MC IVAN R.

TESORO BSMARE 2C Irregular

Module 1:Introduction to Research

Lesson 1:Research Philosophy and methods
Introduction:
Research methods is a broad term. While methods of data collection and data analysis
represent the core of research methods, you have to address a range of additional elements
within the scope of your [Link] most important elements of research methodology
expected to be covered in business dissertation at Bachelor’s, Master’s and PhD levels
include research philosophy, types of research, research approach, methods of data collection,
sampling and ethical considerations. These elements may vary with the career or purpose it
may serve. Similarly, the technical format will also depend on the educational program,
agencies, system and origin. The only idea which maybe in common is the prime purpose, it
will deliver and for the benefit of the humanity

Objectives: At the end of the delivery of this module, the students should be able to
Develop a specific idea on the philosophy of research

List down the different types of research.

 Qualitative Research
 Quantitative Research
 Mixed Research

Name the important elements of research.

variables, associations, sampling, random selection, random assignment, and blinding

Explain the different elements of research

 Variables- Variables are names that are given to the variance we wish to explain. A
variable is either a result of some force or is itself the force that causes a change in
another variable. In experiments, these are called dependent and independent variables
respectively. Variables are names that are given to the variance we wish to explain. A
variable is either a result of some force or is itself the force that causes a change in
another variable. In experiments, these are called dependent and independent variables
respectively.
 Associations- Associations can be positive or negative. Positive associations suggest
that when one variable is increased, the value of other variable increases (e.g., as height
increases, so does weight; as cholesterol level increases, so does the risk of heart failure).
Negative associations mean that when a variable is increased, the value of other variable
decreases (e.g., exercise is introduced (or increased) and weight decreases)
 Sampling- Sampling is the process of choosing participants for a research study.
Sampling involves choosing a small group of participants that will represent a larger
group. Sampling is used because it is difficult or impractical to include all members of a
group
 random selection- Random selection is a form of sampling where a representative group
of research participants is selected from a larger group by chance. This can be done by
identifying all of the possible candidates for study participation and randomly choosing a
subset to participate. This allows for each person to have an equal chance of participating
in the study.
 Random assignment- Random assignment is a procedure used in experiments to create
multiple study groups that include participants with similar characteristics so that the
groups are equivalent at the beginning of the study. The procedure involves assigning
individuals to an experimental treatment or program at random, or by chance.
 Blinding- Blinding is a technique used to decrease bias on the part of the researcher or
the participant. In some studies, the participant is not told to which group they have been
assigned. Blinding can reduce the temptation to ignore random assignment procedures
and can reduce any expectations about the potential effectiveness of the treatment or
program since group assignment remains unknown by the participant, the researcher or
both the participant and researcher.

Write an essay/ sample statement that describe the particular element of research

An understanding of the basic elements of research is essential for good research practices.
Among the most important elements to be considered are variables, associations, sampling,
random selection, random assignment, and blinding. A variable in research simply refers to a
person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way. In
experiments, these are called dependent and independent variables respectively. Variables are
names that are given to the variance we wish to explain. Association is generally defined as
the statistical dependence between two or more variables. Two variables are associated if
some of the variability of one variable can be accounted for by the other, that is if a change in
the quantity of one variable condition a change in the other variable. While sampling is the
selection of a subset of the population of interest in a research study. In the vast majority of
research endeavors, the participation of an entire population of interest is not possible, so a
smaller group is relied upon for data collection. Then random selection is the process of
selecting a smaller group of individuals from a larger group to be participants in a study.
Every person has an equal chance of being selected, which allows each of the individuals in
the group the same chance of participating. Random assignment is a way of placing
participants from your sample into different groups using randomization. In contrast, random
assignment is a way of sorting the sample into control and experimental groups. Lastly,
blinding refers to a practice where study participants are prevented from knowing certain
information that may somehow influence them—thereby tainting the results.

Apply the different elements in the construction of the research technical paper.
Readings:

1. Research philosophy
Research philosophy is associated with clarification of assumption about the nature and the
source of knowledge. All studies are based on some kind of assumptions about the world and
the ways of understanding the world. There is no consensus among philosophers about the
most appropriate ways of understanding the world; therefore, you are expected to clarify the
philosophy you have chosen to understand your research problem.
In simple words, research philosophy refers to your belief about how data should be collected,
analyzed and used. Accordingly, clarification of research philosophy is a starting point for the
choice of research methods.
Positivism and phenomenology are the two main contrasting research philosophies related to
business studies. Positivism is an objective approach which relies on facts and quantitative
data. Phenomenology, on the contrary, takes into account subjective human interests and
focuses on meanings rather than hard data. You have to specify in your dissertation which
philosophy you are following.

