(1 − k) k

k 2 = 2ρn − 2ρnk
k 2 + 2ρnk − 2ρn = 0

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by completing squares and solving for k:

k 2 = 2ρnk + (ρn)2 = 2ρn + (ρn)2

k = √2ρn + (ρn)2 −pn (For investigation only.)

M
d = √Rb

1
R = fckj
2

M
d = √1
fckjb
2

k
jd = d − 3

k
j = 1 −3

Allowable Stresses in Concrete (S.I. Version) (ACI 318-63)

Description Symbol fc’ = 17.78 MPa

Es
A. Modulus of Elasticity n= 10
Ec
B. Flexure
1. Compression fc = 0.45fc’ 7.78
2. Tension in plain fc’ = 0.13√fc′ 0.54
Concrete Footings and Walls
C. Shear
1. Diagonal Tension at Distance “d” from
v = 0.09√fc′ 0.37
force of support
2. Joist with no web reinforcement v = 0.10√fc′ 0.42
3. Punching shear at distance “d/2” vp = 0.17√fc′ 0.71
D. Bearing
1. On full area fc = 0.25fc’ 4.32
2. On one-third area or less fc = 0.375fc’ 6.48
E. Allowable Bond Stress
7.18√fc′
1. For top bars in tension Ua = MPa
D
10.14√fc′
2. Other than top bars Ua = MPa
D
3. For all compression bars Ua = √0.54fc′MPa

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F. Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete Ec = 4730√fc′MPa

G. Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Es = 200000 MPa

Allowable Stresses in Concrete (Metric Version) (ACI 318-63)

Description Symbol fc’ = 176 fc’ = 211 fc’ = 281

kg/cm2 kg/cm2 kg/cm2
Es
A. Modulus of Elasticity n= 10 9 8
Ec
B. Flexure
1. Compression fc = 0.45fc’ 79
2. Tension in plain fc’ = 0.424√fc′ 5.63
Concrete Footings and Walls
C. Shear
1. Diagonal Tension at
Distance “d” from force of v = 0.292√fc′ 3.87
support
2. Joist with no web
reinforcement
3. Punching shear at
vp = 0.53√fc′ 7.03
distance “d/2”
D. Bearing
1. On full area fc = 0.25fc’ 44
2. On one-third area or less fc = 0.375fc’ 66
E. Allowable Bond Stress
2.29√fc′
1. For top bars in tension Ua = kg/cm2
D
3.23√fc′
2. Other than top bars Ua = kg/cm2
D
3. For all compression bars Ua = 1.7√fc ′ kg/cm2
F. Modulus of Elasticity of Ec = 15100√fc′ kg
Concrete /cm2
G. Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Es = 2040000 kg/cm2

1.3 Investigation of Singly Reinforced Beam by Transformed Section Method

In a homogeneous beam, the neutral axis passes through the center of gravity of the
cross section. A reinforced concrete beam can be treated as homogenous beam, if the steel
considered is to be replaced by concrete so placed as to produce the same effect as steel in
resisting bending moment. This hypothetical concrete is assumed to be able to resist tension
in contrast to the properties of real concrete.

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In the above figure, the steel area is replaced by the equivalent fictitious area of steel
= nAs. This is so because steel is “n” times stronger than concrete. It should be noted that the
portion of concrete below the neutral axis is not included to act but serves only as a means
of connecting the steel bars. To locate the neutral axis is to equate the moment of area with
respect to the neutral axis; that is the moment of the shaded area above the neutral axis is
equal to the moment of the fictitious area about the neutral axis.

x
bx (2) = nAs (d − x) with b, n, As, and d
known, x could be solved.
After knowing x, the moment of inertia of the transformed section could be determined.
bx 3
INA = + nAs (d − x)2
3
After knowing x, the moment of inertia with respect to the neutral axis, the flexural formula
could be used.
M x
For concrete: fc = I c
NA

f Ms (d−x)
For steel: 𝑛s = INA

This method enables us to solve problems having different geometrical shape or cross-
section of reinforced concrete beams.

