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System Programming

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Khushant rana
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13 views8 pages

System Programming

Uploaded by

Khushant rana
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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systems pros a some questions should be p ind shell? Since UNIX is NIX system hi ? The answers handled ywavhat the U Now thatyou kno : processes diready How are filesand thatare inter iI library thatis availat sallow ins ‘yelookat files and mming nature o programmes you are and applications that ensure © flict. This chapter t@ he same for processes: rove the existing ones. in the system ¢ chapterandthefollowit wuse of the multiprogr quired hat resources are s kes up file internals and the The knowledge you acquire from th Becai proc t todevise programs to, and without causing CO! calls; the next chapter does you write new tools and imp! wuar You WILL LEARN «The basics of system calls and library fun « Perform file I/O with open, read, write, Jseek and close, using a file descrip « How system call errors are handled and reported with perror and stret « Navigate a directory structure with chdir and getewd. « Read directory entries with opendir and readdir, and cxamine the di) . The combined role of the stat structure and stat calls in retrieving inc + Use S_IP4T and the $_ISexx macros to determine the fil a + How to use symbolic constants to test each issit ‘ oe permission bit ofa file. 1ctiONs. _ ToPICS OF SPECIAL INTEREST « Understa, ; e Kodera bgp io ors and theconstauace cea portant to properly set the size of the b of using it with an fase UNIX: Concepts and Applications | purposes system calls b i) of all types (int, ch pe declaration of this wr 23.1.2 Anatomy of a System Call z vy are implemented, fof 2 P renerally, ot EXce nis (eneal oee ae toty Irrespective of the way the functions. They accept argu me pointers, etc.) and return values as ea" */ ze_t count)s seize t write(int ja const void “buf, $17°— type is of return is oftype size, ay wpe lsat sv spectively on your machine, ony a pectively. int itself could be 16 bits on size_t and ssize_t, rather than ping, will be performed by th ; many system « C introduced the concept of a generic data type tthe VO A 7 write) use this data type. In the prototype for write shown ve void ae buffer which can be for char * buf int *buf, etc, We don't nee! He type that we actually use in our program. The third argument ultimately translate them to the pri ; be typedet'd to unsigned int and int, respe could represent unsigned long and ong, F ed type and 32 bits on another, By using the derived types, $17°— J that appropriate ma types in our programs, we are assured alike library function’ that often return null on érfor, system Calls generally rete system call also séts a static (global) variable, errno, to. 2 numeric value repress There’s a text message associated with every error number, and we'll learn to id the crror and print these messages. Some system calls, however, never return never return atall. 23.1.3 Atomic Operations When you program in this multiprogramming environment, there’s one thing keep in mind at all times: Multiple processes can contend for a single resoure can be serious consequences in using two system calls (open and 1seek) to app ‘one would have sufficed (open). It’s possible that a process is taken out of the CPU ; before Iseek, and a second process could overwrite the file in this period. Wherever possible, you need to take care that certain critical operations are pet manner. An atomic operation comprises multiple actions that are either perform ‘or not at all. Using two system calls in succession can’t be an atomic operation | 2 second process to run in between. In this chapter and the next, we'll note the i behavior as and when we encounter them. Tip: The UNIX man documentation features system calls and li " n id lib respectively. Sometimes, the same name represents fot ak ee read, write and exec), so calling man without the section number would wrong jor the command. (man read shows the man 's buil useman 2 read (or man -s2 ren on Saas). Te ocumraton eee OPENING AND cy, 23.2 Os) _ begin our discussion g NG 4 Fy 5 fe Ns ILE stems write, Cl0Se and Tega tem fev ering 1s¢ek) ake ee lswith ming |Fites 495) ell ¢ Te Used with phere UNE oT Teateg “I open: Openi ESE Ob ag TERE cya Ale 70) » 3.2.1 oP Pening ang ens Heets agg, cven Pines ay These comp ou don't asa to opena file one ating aFile MI sockets ag ay Mend jen it. open has two forms. 