For research work: Give at least two researches using positivism philosophy and
Phenomenology philosophy use research Suggested link for reading
[Link]
Bajpai, N. (2011) “Business Research Methods” Pearson Education India Self Assessment:
Positivism Philosophy:
 A study into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the equity of fashion brands in
the Philippines.
 An analysis of the effects of foreign direct investment in the information technology
industry on GDP growth in the Philippines.

Phenomelogy philosophy:
 The Experiences Of Every War Survivor Or War Veteran Are Unique. Research Can
Illuminate Their Mental States And Survival Strategies In A New World.

 Losing Family Members To Covid-19 Hasn’t Been Easy. A Detailed Study Of Survivors
And People Who’ve Lost Loved Ones Can Help Understand Coping Mechanisms And
Long-Term Traumas.

1. Give at least three(3) good reasons why Research are required in all level of
educational system ( senior High , college, graduate and post graduate) Give example for
each reason.
a) It nurtures student learning and the way they think of a specific topic. Example like doing
some investigation or observation.
b) It's a means to understand issues and increase public awareness. Example, during the covid
19 pandemic. Students are able to balance and consider the pros and cons.
c) It allows us to disprove lies and support truths. Example, fake news or any social platform
that produce hoax and untrue happenings.

2. List down at least three (3) products of research. May it be technology, gadgets or
theories. What benefits (2), did it gave you?
a) AI robots- Automation is one of the most commonly cited benefits of AI technology, and
it has had significant impacts on the communications, transportation, consumer products, and
service industries.
b) Effectiveness of the CGI (computer generated imagery)- CGI Animation may also
perform an involved function in advertising and marketing. For example, you can attract more
customers by use of imaginative animation on all your plasma screens. On the other hand, you
may choose to use visual presentation to display designs in the workplace. CGI animation can
also help create high-end commercials and films.
c) COVID 19 vaccine- COVID-19 vaccines can offer added protection to people who had
COVID-19, including protection against being hospitalized from a new infection, especially
as variants continue to emerge.

2. Types of Research
Research methods also depend on the type of research according to the purpose of the study.
Specifically, according to their purpose, studies can be classified either as applied research or
fundamental research.
Applied research, also known as an action research, aims to find solution for immediate and
specific problem(s). Accordingly, findings of applied studies are valuable on practical levels
and can be applied to address concrete problems.
Ex. What is the best time for me to study so that concepts can easily be remembered. So you
do trials using the different time of the day. Make a test also do a survey, then make
conclusions
Fundamental research, on the other hand, also known as basic research or pure research, aims
to contribute to the overall scope of knowledge in the research area without immediate
practical implications. Findings of fundamental studies cannot be used to solve immediate and
specific business problems.
Ex. The law of demand and supply. Research is done many timesand was upgraded to theory.
Research is again done in a wider scope, and the same thing happened it becomes a principle.
Then research again is done in all types of business, then it becomes a law.
Research works. Using the internet, give two examples each of the type of research given
above. Explain why it is applied or fundamental research. Write your answers below
Applied research Fundamental/pure/basic research
[Link]

3. Research approach
Research approach is another important element of research methodology that directly effects
the choice of specific research methods. Research approach can be divided into two, inductive
and deductive categories. If you decide to find answer to specific research question(s)
formulated in the beginning of the research process, you would be following an inductive
approach. Alternatively, if you choose to achieve research objective(s) via testing hypotheses,
your research approach can be specified as deductive. The choice between the two depends on
a set of factors such as the area of study, research philosophy, the nature of the research
problem and others.

Lesson 2:Research design Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to
List down the different research designs.
Describe each design according to where, what, and when to use the different design,
Discover the importance of each design in the field of reseach.
Cite at least three example finished research for each design.