1.4 Investigation of Doubly Reinforced Beam Using Transformed Section Method

Where the architectural details restrict both the depth and width of a concrete beam, it is
sometimes necessary to incorporate steel reinforcement in the compression as well as
tension region of the member. Since plastic flow generates a transfer of compressive stress
from concrete to steel, the ACI code stipulates that the stress in compression reinforcement
resisting bending may be taken as twice the value indicated by using the straight line relation
between stress and strains but not of greater value than the allowable stress in tension.
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∑MNA = 0
x
bx (2) + [(2n − 1)AS ](x − d′) = nAs (d − x)

bx 3
INA = + (2n − 1)A′ s (x − d′)2 + nAs (d − x)2
3

Actual Compressive stress in concrete:

Mc x
fc =
INA
Actual tensile stress in steel:
fs Ms (d − x)
=
𝑛 INA
Actual compressive stress in steel:
f ′ s M(x − d′)
=
2n INA

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1.5 Sample Problems

1. A rectangular simply supported reinforced concrete beam has a cross section of 250 mm
× 510 mm and a simple span of 6 m. It is reinforced with 4 – 20 mm ∅ bars in one row, the
center of bars being 60 mm above the bottom of the beam using fs = 124 MPa, fc = 7 MPa, n =
12. Determine the additional load P that could carry by this section at mid-span besides a
uniform load of 12 kN/m including the weight of the beam.

Solution:
a. Beam constants:
π
As (20 mm)2 (4)
ρ= = 4 = 0.01117
bd (250 mm)(450 mm)
n = 12
fc = 7 MPa
k = √2pn + (pn)2 − pn = √(2)(0.01117)(12) + [(0.01117)(12)]2 − (0.01117)(12)
k = 0.4008
k 0.4008
j= 1− =1− = 0.866
3 3
1 1
Mc = fckbjd2 = (7 MPa)(0.4008)(0.866)(250 mm)(450 mm)2
2 2
Mc = 61500505.50 N − mm
Mc = 61.50 kN − m
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π
Ms = As fsjd = (20 mm)2 (4)(124 MPa)(0.866)(450 mm)
4
Ms = 60724221.39 N − mm
Ms = 60.724 kN − mm
∴ Safe resisting moment, M = 60.724 kN-m

b. Considering flexure:
PL ωL2
Mmax = +
4 8
Mmax = M = 60.724 kN − m
P(6 m) (12 kN − m)(6 m)2
60.724 kN − m = +
4 8
P = 4.483 kN ≈ 4.5 kN
c. Considering shear.
Allowable shearing stress, Vallow:
f′c 7
Vallow = 0.09√f′c = 0.09√0.45 = 0.09√0.45 = 0.355 MPa

Shear at distance “d” from support, Vd.

kN
ωL P (12 m ) (6 m) P kN
Vd = + − ωd = + − (12 ) (0.45)
2 2 2 2 m
P
Vd = 30.6 kN +
2

Actual shearing stress, Vact:

Vd
Vact =
bd
Vact = Vallow = 0.355 MPa
P
1000 N (30.6 kN + 2)
0.355 MPa ( )=
1 kN (250 mm)(450 mm)
P = 18.675 kN

d. Considering bond stress.

Allowable bond stress, uallow:
7
10.14√f ′ c 10.14√0.45
uallow = =
D 20
uallow = 2 MPa

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Actual bond stress, uact:

ωL P
Vmax +2
uact = = 2
εo jd 4πDjd
uact = uallow = 2 MPa
P
N 1 kN 36 kN + 2
2 ( )=
mm2 1000 N (4)(π)(20 mm)(0.866)(450 mm)
P = 319.77 kN

∴ Adopt P = 4.50 kN

2. The beam in the figure shown has a 20 MPa concrete and is reinforced with 4 – 25 mm ∅
bars. If it sustains a bending moment of 100 kN-m, calculate the actual bending stress in
concrete and steel, n = 10.