8S its atek; of these afi doesn't. Both forms oa a form ste, ut | su YOU can’ Pressed hy, Bh thatthe fie ne OF Write a file unt ‘Ntax: Sts, a Unless you first t open(const char *, : Path, ing Offa Ind the second g gpen urns file descriptors, ee Rasiiioe 4 nimentne an int. Th : as eee by the other four aie S the lowest {having the descriptors 0, 1 anda - Since every Umber available close them). Normal Pen, We done «2 Program al efor allocation and w Normally the fest pan ON ted tgpen 3 find the thee saan me first argument (puch) isa poin OUr rogram should files from our programs (th 2 ite fi ees absolute or relative). The second argues tt sting that turn the file descriptor 3 ig ea-write), which is conveniently a ee is) isusedto aaa patie pathname (cither only one of the following mod sented by three a ode of opening (read, write o 'B modes mustbe specified: Mele const afl fants, When opening a fi > ROONLY Opens slg —— opening a file, [Link] Opens file for writing. ROWR Opens file for reading and writing These constants are defined im the file Font! -h #include at the top of your progra one or more of the following status flags (also in /usr/include, so you need to place the statement im. For added functionality, you'll often need to use defined in fent1.h) as components of oflag: 0_APPEND Opens file in append mode (only if file opening mode is 0_WRONLY or O_RDWR). 0_TRUNC Truncates file to zero length (same conditions as above). 0 CREAT Creates file iffit doesn't exist. 0_EXCL Generates an error if 0_CREAT is also specified and the file also exists. 0. SYNC Synchronizes read-write operations. Ensures thatwrite doesn’t return until the data is written to disk (explained later). ed with the bit-wise OR operator, |, along with the mode of opening, Here These status flags are us P t EXISTS: ays you can use open with a file tha wee The file descriptor int fd; F ae fd = open("/ete/passwd”s 0_ROONLY) 5 " Seni fd = open("[Link]™ [Link] | 0. APPEND). 5 Fe gathe >to a ven (toate aa Se the file This pointer determine: i inter to the beginning ofthe Wie S a : sets the leo Por the second cal, the file is op The first open call above fil ad or write will take ple: ee ie a SOF Asubsequen where in the file the subsequent hich sets for writing but only by appending psa) i ———-—~—F Shr [B56 unex: concepts and Applications js file but im sgsize. The third call truncatesa file creases i he beginning: 0 CREAT (and sometimess 0_EXCL also), to ex reed for this function.) In that case, you'll hay nent. This argument can be specifi Jar you'll have co prefix the number | to use the symbolic constants proy write call here doesn’t overwrite th (© TRUNC) and positions the offset P n use the inter att Ifthe file doesn’t exist, t file. (Previously, the creat system the absolute permissions of the octal number in the same way use¢ (like 0644 instead of 644). How you tys/stat.h, They are displayed in a tabular form as the third argu { by chmod, except 1 are advised below: lw as User Group miner a ~ SaRUSR S_IRGRP s_1ROTH S_IRWKU _TWUSR S_IWGRP s_IWOTH S_IRWXG cute S_IXUSR S_IXGRP xoTH s_IRWKO o OR these constants ented by a separate bit, you have t , 0644 is the same as Since each permission is repre: obtain the desired permissions, For instanc S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH ‘on (0_TRUNC), while ensuring that the file is To open a file for writing after truncati Y doesn’t exist (0_CREAT), specify the permissions as the third argument: fd = open("[Link]", O_WRONLY | 0 CREAT | O_TRUNC, Second argument S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_TROTH) 5 Permissions are 06 This is how the shell opens a file or overwrites one that exists when it sees the > symb the bit-wise OR of the opening mode and status flags equates to octal 01101. We ca these numbers; that’s why we must use symbolic constants. vo The status flag, 0_EXCL, provides protection from overwriting an existing file. If used at be combined with 0_CREAT (0_CREAT | 0 EXCL). With the two flags set in this way, 0 an error (-1) ifthe file exists. We can use this mechanism to test for the existence ofa Note: The file may not be created with the exact permissions open. 26 you specify with flag. The specified permissions get reduced by the umask value of the process. system call named umask for handling this function and is discussed in Section 23.5. Tip: The 0_EXCL feature comes in handy when i ) ‘ you devise a scheme to let foo, in a cooperative manner. To make the scheme work as an acbisoiy fea 0 Bore ene oes ee ie) create 3 lock file (with the same name) before they en they are done with foo. If all cooperating , their open calls that attempt to create the lock file, the pe a wa se Adherence to this agreement ensures that a file is not written simultaneously by. \ 7.2 close: Closing ak gram automatically clos icitly when you no | (int fd); d practice to close - ccurns 0 if successfia) clos ; afi: cand ma es it available i ‘ descriptor for that Het reek calls invoked to Mis in Section ve same file is opened by ty nel simply assigns two aciply release the dese} \e having descriptor values 1 -d in the next chapter, like fwrite, fputs, read and write. These call and writing. We'll soon le: Hf you sie to Pioeae address to read: int fd, ng aa b while ((n =

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