Readings:
Research design can be exploratory or conclusive. If you want merely explore the research
problem and you do not want to produce final and conclusive evidences to the research
problem, your research design would be exploratory. Conclusive research design, on the
contrary, aims to provide final and conclusive answers to the research question. Conclusive
research be further divided into two sub-categories. There at least four common research
designs that researchers may employ. The following are
Descriptive (e.g., case-study, naturalistic observation, survey)
1. Correlational (e.g., case-control study, observational study)3. Experimental (e.g., field
experiment, controlled experiment, quasi-experiment)
2.
3. 4. Review (literature review, systematic review)
5. Meta-analytic (meta-analysis)
Descriptive research Design
This a type of research that describes a population or maybe a sample representing a
population, situation, condition, [Link] that is being studied. It focuses on
answering the what, when, where and how questions rather than the why.
This is mainly because it is important to have a proper understanding of what a research
problem is about before investigating why it exists in the first place.
Example: The researchers would like to determine the level of English Language competency
of RPCI graduates. This research will answer only the how, what and where of the
population. The
descriptive research comes in. Statistically, it applies more the measures of central tendency,
position, or dispersion.
Types of Descriptive Research?
Descriptive research is classified into different types according to the kind of approach that is
used in conducting descriptive research.
1.1Descriptive-survey
Descriptive-survey research uses surveys, maybe a questionnaires, checklists and tables to
gather data about varying area, conditions, skills and others of a population or population.
This data aims to know the extent to which different conditions can be obtained among these
subjects.
For example, a researcher wants to determine the qualification of employed professionals in
the maritime Education Program of Regency Polytechnic College Inc. He uses a survey
maybe a questionnaire or checklist as his research instrument, This way, the researcher can
describe the qualifications possessed by the employedprofessionals’ demographics of this
community.
[Link]-normative survey
This is an extension of the descriptive-survey, The results of the study should be compared
with the norm.
For example, Regency Polytechnic College [Link] to test the skills of its instructors by a
team of examiners may have them take a skills test as an evaluation tool in this case, and the
result of this test is compared with the norm as reflected by the results of test from other
schools.
[Link]-status
This is a quantitative description technique that seeks to answer questions about real-life
situations. For example, a researcher researching the income of the employees in a company,
and the relationship with their performance.
A survey will be carried out to gather enough data about the income of the employees, then
their performance will be evaluated and compared to their income. This will help determine
whether a higher income means better performance and low income means lower
performance or vice versa.
[Link]-analysis
Descriptive-analysis method of research describes a subject by further analyzing it, which in
this case involves dividing it into 2 parts. For example, the HR personnel of a company
wishes to analyze the job role of each employee of the company. She may divide the
employees into the people that work at the office and those that work from branch offices.
A questionnaire is formulated to analyze the job role of employees with similar salaries and
work in similar positions.
[Link] classification
This method is employed in biological sciences for the classification of plants and animals. A
researcher who wishes to classify the sea animals into different species will collect samples
from various search stations, then classify them accordingly.
[Link]-comparative
In descriptive-comparative research, the researcher considers 2 variables or bivariate research
which are not manipulated, and establish a formal procedure to conclude that one is better
than the other. For example, an examination body wants to determine the better method of
conducting tests between paper-based and computer-based tests.
A random sample of potential participants of the test may be asked to use the 2 different
methods, and factors like failure rates, time factors, and others will be evaluated to arrive at
the best method.

Check- up questions
1. Write DS- if Descriptive survey, DN if Normative survey, DStat- if descriptive
status,
DA if descriptive analysis, DCl if descriptive classification, DComp if descriptive-
comparative type of research in order to reach the following conclusions on the blank
provided before each number.
______1. Students who used calculators got higher score than those students who used
slide rule.
______2. The graduates of RPCI are highly competent in making computerized report.
______3. The products manufactured by company A is cheaper then the same product
produces by company B.
______4. The normal passing rate percentage of RPCI graduate in Board Examination
for the past ten years is 5% higher than the national passing percentage in all board
examination
______5. Based on the attendance submitted by the guidance office, BSMT students are
incurring more behavioral infractions than BSME Students for the past three months.
______ 6. Based on the data gathered, there are 10% of RPCI students came from
affluent family, 20% students from middle income family, 30 % of students from family
with seafarer, and 40 % of students are from low income farmer family.
______7. A Botanist concluded that bamboo is a grass.
______8. Majority of the students of Hospitality department idolized a neat but
intelligent instructors/instructress.
______9. Costumers patronize Mall A because the prices of their commodities is lower
by an average of P2.50 .
_____10. Males are taller than females.