Solution:
a. To locate the neutral axis, equate moment of areas with respect to the neutral axis.
bx 2
= nAs (d − x)
2
(300 mm)x 2 π
= (10) ( ) (25 mm)2 (4)(450 mm − x)
2 4
150𝑥 2 + 19634.95x − 8835729.34 = 0

By Quadratic Formula:
x = 185.92 mm
To solve for l:

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bx 3
INA = + nAs (d − x)2
3
(300 mm)(185.92 mm)3
INA = + [(19634.95 mm2 )(450 mm − 185.92)2 ]
3
INA = 2.01 × 109 mm4

b. Solve for fc (stress in concrete).

1x106 N − mm
MC X (100 kN − m)(185.92 mm) ( )
1 kN − m
fc = =
INA 2.01 × 109 mm4
fc = 9.24 MPa

c. Solve for fs (stress in steel).

1 × 106 N − mm
fs Ms (450 mm − x) (100 kN − m)(264.08 mm) ( )
1 kN − m
= =
n INA 2.01 × 109 mm4
fs
= 13.138 MPa
10
fs = (13.138 MPa)(10)
fs = 131.38 MPa

3. Find the safe uniform load that the beam shown could carry if the allowable stresses of
concrete are 94 kg/cm2 and 1400 kg/cm2 respectively. Span of beam is 8 m and is assumed
to be simply supported. The beam is reinforced with 4 – 20 mm ∅ bars. Assume n = 9.

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Solution:
a.
a.1. Locate neutral axis.
fc = 94 kg/cm2 = 9.22 MPa
fs = 1400 kg/cm2 = 137.34 MPa
π
nAs = (9) (4 ) (20 mm)2 (4) = 11309.73mm2

To solve for x:
bx 2
= nAs (d − x)
2
(290 mm)x 2
= nAs (440 − x)
2
x = 150.32 mm

a.2. To solve for INA:

bx 3
INA = + nAs (d − x)2
3
(290 mm)(150.32 mm)3
INA = + (11309.73 mm2 )(440 mm − 150.32)2
3
INA = 1.28 × 109 mm4

a.3. Compute for the moment capacity of the beam.

a) In compression
MC x
fc =
INA
Mc (150.32 mm)
9.22 =
1.28 × 109 mm4
MC = 78.51 kN − m

b) In tension
fs MT (d − x)
=
n I
137.34 MT (440 − x)
=
9 1.28 × 109 mm4
MT = 67.43 kN − m

∴ The moment capacity of the beam is the smaller capacity between M T and MC.
Hence, Mcap = 67.43 kN − m

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a.4. Compute the safe uniform load that the beam could carry.

Mcap = Mmax
wL2
Mmax = 8
w(8)2
67.43 kN − m =
8
𝐰 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟑 𝐤𝐍/𝐦 (safe uniform load that the beam could carry).

4. Shown below is the cross section of beam for a 4-storey commercial building having a
simple span of 6 m. Due to limited headroom, the dimensions are limited to 250 mm × 360
mm reinforced at the top by 2 – 16 mm ∅ bars and 3 – 25 mm ∅ bars at the bottom. Concrete
covering for both top and bottom bars is 60 mm from center of bars. If the beam carries a
super imposed load of 860 kg/m besides its own weight, determine the actual stress of
concrete and steel in tension and compression. Use n = 15.

Solution:
π
a. nAs = (15) [(4 ) (25)2 (3)] = 22089.3 mm2
π
(2n − 1)A′s = [(2)(15) − 1] [( ) (16 mm)2 (2)] = 11661.6 mm2
4

b. Using transformed section method, locate the neutral axis, NA.