2. List down the six(6) types of descriptive research. Give a simple description of each
type.
a)
b)
c)

Correlational Research Design(e.g., case-control study, observational study)

Correlative used to determine whether the relationship between 2 variables is positive,
negative, or neutral. That is, if 2 variables, say X and Y are directly proportional, inversely
proportional or are not related to each other using correlational statistics .
Experimental Research Design. (e.g., field experiment, controlled experiment,
quasiexperiment
Experimental research is research conducted with a scientific approach using two or more sets
of variables. The first set acts as a constant, which you use to measure the differences of the
second set. These variables may replicated by at least three replications Quantitative research
methods, for example, are experimental. Generally, the experimental research design always
follo a scientific Method. These method can be inside a laboratory or outside the laboratory.
Types of Experimental Research Design
Pre-experimental research design: A group, or various groups, are kept under
observation after implementing factors of cause and effect. This is sometimes called
preliminary observation research to understand whether further investigation is necessary for
these particular groups.
True experimental research design: True experimental research relies on statistical analysis to
prove or disprove a hypothesis, making it the most accurate form of research. Of the types of
experimental design, only true design can establish a cause-effect relationship within a group.
In a true experiment, three factors need to be satisfied:
There is a Control Group, and an Experimental Group. The controlled group is always
constant. The other group are varying and the effect is compared to the effect on the
controlled group variables.
A variable which can be manipulated by the researcher
Random distribution. The variables together with the controlled group are being distributed
randomly
This experimental research Design method commonly occurs in the physical sciences.
Quasi-experimental research design: The word “Quasi” indicates similarity. A
quasiexperimental design is similar to experimental, but it is not the same. The difference
between the two is the assignment of a control group. In this research, an independent
variable is manipulated, but the participants of a group are not randomly assigned. Quasi-
research is used in field settings where random distribution is not possible.
[Link]/blog/experimental-research
[Link] (literature review, systematic review)
By Dr Andy Siddaway
The research context A huge amount of research is produced each year, often with conflicting
findings. These between-study differences may be due to study differences, flaws or chance
(sampling variation). In such situations, it is not always clear what the overall picture is, or
which results are most reliable and should be used as the basis for practice and policy
decisions. systematic review Systematic reviews aim to address these problems by
identifying, critically evaluating and integrating the findings of all relevant, high-quality
individual studies addressing one or more research questions.
A good systematic review might be achieved most or all of the following (Baumeister&
Leary, 1997; Bem, 1995; Cooper, 2003):
4.1 Establish to what extent existing research has progressed towards clarifying a particular
problem;
4.2. Identify relations, contradictions, gaps, and inconsistencies in the literature, and explore
reasons for these (e.g. by proposing a new conceptualisation or theory which accounts for the
inconsistency);
4.3 Formulate general statements or an overarching conceptualization (make a point, rather
than summarizing all the points everyone else has made; Sternberg, 1991);
4.4. Comment on, evaluate, extend, or develop theory;
4.5. In doing these things, provide implications for practice and policy;
4.6. Describe directions for future research. A systematic review is therefore a piece of
research in its own right and, by its nature, is able to address much broader questions than
single empirical studies ever can (e.g. uncovering connections among many empirical
findings; Baumeister& Leary, 1997). Indeed, systematic reviews sit above all other research
designs at the top of the ‘hierarchy of evidence’ because they have the potential to provide the
most important practical implications.
[Link]-analytic (meta-analysis)
A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.
Meta-analysis can be performed when there are multiple scientific studies addressing the
same question, with each individual study reporting measurements that are expected to have
some degree of error. The aim then is to use approaches from statistics to derive a pooled
estimate closest to the unknown common truth based on how this error is perceived.
Existing methods for meta-analysis yield a weighted average from the results of the individual
studies, and what differs is the manner in which these weights are allocated and also the
manner in which the uncertainty is computed around the point estimate thus generated. In
addition to providing an estimate of the unknown common truth, meta-analysis has the
capacity to contrast results from different studies and identify patterns among study results,
sources of disagreement among those results, or other interesting relationships that may come
to light in the context of multiple studies.( WWW. [Link])

Self – Assessment
A medical Doctor would like to discover a vaccine for COVID-19. What research design
so you think appropriate to use. Defend your answer.