∑MNA = 0
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x
bx (2) + [(2n − 1)AS ](x − 60 mm) = nAs (d − x)
(250 mm)x 2
+ (11661.6 mm2 )(x − 60 mm) = (22089.3 mm2 )(300 mm − x)
2

By simultaneous equations:
x = 142.19 mm

c. To solve for INA:

bx 3
INA = + (2n − 1)A′ s (x − 60)2 + nAs (300 − x)2
3
(250 mm)(142.19)3
INA = + (11661. 6 mm2 )(142.19 mm − 60 mm)2
3
+ (22089.3 mm2 )(300 mm − 142.19 mm)2
INA = 868.455 × 106 mm4

d. Total uniform load, WT:

kg
W1 = 860 m
kg
WDL = Area × Density = (0.25 m)(0.36 m) (2400 m3 )
kg N kg N N
WT = (860 m ) (9.81 kg) + (216 m ) (9.81 kg) = 10555.56 m

e. Compute for maximum moment.

N 2
WT L2 (10555.56 m) (6 m)
Mmax = = = 47500.02 N − m
8 8

f. Compressive stress in concrete.

Mc (47500.02 × 103 N − mm)(142.19 mm)
fc = = = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
I 868.455 × 106 mm4

g. Actual tensile stress in steel.

fs M(d − x) (47500.02 × 103 N − mm)(300 − 142.19 mm)(15)
= =
n INA 868.455 × 106 mm4
fs = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚

h. Actual compressive stress in steel.

f ′ s M(x − d′) (47500.02 × 103 N − mm)(142.19 mm − 60 mm)
= =[ ]
2n INA 868.455 × 106 mm4
(47500.02 × 103 N − mm)(142.19 mm − 60 mm)
f ′s = [ ] (2)(15) = 𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟔 𝐌𝐏𝐚
868.455 × 106 mm4

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1.6 Activity no.2

Instruction: Solve the following problems completely. Show your comprehensive solutions and
include necessary illustrations.

1. A reinforced concrete beam is 400mm wide and with an effective depth of [Link] has a tensile
reinforcement of 4-25mmΦ, fc’ = 21 MPa and fs = 124 MPa. Calculate the total safe uniform load the
beam could support over a simple span of 6m in kN/m.
2. A cantilever beam 4m long is 400mm wide by 750mm high with an effective depth of 685mm. The
beam properties are fc’ = 21MPa, fs = 165MPa and n = 9. It is reinforced with 4- 28mm bars in single
layer. What is the safe uniform load that the beam could support excluding its weight?
3. A 300mm x 600mm reinforced concrete beam section is reinforced with 4-28mmΦ tension bars
at d = 536 mm and 2-28mmΦ compression steel at d’ = 64 mm. The section is subjected to a bending
moment of 150 kN-m. Use fc’ = 21 MPa, fs = 165 MPa and n=9. Calculate the stress in tension and
compression steel. (Use transformed Section Method)
4. A rectangular beam section in positive bending has total dimensions of 200mm x 600mm and
reinforced with 3-16mm∅ compression bars and 3-25mm∅ tension bars with modular ratio n=10. It
carries a total service moment of 100 kN-m. Use bar covering of 60mm. Determine the actual stresses
using Transformed Section.
5. The concrete T beam has the following dimensions: b=600mm, bw = 300mm, d=500mm and tf =
80mm. It is subjected to a bending moment of 100 kN-m. Use fc’=21MPa, fs=165MPa and n=9. It has
a tensile reinforcement of 3-32mm∅. Determine the concrete stress at the bottom of the flange (Use
Transformed Section Method).
6. Compute the bending stresses in the beam shown using transformed section method where the
modular ratio, n = 8. The maximum bending moment applied is 150 kN-m. (15pts.)

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IV. References

1. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C. McCormac and Russel H. Brown , 9th Edition.

2. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010/2015 , Volume 1 (Buildings, Towers and
other Vertical Structures)

3. ACI 318 Building Code requirements for Reinforced Concrete, Latest Edition

4. Nilson, Arthur H. and Winter, George et. Al, Design of reinforced Concrete Structures, 13th Ed.
2000, McGraw Hill

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