Lesson 3:Data collection methods Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to
Name the different methods in data collection.
Differentiate each method from each other.
Appreciate the importance of each method in data collection.
Classify each data as qualitative or quantitative data
There are two types of data – primary and secondary. Primary data is a type of data which
never existed before, hence it was not previously published. Primary data is collected for a
specific purpose, i.e. they are critically analyzed to find answers to research question(s).
Secondary data, on the other hand, refers to a type of data that has been previously published
in journals, magazines, newspapers, books, online portals and other sources.
Dissertations can be based solely on the secondary data, without a need for the primary data.
However, the opposite is not true i.e. no research can be completed only using primary data
and secondary data collection and analysis is compulsory for all dissertations.
Primary data collection methods can be divided into two categories: qualitative and
quantitative.
The main differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods can be
summarized in the following points:
Firstly, the concepts in quantitative research methods are usually expressed in the forms of
variables, while the concepts in qualitative research methods are expressed in motives and
generalizations.
Secondly, quantitative research methods and measures are usually universal, like formulas for
finding mean, median and mode for a set of data, whereas, in qualitative research each
research is approached individually and individual measures are developed to interpret the
primary data taking into account the unique characteristics of the research.
Thirdly, data in quantitative research appears in the forms of numbers and specific
measurements and in qualitative research data can be in forms of words, images, transcripts,
etc.
Fourthly, research findings in quantitative research can be illustrated in the forms of tables,
graphs and pie-charts, whereas, research findings in qualitative studies is usually presented in
analysis by only using words.

Table 1. The table shows the main difference between qualitative and quantitative research
methods
Characteristic Quantitative research
Qualitative research

Typeofdata

Phenomenaare described numerically

Phenomenaare described inanarrative fashion

Analysis

Descriptiveand inferential statistics

Identificationof major schemes

Scopeofinquiry

Specificquestions or hypotheses
Broad, thematicconcerns

Primaryadvantage

Large sample, statistical validity, accurately reflects thepopulation

Rich, in-depth, narrative descriptionof sample

Primarydisadvantage

Superficialunderstanding ofparticipants’thoughts andfeelings

Smallsample, not generalizable tothe population atlarge

[Link]
The most popular qualitative methods of data collection and analysis in business studies are
interviews, focus groups, observation, case studies, games and role playing etc.
Popular quantitative methods of data collection and analysis, on the other
hand, include correlation analysis, regression analysis, mean, mode and median and
others.
Sampling
Sampling is a principle that specifies the conditions and guides the process of selecting the
members of population to participate in the study and to contribute as sources for primary
data. The choice of sampling method determines the accuracy of research findings, reliability
and validity of the study and has immense implications on the overall quality of the study..
Types of Sampling
[Link] Sampling. All members of the population has equal chance of being chosen as a
sample.
[Link] sampling – is a sampling method wherein the individual with the same
characteristics are grouped together as a sample.
[Link] sampling is a type of sampling where the sample come only due to the
chance of being available.
[Link] sampling is a type of sampling where the members are logically selected to be
a part of a sample.
Ethical Considerations
Regardless of your choice of research methods, you are obliged to address ethical aspects of
writing a thesis in a proactive manner. Here you have to state that you have avoided
misconducts during that research process is free from contradictions on ethical grounds and
this statement must be true.
Assessment. Determine the type of sampling used. Write the type of sampling on the
blank provided. Give one(1) reason to defend your answer. 25 points.
_____________1. 10 students of BSMT students are selected by CHED-MARINA
auditors. They passed a rolled piece of paper with numbers around and called all
students with piece of paper number divisible by 5.
_____________2. The researcher separated the students according the year level. Then
he selected 10 samples each from each year level.
_____________3. The researcher would like to select 20 best students from graduating
RPCI student as scholar. To do this he offered preliminary exam and selected 50
students with scores higher than 30. The 30 selected students is again given a test and
selected 20 students with the highest score.
_____________4. The researcher is looking for five (5) respondents to be a part of his
research in one of the city’s subdivision. He is looking for a member of a family having
3brother and 2 sisters, Out of 300 dwellers only four families with 3 brother and 2
sisters. One member of this family automatically become a respondents.
_____________5. The researcher is looking for 50 respondent for his research in
psychology subject. He played a music and ask the people to pass around a. ball.
Without looking at the ball he stop the music and separate the person holding the ball.
He do it again and again until such time that there are already 50 persons selected.

Lesson 4: How to Write an APA Research Paper Format.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
Identify the different format used in research.
Discover the advantage of APA format from other format.
Show appreciation of APA format in a technical researchpaper.
Construct a simple format using the APA format.
5.
We’ll break down the writing process into easy steps to help you understand how to write a
research paper fast no matter how long it must be.
Step 1. Choose a Topic
Sometimes college students are assigned with their research paper topics, but if you are
fortunate enough to have such an option, choose your topic wisely. First of all, think about
choosing a challenging topic you are interested in. Then, you won’t be bored when doing the
research because you are sure to discover something new and you’ll enjoy the writing
process. Don’t select subjects that are too technical or general.
If your topic is too broad, your research paper is unlikely to be successful because it will look
like a general overview. You should narrow your topic down to a certain aspect, concept or
idea and make it specific and manageable. For example, if your topic is “Global Warming”,
you should narrow it to “Causes of Global Warming”, “Impact of Global Warming on Human
Health” or something like that.
Step 2. Write a Working Thesis Statement

Prepare a working thesis before you actually organize your research because it will guide
your investigation and will help you stay focused on your subject. Your thesis statement
should be concise and reflect the type of paper you are writing. All research papers can be
divided into 3 categories:
argumentative or persuasive if you are arguing the conclusion;
expository when you explain information;
analytical when you present your analysis of certain information.
You have to devote enough of your precious time to creating a good strong thesis statement
so that your project has a clear purpose. Your thesis should be debatable and narrow because
your claims should be supported by evidence. If your claim is broad, you will need more
evidence to convince your readers that you are right. Here is an example of a debatable thesis
statement:
Climate change is the most pressing challenge facing the world today.
Step 3. Do Research on Your Topic
You should find enough secondary and primary credible sources on the subject of your paper,
carefully read all of them, and find relevant evidence to support your thesis. At this stage, you
should evaluate your sources, take notes, and start documenting your sources according to a
citation style specified by your instructor (APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, etc.)
Make sure you use the latest edition of a specific style guide. You will use your notes about
references later when writing your paper and building your bibliography. It’s crucial to cite all
sources that you used for quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing to avoid plagiarism.
Step 4. Make a Good Outline
Your research has given you tons of great ideas. Now you have to organize them for your
impressive presentation. Don’t skip this vital step because without it, your project will lack
focus and you will need more time for revising your draft trying to make sense of your
jumbled thoughts. That’s why you need an outline. You have to finalize your thesis and create
a working outline that you plan to cover and that will serve you as a roadmap and keep you
focused.
Think about key points that you’ll need to develop to support your thesis statement. You can
use them as subheadings for the body of your paper. Look through your notes and organize
the information under each sub-heading. Make sure you include only relevant information
that fits under your sub-headings and directly supports your thesis.
You should resist the temptation to include any information that doesn’t fit into your outline
no matter how interesting it is.
When writing an outline, you should keep in mind a typical research paper structure that
commonly includes:
a title page;
an abstract;
an introduction;
a methodology section;
findings/results;
discussion;  conclusion.
But if your research paper is not long, its format may include an introduction, body
paragraphs, and a conclusion. In any case, you should follow specific guidelines provided by
your instructor.
Step 5. Create the First Draft
This is the middle of the process. You have a clear direction and it’s time to create the first
draft with a title, in-text citations, and a reference page.
The title is very important if you want to make a good impression on your readers because it’s
the first thing that they see. It forms their view on what exactly they should expect in your
paper. You should list the keywords that present the topic of your paper, methods you used,
and results that you achieved. Now create a sentence that includes all the keywords that you
have listed and delete the unnecessary words. After that, you need to link the remaining ones.
Finally, you have to delete non-essential info and organize the remaining words in the logical
order. You can also include the subtitle. Make sure that your title is concise.
Afterwards, you need to write an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. These are
the main parts of your paper so let us provide you with some details on how to do it right.
Research assignment. Is APA format is used to all type of research Paper? If no, what or give
other format used in research.
Lesson 5. To start writing a research Paper
Write an Introduction for your Research Paper
Start writing an introduction. The introductory paragraph should begin with an attention
grabber that may be:
 ★a provocative question;
 ★statistics;
 ★an anecdote;
 ★unusual facts, etc.
You are writing an academic paper but that doesn’t mean you have to be boring. Next, you
need to provide the background information, explain your goals, and how you plan to
approach your research paper topic. You should finish your introduction with your thesis
statement or research question. This section of your paper is not long so you are sure to finish
it fast.
Writing the Body Paragraphs
Your outline will help you to complete this part of your paper. But you shouldn’t think that
you must strictly follow it. It may evolve and you are free to revise it and make changes. The
key thing is to stay on your track and focus on your thesis. You should provide your points
and support your main idea.
Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence and provide arguments and relevant evidence
to support it. You should write as many body paragraphs as you have the key points.
How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper
Most research papers end with restarting their thesis statements. You can also do it but you
shouldn’t repeat it word for word. Paraphrase it or summarize the key points of your paper.
You may emphasize the significance of your findings as well. A good idea is to provide some
recommendations based on the results of your investigation or suggest some directions for
further research.
Your rough draft is ready. Wondering what to do next? Go on reading to find some tips on
how to revise your research paper.
How to Make Your Paper Perfect
No one can write their first draft perfectly. So, if you want to make a good impression on your
professor and earn a high grade, you should revise your draft to make sure that your project is
on point. Be ready that you may need to revise your project more than once because it is
really worth doing.
Step 6. Revise, Edit and Proofread
You have to make large-scale changes and check the logic, flow, transitions, make changes in
the structure and order of your paragraphs. You should make sure that all your ideas are fully
developed and all the claims are supported by credible evidence. You may need to add some
section headings.
The next stage is editing. You have to check and eliminate filler words and phrases, improve
word choice, and correct mistakes in punctuation and grammar if you find any. You should
look for:
incomplete sentences;
dangling modifiers;
easily confused words (such as to, too, and two);
spelling mistakes;
apostrophes for possessives and plurals;
quotation rules obeyed;
comma use;
eliminate contractions.
You will need to re-read your paper several times. A good strategy is to read your paper
backwards. In this way, you will feel a little disoriented and will be able to catch more
mistakes. You should start reading the last sentence, then check the second to the last one and
continue doing it until you get to your first sentence.
You should ask your friends or family members to review your research paper and express
their opinion about it. They should evaluate your argument, transitions, and the balance and
look for any inconsistencies with usage, grammar or mechanics. Ask your friends to provide
their feedback and make suggested changes if you think they make sense. Finally, you may
print your paper and proofread it to eliminate minor mistakes or typos and ensure that your
amazing research paper is flawless.
Step 7. Rely on Our Academic Custom Writing Service
You can use our easy guide to craft winning research papers fast, get better grades, and enjoy
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As a result, you’ll spend less time but get more pleasure from studying. Requirements for the
prelim to midterm for summer 2020.
End of Prelim Prelim assessment will be attached once answered here. Start of Mid term
Presentation of three proposed Thesis titles to be presented and defended in front of three
selected panel of judges
Write- ups for Chapter 1, two and 3
Survey questionnaire if opting to conduct qualitative research.
If opting to conduct experimental or action research, detailed methodology or experimental
set-ups, research treatments and control with the desired number of replication.
Presentation of three proposed Thesis titles to be presented and defended in front of three
selected panel of gudges
Write- ups for Chapter 1, two and 3
Survey questionnaire if opting to conduct qualitative research.
If opting to conduct experimental or action research, detailed methodology or experimental
set-ups, research treatments and control with the desired number of replications
Preparation for title proposal
Present the names of your group. Each group must have eight members including the
leader. .Create a group chat (name it according to your choice.)in messenger for easy
communication Write your names below. Leader:
____________________________________ Members:
__________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Meet together, Brainstorm and submit three proposed Research Title. Write your titles
below
Title 1 / Fist Priority
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Title 2 2nd priority
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Title 3 and 3rd priority
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Number of words Maximum of 20 words only.
Module 2: Real research Paper Writing
Lesson 1: Detailed guidelines in writing an essay Objectives:
At the end of this lesson the students should be able to:

1.
Formulate a background of the study satisfying the discussed criteria and their 1
priority proposed title

2.
Undergo proposed title defense.

3.
Propose a statement of the problem, ,general and specific based from their approve title.

4.
Construct a diagram showing the Theoretical framework of their approved research
title.

5.
Develop an article needed in their research paper namely Objectives of the study
Significance of the study, definition of terms

st
A, Background of the study.
This part of the research answers the following
1.
Why conduct the study? Have you seen situations or events or experience which inspired
you to conduct the research?

2.
Was there somebody who inspired or motivated you to conduct the research? Was there
any articles, books which you happened to read that inspired you?

3.
Will your output in one way or another help the school, administrators instructors
parents and students?

,
Example: The title of this research is “ The level of competency of graduating maritime
students of RPCI
Background of the study:
Each year, there are millions of containers, millions of tons of cargoes and people through
cruise ship are moving around the globe using medium to ultra large ships. It could not be
denied the fact that ships, may it be of different types are still the major means of transporting
goods, commodities, products and people from one country to another around the globe.
Although, with the recent modernization of technology, disasters both natural and man-made
are still unavoidable.
In order to reduce these disasters, maritime schools tried to upgrade, the different techniques
and capabilities of graduates in addressing and handling ships under natural disasters while
upgrading and increase the competency of seafarers in avoiding artificial or man-made
disasters like fire on board ships. In fact recent estimates according to studies in 2018, there
are about 1500 fire disasters happening annually which resulted to millions of containers lost.
Using this premise, the researchers are motivated to conduct a research study on determining
the level of competency of graduating maritime students and other courses in handling fire
occurrences on board ship.
Assignment 1: Read and analyze the background. Does it satisfy the question raised in
writing a background? Write the statements that satisfy and found in the example the
three(3) questions
Assessment. Do this individually. Write your own back ground of the study in not less
than 150 words below.
___________________________________________________________________________
___
___________________________________________________________________________
___
___________________________________________________________________________
___
___________________________________________________________________________
___
___________________________________________________________________________
___
___________________________________________________________________________
_.
B. Statement of the problem
The problem statement should be placed in the introduction section of the research paper.
This should be between two and three pages in an APA format research. The problem
statement aims to outline the overall issue that inspired the work that is to follow. Ideally,
your statement of the problem will be backed up by evidence.
1.
The problem contains general statement. Which answers What are you going to answer

Example
“ Generally the study will answer the question, what is the competency/ skills of BSME
students in preventing and controlling fire on board ship, offices”

2.
The specific problem. This gives the answers of the detailed situations leading to your general
problem. Maybe contains 2 or more statement depending the different factors needed to
answer the general problem.

Example:
Specifically, this study would like to seek an answer to the following questions:
1.
What are the profile of your respondents like total number of respondents, their ages, age,
gender, year or grade level course and some other relevant information about the respondents.
This may affect the validity of th respondent’s answers. If these profile are considered to be
irrelevant, not important or will not affect the answers or decisions and authenticity of the
answers then these can be considered optional.

2.
What is the level of competency or skills of RPCI graduates in identifying, preventing, and
controlling fire aboard ship or offices?. This part of research will be the meat, main direction
or main content of your research. If the survey questionnaire will be answered, collated,
tabulated and analyzed, you can already propose a conclusion.

3.
If your research needs inferential statements, then this will be the next. Example: Is there a
significant difference in the level of competency or skills among male and females graduates

e
4.
After these statement of the problem is your objectives of the study. There will be general and
also specific. This based on your problem.

Example
Generally the objective of the study is competency/ skills…
Specifically, the objective of this study is to
to
determine
the
level
o

f
a.
Determine the profile of the respondents…

b.
Determine the competency or skill level….

c.
To determine if there is a difference between the competency/skills…

Construct your own statement of the problem below.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
C. Theoretical or conceptual Framework
The difference between theoretical and conceptual frameworks is scale -- referring to the Big
Ideas and the smaller ones. The conceptual framework is a set of specific ideas that can be
used within the larger theoretical framework. A theoretical framework may contain many
ideas that are not explored within the paper or experiment it structures. However, by
definition, all aspects of the conceptual framework are used in the process of research.
Note that a theoretical framework often informs the conceptual framework. For instance, a
Freudian psychologist is likely to place a great deal of importance on early childhood data
from their subjects. On the other hand, the theoretical framework may also determine what
ideas are not considered by a conceptual framework: A behaviorist is unlikely to consider a
subject's dreams.
We will use conceptual framework in your research. This part shows the independent
variable. And the dependent variable. The dependent variable are the competence or skills
listed and stated in your research. The dependent variable are the level of competency or skill
like very competent , not competent and etc.
Example
Independent Variable Dependent variable
Factors needed to determine competence like identifying, preventing, controlling fire on
board ship.
Respondents’ profile,
Level of skills or competency
Highly competent/skillful
Very competent/skillful

Identifying the possible source of fire and etc.

Draw your own diagram for theoretical Framework below
Significance of the study.
This is explaining what help or importance it will give to the school, administrators,
instructors and students in general The benefits that the school, administrators, instructors and
students can get.
Scope and limitations
This part of research gives the reader the coverage referring to the type of respondents, the
venue or place where the study d conducted.
Example:
This research is limited only in determining the competencies and skills of the third year
students or graduating students of RPCI in identifying, preventing and controlling Your own
Significance of the study…….
Definition of terms
This section list down and defines the important terms used in the research paper. The
recommended definition is working or operational definition, although definition taken from
dictionary, encyclopedia can also be used. The definition describes how the given word or
statement or phrase is being used in the research.
Significance of the study: